Subordinate causal clauses in Albanian language FABIANA VELENCIA Abstract fvelencia@yahoo.com Causative connectors viewed in different aspects and analyzed in different subordinate causal clauses. The Albanian scholar Mehmet Celiku explains that the causative sentences should express relation between the main clause and the subordinate one, where the main clause gives the effect and the subordinate one gives the cause. In this case, we have causeeffect. In the Albanian language there are three groups of connectors divided based on a) the semantic function derivation; b) time related connectors but in the same case gives causative meaning; c) the last group is the comparative connectors but in the causative sentences they gain causative meaning. In the second part the researcher s focus will be the Albanian syntax, where are known two main types of the subordinate causative clauses; a) ascertaining causal connectors and b) reasoning causal connectors. It is not very easy the analyses of the given subordinated causal clauses but they can be defined by the position of the causal clause. The first type is positioned after the main clause and the second type the subordinate clause is positioned in front or in the middle of the main clause. Keywords: causative connectors, Albanian syntax, subordinate causal clause.
Introduction The Albanian scholar Mehmet Celiku has explained the usage of the causative sentences, what should they express, such as relation between the main clause and the subordinate one, where the main clause gives the effect and the subordinate one gives the cause. In this case, we have cause-effect. In the Albanian language there are three groups of connectors divided based in: a) The semantic function derivation; b) Time related connectors but in the same case gives causative meaning; c) The last group is the comparative connectors but in the causative sentences they gain causative meaning. Compound subordinate sentence with causal clause: When we form a causal sentence it should express causal relationship between the main clause and subordinate clause 1 ; where the main clause shows the effect and the subordinate one shows the cause, so the relationship result + cause. - We could not meet, because two months before happened the accident. - No, mom, I will go because I promised to my friends. - He is not pleased, because he has large claims. - I do this detailed report, because we are dealing with one of the largest families of the principality. - We are sorry that you are not staying for dinner tonight. The causal phrases and conjunctions are: a) that, because, because (since), because of (because of that), for the reason that, because, fearing that. a) se, sepse, ngaqë(ngase), nga shkaku se (nga shkaku që), për shkaku se, për arsye se, nga frika se. b) because, since (meqënëqë), given that (being that) given that (considering) while. 1 Çeliku, M. (2012). Sintaksa e Gjuhës shqipe. Tirana: Ilar. pp 379
b) meqë, meqënëse ( meqënëqë), duke qënë se (duke qënë që) duke marrë parasysh se (duke marrë parasysh që) përderisa. c) after (after) until (until, since) when, how. c) pasi (mbasi) derisa (gjersa, përderisa) kur, si. d) as, as, as....that d) siç, si, si.që The first two groups are grouped by semantic- functional origin, the third group with the conjunction of time that in certain structures get a causal sense and the last group are the comparative conjunctions in causal terms. Mehmet Çeliku 2 in the Albanian syntax recognizes two main causal subtypes of periods with causal subordinate sentence: a) Ascertaining causal connectors b) Reasoning causal connectors. In the first case, the cause is given directly and in the second case the cause is given as a fact, a truth that behaves as an argument. (The sentences are written in English and Albanian language) a)we are seeking innocence as we are innocent. a)ne kërkojmë pafajsinë se jemi të pafajshëm. b)the land trembled; he was in there as he was not rocked by the earthquake. 2 Çeliku, M. (2012). Sintaksa e Gjuhës shqipe. Tirana: Ilar. pp 380
b)vendi dridhej, ai mbeti se s tronditej nga tërmeti. c)we were ready to go that it was coming up to midnight. c)u ngritën se po vinte mesnata. d)as the two brothers had died earlier, for the throne, there remain no living contenders. d)meqë të dy vëllezërit kishin vdekur më parë, rreth fronit nuk mbetej asnjë pretendent i gjallë. e) Since he did not tell the truth, he endured that. e) Meqënëse nuk tregoi të vërtetën, e pësoi. f) Rita, while she did not hear the speech she had nothing to say more. f) Rita, përderisa s e dëgjoj fjalimin nuk kishte ç te thoshte më. If we consider the difference of the usage of these two types of the periods (sentences) with causal clauses we are going to see that it is tight. The positioning of the period, as Çeliku 3 uses, with the ascertaining causal clause is after the main clause and reasoning causal can be placed in front of or in the middle of the main sentence. Moreover, Çeliku 4 explains that the causal relationship is expressed by the conjunctions of time, because, until, when, etc. Where given clause with this conjunction is given as a motive of an action or a new situation or abnegation is given in the main clause. - This trip is worth to taste, after the landscape that accompanies, it is stunning. 3 Çeliku, M. (2012). Sintaksa e Gjuhës shqipe. Tirana: Ilar.pp 380 4 Çeliku, M. (2012). Sintaksa e Gjuhës shqipe. Tirana: Ilar.pp 381
- Ky udhëtim ia vlen të shijohet, pasi pejsazhi që të shoqëron, është mahnitës. - As you have decided to escape, I will forbid you. - Përderisa ti ke vendosur të ikësh, unë do të pengoj. - He would come later, after he had to go to the water well of Kavalon, in order to catch Pac. - Do të vinte më pas, mbasi të kishte për të shkuar gjer te pusi i Kavalonës, për të kapur Pacin.. The conjunctions that express causal relationships is when in the main clause we have the usage of verbs or phrases words of main clause, such as: do something good, do something wrong, go wrong, I am right, I have nothing, wish, curse, thank, scold, fear, joy, delight, angry,, surprised, feel angry, upset, disappointed, I feel good (bad, heavy, shame, anger). The above verbs or expressions give assessment of the situation, feeling and the internal sense. - We are sorry that you are not staying for dinner tonight. - Na vjen keq që s rrini për darkë sonte. - He could get angry that we didn t wait for them. - Do të zemërohej që nuk i pritëm. - Why are you getting upset for nothing!? - Ç ke që mërzitesh kot!? Further, Çeliku cites "the isolated parts of the sentence can ever be expanded with causal clause that it is led by the conjunctions as..... that, this looks like an embedded structure." - Niko, as upset that he was, stood up from the table without putting any morsel in his mouth. - Nikoja, i mërzitur që ishte, u ngrit nga buka pa vënë asnjë kafshatë në gojë.
- Besim, as an old resident that he was, was known by all. - Besimin, si banor i vjetër që ishte, e njihnin të gjithë. A group of particles can provide us with various; causal relationship: precisely (booster) only, (due out, due only), especially (on everything emerges as the predominant cause), probably (due out how uncertain), supposedly (due out as false). - Was raised only that the midnight was coming. - U ngritëm vetëm se po vinte mesnata. The positioning of the causal clause linked with the main sentence with these conjunctions or verbal expression (Çeliku) 5 In front of the main clause -Being That (causal) - 'If (Time) - Well done that (evaluation sheet) - will get angry that - the fault was mine that (state) - was happy that (feeling) - Thank you for - Shall declare that (internal state) - Fear that (internal state) - Fear that (internal state) - What (internal state) - In that - since After the main clause -That (Causal) - Because (Causal) - After (time) - Until (time) - When (time) - (And) came rampage that (feeling) - Ostensibly the reason that (due to false) - Only that... (the reason given alone) - Maybe that... (the reason given as insecure) - Only because (reason given alone) - while - since In the middle of the main clause - While (time) - Creepy as it was (able) - As the only resident - Glad (domestic situation, sense) - while - since - until Separated by commas in the middle of the main clause: - that - because - Because the -Based on the reason that 5 Çeliku, M. (2012). Sintaksa e Gjuhës shqipe. Tirana: Ilar. pp382
- until - 'If (until) After the main clause and it us separated by commas: - because the - fearing -given that - considering that - Fearing - Given that Conclusion As a conclusion, the Albanian causative sentence is analyzed by different scholars. Based on the researched we come to the idea that the causative sentences should express relation between the main clause and the subordinate one, where the main clause gives the effect and the subordinate one gives the cause. In this case, we have cause-effect. On the other hand, we should consider the connectors and define the meaning they give to the subordinate causative clause. It is not very easy the analyses of the given subordinated causal clauses but they can be defined by the position of the causal clause. Bibliography Cabej, E. (1981). Per pastertine e gjuhes.2 Cabej, E. (1977) Studime gjuhesore. Prishtine, I,II,III,1976,IV,1977,V,1975,VI,1977 Çeliku, M. (2012). Sintaksa e Gjuhës shqipe. Tirana: Ilar. Çeliku, M. Karapinjalli, M. Stringa, R. (2004) Gramatika praktike e gjuhes shqipe. Tirane. Mann, S. (1948). An Historical Albanian- English dictionary.
Thomai, J. (1964). Mbi menyren e pasqyrimit te sistemit te kuptimeve dhe te perdorimeve te fjaleve ne fjalorin shpjegues te gjuhes shqipe. Xhuvani, A. (1956). Studime Gjuhesore. Xhuvani, A. (1956). Per pastertine e gjuhes shipe. Xhuvani, A. (1980)Vepra,I, MSC FABIANA VELENCIA L 28 Nëntori Rr. Esat Bordi Shtëpi private pranë pallatit nr. 422/3 Elbasan. ALBANIA POSTAL CODE 30001 fvelencia@yahoo.com