REVOLUTION IN RELIGION: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION The Protestant Revolution Mock Trial Theme: Did Martin Luther s Reforms Improve the Lives of European Christians? State of the Church - 16th C Is Reform New to the Catholic Church? 12-13th C monastic reforms & lay piety 13th-14th C Conciliar Movement Marsilius of Padua Defender of the Peace (1324) 14th-15th C certain Catholic individuals John Wycliff Jan Hus Jan of the Chalice Savonarola - Florence 16th C Northern European Humanists Christian Humanists Thomas More Utopia (1516) Erasmus of Rotterdam Handbook of the Militant Christian (1503) The Praise of Folly (1509) -- satire philosophy of Christ = modesty, humility and poverty
Religious Anxiety in Art - Günwald, Bosch & Durer Luther as a monk/professor Magdeburg Archbishop Albert of Magdeburg wants 3 dioceses: Pope Leo X permission Albert borrows $ from Fuggers Gives $ to Pope for St. Peter s Papal permission to sell indulgences to pay the Fuggers Doctrine of Indulgences God = merciful, but also just treasury of merits Church tradition = authority Result? belief in swift entry to heaven Johann Tetzel s advertising blitz As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs Ninety-Five Theses (1517) Ind. undermined seriousness of sacrament of penance Ind. competed with the preaching of the Gospel Ind. downplayed importance of charity in Christian life Salvation cannot be attained through good works Some theses challenged papal power/wealth Ind. = no biblical basis Location, Location...
Johann Eck vs. Luther - Leipzig (1519) Denied authority of pope and infallibility of general council Council of Constance in err Jan 3, 1521 letter of excommunication Under normal conditions, what would a Papal Bull of Excommunication accomplish? What was Luther s new and powerful weapon? How did he use it? What challenges did Luther offer against Catholic authority? Why were Luther s messages appealing? All Germany is in revolution. Nine-tenths shout Luther as their war cry; and the other tenth cares nothing about Luther, and cries Death to the court of Rome. Diet of Worms (April 1521) Charles V -- the last medieval emperor I cannot, and I will not recant. Luther declared an outlaw
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Oct 1520) Church has been corrupted and taken captive Sacraments = dependence on an army of clergy as intermediaries to God Theological Questions How is a person to be saved? C - faith/grace + good works L - faith alone (sola fide) Religious authority? C - Bible + tradition L - Bible (sola scriptura) + indiv. interpretation What is the Church? C&L - Christian community Highest form of Christian life? C - clergy/monastic L - priesthood of all believers Sacraments? C - Big 7 L -baptism & Eucharist/communion Eucharist transubstantiation - molecular change consubstantiation - spiritual change Confessions of Augsburg (1530) Melanchthon & Luther define Lutheran Protestantism Social Impact of Luther s Beliefs Aids to spread of Luther s ideas: City govts resentment of clerical privileges -- Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (1520) Spread of preacherships Printing revolution Peasants + Luther s words On Christian Liberty (1520) - A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none. An Admonition to Peace (1525) - unintentionally fosters revolt Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants - over 75,000 peasants killed Holy Roman Empire -- Duke Frederick of Saxony as protector Luther himself = Shakespeare One Man s Rebellion... Luther s translation of New Testament = national pride Rebellion at Worms, 1521 Habsburg-Valois War (HRE vs. France) Treaty of Augsburg (1555) = cease fire freeze of princes on the faith -- Prince will be tolerated if Lutheran NOT religious freedom - People must accept faith/prince Ecclesiastical clause Catholic minority could quietly practice their faith No Catholic prince can switch after 1555 Effects in HRE Political disunity allows spread Weak emperor allows for heavier exploitation of people ($) by the Church Princes will revolt for economic/political reasons (Schmalkaldic Civil War) Econ take church land, no church taxes Pol can ignore obligations to Charles V
REVOLUTION IN RELIGION: THE REFORMATION SPREADS Spread of Protestantism Calvinism Calvin in Geneva - Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Systematic theology for Protestantism Predestination Theocracy Govt. by God/priest Genevan Consistory - to keep watch over every man s life [and] to admonish amiably those whom they see leading a disorderly life. French Huguenots Zwingli - Zurich, Switzerland Eucharist C - actual/miraculous L - presence Zwingli - symbol Moral policing Anabaptists adult baptism pacifism women clergy separation of Church/State no Trinity, awaiting the Messiah s return Women & Protestantism Prot. exalted marriage marriage = outlet for women s urges (suspicion of unmarried women) religious sentiment & domesticity Hard work = pleasing to God Church of England Henry VIII defender of the faith (1521) Love and Politics 1527 - Asks for annulment from Cath. of Aragon Cardinal Wolsey (Archbishop of Canterbury) orchestrates legal proceedings Problems: Julius II permission Clement VII -- papal authority? 1527, Rome sacked by army of Charles V (Cate s nephew) Divided opinions in England -- Sir Thomas More Love letters exposed, not just theological
Church of England Parliament passes Act of Supremacy (1534) Thomas Cranmer (new Arch of Cant) and Thomas Cromwell (Chief Minister to King) Catherine Mary I (1553-58) Anne Elizabeth I (1555-1603) Jane Edward VI (1547-1553) Church of England transubstantiation confessional celibate priests Catholic Reformation, Counter-Reformation Pope Paul III Council of Trent (1545-1563) Purpose reform & reconciliation Est d all acts of council require papal authority Scripture & Tradition Ecclesiastical discipline New Religious Orders: Purpose moral/intellectual level of clergy & people Ursulines & Carmelites Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius Loyola Spiritual Exercises (1548) power of the will Functions: preaching, hearing confession, teaching, missionary work striking arm of the Church Index of Prohibited Books Purpose?