PAPER 2 THEMATIC ISSUES

PAPER 2 THEMATIC ISSUES

1 Religion and Life Issues Christian Beliefs on the topic The creation and origins of the universe It is written in the Bible that God created the universe in 6 days and rested on the 7 th. In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth Genesis 1.1 Fundamentalist Christians believe every word of the bible and therefore agree with the creation story. Liberal Christians believe that the Genesis creation story was inspired by belief in God but often believe that the universe was actually started by the Big Bang Theory All Christians believe that the main message of the Creation Story was that god is responsible for all life and that humans were the most important part of his creation. Humans were created in the image of God and are the most valuable species created to rule over all others. The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is the leading scientific explanation on how the universe began. It suggests that everything started with a small, dense singularity that expanded over billions of years. It may provide some answers to how the universe began but that are still many many many questions as to why. The Value of the World Christians believe that the Earth is a priceless gift from God. This world is a place of awe and wonder from the amazing sights of the Grand Canyon or Niagara Falls to the complex and fascinated connections of the animal and plant species in the Amazon Rainforest. For Christians this amazing place is great evidence that there was a designer / creator of the universe (God). Stewardship Christians believe that the Earth is a gift from God but it is human responsibility to look after that gift. To protect it. To save it and conserve it for future generations. This is known as stewardship. Humans may use the earth for their own survival but they must respect and manage the earth in a sustainable way. Christians believe they will be answerable to God on how they treat the Planet.

Dominion In order to manage the earth Christians, believe that they have been given the power and authority to rule over all other species dominion. Ruling over another species means that we can use them for our purposes however, Christians believe that part of dominion means that we also should protect and conserve the species on our planet. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground Genesis 1.28 The Use and Abuse of the environment Christians believe that God provided natural resources for humans to use to help with their own survival. However, this does not mean that we can destroy the planet. For Christians it is a gift that should be used responsibly and left for others to enjoy (future generations). Therefore, we should live in a sustainable way that reduces our impact on the environment. Christians believe that we should use renewable resources such as solar power and wind power rather than using up all the natural resources like coal, oil and gas. The Earth is the Lord s and everything in it Psalms 24 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Muslims Christians can help the planet by conserving energy and avoiding waste. Examples may include: - Walking, Cycling instead of a car - Reduce product packaging - Turning off electricity - Reusing bags and recycling waste. Assisi and Ohito Meetings In 1986 leaders of the world religions met in Italy (Assisi) to discuss how they could protect the environment. Another meeting took place in 1995 in Japan (Ohito). At these meetings Christians stated that the Planet should not be exploited and that we did not have a right to abuse and destroy God s creation. Pollution Pollution puts all life at risk. There are different types such as Land Pollution: Disposal of Waste. This can harm wildlife Air Pollution: Emissions from cars and factories can lead to Asthma and other diseases along with Acid Rain and Global Warming. Water Pollution: Oil spills can leave a devastating effect on marine life. BP oil spill 2010 damaged life in the Gulf of Mexico beyond repair.

Christianity and Animals Animal Experiments Christians believe that animals were created by God for us to care for but also use for our own survival (dominion). Humans are the most important part of God s creation created in his image but we still have a responsibility to look after other species (stewardship). The story of Noah and his ark is used to show that we should protect the animals. All religions condemn the use of experiments on animals for cosmetic reasons (Make up, shampoos etc.) this is because it is not essential to the survival of humans. Cosmetic testing was banned in the UK 1998. However medical testing is still common practice and is legal in Britain. Some Christians agree with medical testing if there is no other way to develop medicines. However, during the process all animals must be protected from unnecessary harm. Humans are the most important part of creation and therefore can use the animals in this way. Some Christians such as Quakers disagree with all testing of animals as they are a creation of God and should be protected. Other alternative methods must be found such as computer simulation or stem cell experimentation. Should Christians eat meat? Not one sparrow is forgotten by God Luke 12:6 Christians have a choice whether to eat meat or be a vegetarian. Some may even choose to be a vegan which is a person who does not eat or use any animal products including dairy, cheese and leather. Meat is a good source of protein and the Bible teaches we can use animals for our survival. Some Christians may choose to be vegetarian because mass produced or factory farm animals are not kept in good conditions. Although higher welfare produces (free range) are available they are also expensive Evolution The Origins of human life are based in the story of Adam and Eve. Some fundamental Christians believe that God moulded the first man from soil and breathed life into him. The story of free will and temptation of Satan / devil followed. Due to the disobedience of Adam and Eve, humans were forced to leave paradise. Other liberal Christians believe in the Big Bang Theory and Evolution. The theory of evolution suggests that all living creatures have developed over time. By a process of adaption (change to their environment) new species also came into existence. Charles Darwin argued that only the fittest species would survive. Many Christians accept this theory but just believe that evolution was the best way for God to design life to advance

Abortion Abortion became legal in the UK in 1990 up to 24 weeks, if two doctors agree one of the following condition: The mother s life is in danger There is a risk to the mothers mental or physical health (too old, too young, rape, career, one nightstand) Severe physical or mental disabilities Risk to any existing children (not enough money or time or space) Christian beliefs on Abortion Christians believe in the Sanctity of life all life should be respected as it is a gift from God. Life is sacred, a blessing and humans were made in the image of God. However, there are contrasting (different) beliefs within Christianity on Abortion. Catholic Christians believe that life begins at conception (Sperm and Egg meet) at that point human rights should be given including the right to life. Abortion therefore is seen as murder and is illegal in Catholic countries such as Ireland. Protestant Christians do believe that all life should be respected however they think that abortion is understandable in extreme circumstances such as if the foetus is severely disabled and would have a poor quality of life. This is a measure of your general wellbeing e.g. not in pain. Before I formed you in the womb I knew you Jeremiah 1:5 Pro-life and Pro-choice Arguments Pro-life arguments are ones against abortion. Pro-choice are those for the right to choose to have an abortion. PROLIFE A foetus has the right to life The baby can be adopted and guilt can follow an abortion Disabled people can lead valuable lives (Paralympics) It is against God s Commandment Do not Kill PROCHOICE The woman has a right to choose what happens to her body It can stop pain and suffering if there is a poor quality of life Life does not begin until viability where the foetus can survive outside the womb The mother should also have a right to protection if her life is in danger

Euthanasia Euthanasia means a gentle death. There are different types of Euthanasia but all forms are ILLEGAL in the UK accept forms of passive euthanasia such as turning off a life support machine. Voluntary euthanasia when a person askes a doctor to end their life as they are in pain and have a poor quality of life. Non- voluntary euthanasia When a person is too ill or unable to request their death in a coma for example. Active euthanasia The aim or purpose is to end a person s life by injection or drugs etc. Passive euthanasia To withdraw treatment to allow a natural death Involuntary euthanasia when a person is able but does NOT provide consent for their death. Murder. Tony Bland the first case of a life support machine being turned off in the UK. Tony was injured in the Hillsborough disaster and there was no hope of recovery, his parents went through the court system to fight for the right to allow Tony to die. It took several years! The right to die with dignity is not accepted in Christianity. Christians believe in the sanctity of life and that all life is valuable and should be respected. Only God has the right to take life away. Though shall not kill Hospices (Places for the dying) should use medicine to control pain and suffering. However, Passive euthanasia is acceptable to Christians. Death and the Afterlife According to Christianity Jesus was killed and then came back to life the resurrection before his ascension to heaven. This is evidence for Christians there is an afterlife. An eternity (forever) in heaven or hell. Christians believe that God judges people on how they have lived their lives. If you have done good deeds such as helped those in need you will go to heaven. Bad actions murder etc. you risk going to hell. The story of the sheep and the goats showed that the good and bad people will be separated in the afterlife in Jesus teachings, the sheep are the good people that will go to heaven. Heaven: A place of peace where there is no more suffering or pain Hell: A place of eternal fire and punishment. Although some Christians now believe that an all loving God would not cause torment to humans so they view hell as merely an absence of God / Heaven. Purgatory: Catholic Christians believe that you must go to purgatory to have all your sins and wrongdoings wiped clean before you can be in the presence of God. Jesus and salvation: Christians believe that od sacrificed his only son so the relationship with humanity could be reconciled or restored. Jesus was crucified so all humans could access eternal life in heaven.

1 Religion and Life Issues Islam Muslim Beliefs on the topic The creation and origins of the universe Muslims have similar beliefs to Christians about the origins of the universe. The Qur an refers to days or phases of time during which Allah created the universe. Your Lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six Days. All creation and command belong to Him Qur an 7:54 Islam encourages the search for an understanding of the scientific explanations. Muslims believe that you can link ideas from the Qur an to the scientific ideas such as the Big Bang theory. They believe that Allah is behind the design of the universe. The important point for Muslims is that the Qur an is more concerned with WHY the universe came into being compared to Scientific discovery of HOW. Stewardship The Qur an says that God / Allah created the world and gave humans the responsibility if looking after it. This is referred to as Khalifah. On the Day of Judgement, humans will be answerable to Allah on how well they achieved this goal. There is one absolute creator (Tawhid One God) and people are responsible to him for their actions. Humans should live in harmony with other life forms. They should respect and care for the environment and the species that live on the planet. Islam does not promote the idea of dominion (humans rule over all species) instead, humans should live in a harmonious way. The World is of great value to Allah and therefore conservation and sustaining the world is of great importance to Muslims. When Muslims see the beauty of the world they refer to God s creation as an inspiration of awe and wonder that reflects his glory. The beauty of the world and the amazement of nature shows how special God s creation is. It is to God that everything in the heavens and earth belongs Qur an 4:126 Pollution Actions that cause pollution and as a result harm the environment should be avoided according to Islam. Irresponsible behaviour that leads to fatal consequences is forbidden in Islam. Muslims recognise the need for sustainable development (where we must protect the earth for future generations.) Islam encourages people to live in a way that does not damage God s creation so recycling and reducing carbon footprints is encouraged in the Muslims faith.

Looking after the world s resources Many practical actions can be taken to look after the world s natural resource. Muslims are taught the importance of replanting trees. They are also taught that humans should recycle and reuse the resources. Muslims may join local projects that protect / conserve the environment. They are careful to reduce their carbon footprint turn off lights and use public transport. Muslims prefer to use renewable resources solar power, wind tidal etc. rather than use resources that will run out such as coal oil and gas The Value of Animals Muslims believe that Allah created the animals and they are all valuable to him. They should be treated with compassion but they have been made for the benefit of human survival. As part of Khalifah (stewardship) animal cruelty should be avoided and Muslims are encouraged to help with conservation projects and protect animals from distinction. They do not support zoos as animals should not be caged. Whoever kills a sparrow without just cause; God will hold accountable on the Day of Judgement Hadith (Muhammad) Animals for Food Muslims are allowed to eat meat that has been killed according to Shari ah law. This is known as halal food the throat of the animal is slit, the blood drained and a prayer of thanks said to Allah. The Qur an forbids the eating of pig / pork. Hunting for food is allowed but hunting for entertainment or sport is banned. As animal cruelty should be avoided factory farming is not allowed. This goes against the idea of compassion. Some Muslims chose to be vegetarians. Animal Experiments Allah created all animals and they must be treated with kindness and compassion. Therefore, Muslims do not agree with cosmetic testing. Causing stress or harm to animals is not allowed in Islam. However, and exception is made where animals can be used in experiments in cases such as the development of medicines. All suffering must be kept to a minimum, so the experiment must be worthwhile and beneficial.

Evolution The Origins of human life are based in the story of Adam and Eve. Muslims believe that God moulded the first man from clay and breathed life into him. The story of free will and temptation of Iblis (Satan / devil) followed. Due to the disobedience of Adam and Eve, humans were forced to leave paradise. The theory of evolution suggests that all living creatures have developed over time. By a process of adaption (change to their environment) new species also came into existence. Charles Darwin argued that only the fittest species would survive. Traditional Islam has rejected human evolution although more and more debates are taking place on the issue. Some Muslim scholars have spoken publically about how they accept the scientific beliefs. Do not Kill your Children for fear of poverty Qur an 17:31 Abortion Islam clearly states that life should be respected and the Sanctity of Life is important to Muslims. Allah created live and it should be valued above all else. In general, Abortion should not be allowed unless there are exceptional circumstances such as the mother s life is in danger. Some Muslims believe that abortions should be allowed if there is a chance of severe disability. This would mean that the quality of life was poor and that there would be pain and suffering. Some Muslims believe that it would be compassionate to allow an abortion in this circumstance. Abortion for poverty is unacceptable. Where abortion does takes place it must be before 120 days when Muslims believe the foetus will have a soul (Ensoulment). If it takes place after this, it can be seen as the sin of murdering and innocent person. Euthanasia No soul may die except with God s permission Qur an 3:145 Euthanasia is not allowed in Islam. The right to die with dignity if not accepted. Muslims believe in the sanctity of life and that all life is valuable and should be respected. Only Allah has the right to take life away. Euthanasia is therefore a sin and people will be judged according to their actions on the Day of Judgement. All suffering is for a purpose. God may be testing people but will provide the strength to cope with difficult circumstances. People should help those in need and show compassion to those in pain. Do not take life that God has made sacred Qur an 17:33

Death and the Afterlife (Akhirah) Muslims believe that death is not final. After death there is a state of waiting: Barzakh this means barrier. Islam teaches the soul will either enter heaven / Jannah or hell / Jahannam. The decision is based upon how that human lived in this life. The Day of Judgement On this day, the Angel will blow a trumpet and the dead will be resurrected. During their lives, people have all their good and bad actions recorded by the angels and written down in their own book of decrees. Allah will judge people on those who rejected the teachings of the Qur an and failed to live according to his laws. Muslims who have live their lives well have nothing to fear and the belief of eternity with Allah brings them comfort during times of suffering. Paradise / Heaven / Jannah Muslims believe that after judgement everyone will cross the Sirat Bridge over hell. The good will walk to the other side heaven. Paradise is described in the Qur an as a beautiful garden. A place of spiritual pleasure, where there is no suffering. Hell / Jahannam The Qur an describes hell as a blazing fire and terrible punishment. There will be pain and torture, burns from fire and smoke. Muslims believe that they may eventually enter paradise after their suffering

2 Religion, Peace and Conflict Christian Beliefs on Peace and Conflict Peace Peace is the absence of conflict and war. It is when people can live in harmony together. Christians believe that Jesus wanted people to create peace by his teaching of Love your Neighbour in the parable of the Good Samaritan. Justice: This can be achieved through equality and fairness. If people are treated unjustly this may lead to conflict. Christians believe that all people should be treated with compassion and justice. Forgiveness: Forgiveness is important in Christianity and it helps people live peacefully. Part of the Lord s prayer teaches forgiveness As we forgive those who sin against us Reconciliation: This follows from conflict. A time to move forward and settle your differences. For Christians, reconciliation is needed if there is to be a lasting peace. Violence and Protest The right to protest is very important in the UK. Police must be informed six days before it is due to take place and the protest must remain peaceful. Peaceful protests formed a great part of the civil rights movement in the USA where Martin Luther King (A Christian PACIFIST who believed that all people where equal in the eyes of God) campaigned for black equal rights. Terrorism Blessed are the peacemakers for they shall be called the children of God Matthew 5:9 Violence and Riots In the UK there is no right to use violence. One of the worst examples of a riot took place in 2011. A protest about the shooting of a man in Tottenham London sparked riots across the country and the damages cost the taxpayers in the region of 133 million Terrorism promotes fear and the killing of innocent people to increase awareness of their cause. Christianity condemns all terrorism as it breaks God s most basic rule Thou Shall Not Kill. Terrorism aims to divide people and increase prejudice and discrimination to help justify their reasons for the attack. Recent attacks in the UK include Manchester - Ariana Grande concert and London Bridge Terror Attack 2017

Reasons for War Greed: Throughout history, human greed has caused suffering and conflict. Countries have been invaded over power, money, land and resources. Christianity warns against greed and it certainly is not a good reason for war and human casualties. Money is the root of all evil 1 Timothy 6:10 Self-defence: Fighting in self-defence and the defence of your country is accepted by Christianity. Some Christians also believe that you should fight in defence of other countries or people who are being persecuted. Retaliation: The invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 is a good example of a war fought in retaliation. It was because of an incident (9/11 Al-Qaeda attack) and the US and the UK invaded Afghanistan to stop and prevent terrorist activity. Christianity agrees with war for reasons of retaliation, although civilians should be protected where possible and just means (No Nuclear Weapons) should be applied. Weapons of Mass Destruction Nuclear Weapons are the most destructive weapons that have been used in a war. During WWII the US dropped a nuclear weapon on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. It killed over 140, 000 people. Despite the strong arguments against using nuclear weapons (Death of innocent people, Danger of Terrorism) countries have continued to build nuclear weapons. The UK, US and Russia have over 6000 nuclear weapons between them. The main reason for this is to use as a deterrent essentially to stop countries ever attacking as we have more fire power than they do. Chemical Weapons These attack people by using chemicals that burn or choke. They are illegal but have been used in recent conflicts such as Syria. Christians do not agree with the use of Chemical weapons as they cause great suffering to the population. Biological Weapons Harmful viruses are released and can attack the food or water supply. This results in more casualties and pose a threat to non-military targets (Civilians) Christian beliefs: Most Christians believe that you cannot justify the killing of mass innocent people by using Weapons of Mass Destruction. The Christian Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CCND) is a group of Christians in England who campaign for countries to get rid of their nuclear weapons and promote the need for worldwide peace.

Pacifism Pacifism is the belief that all violence is wrong. Taking a life cannot be justified this links with the Christian belief in the Sanctity of Life (all life is a gift from God) and Thou shall not kill. Some Christians believe that Jesus was a pacifist and are inspired by his teachings of love your Neighbour and Blessed are the peacemakers. The Anglican (Church of England / Protestant) Pacifist Fellowship are a Christian pacifist group with 1400 members. The APF believe that the Christian church should not support or justify war, they work at peace related events to highlight Jesus pacifist teachings. Holy War A holy war is a war fought over a religious cause. The most famous example is the Crusades where thousands of Christians marched on the Middle East trying to convert all people to their religion. A religious leader (The Pope) must declare a holy war and it should defend Christianity from attack. During the Crusades, Christians believed that they would go to heaven if they took part in a holy war. Modern day Christianity encourages tolerance of other religions and do not believe violence should be used unless absolutely necessary. For most Christians the old teaching of An Eye for an Eye was replaced with Jesus teachings on forgiveness and love for all people. Those who live by the sword, die by the sword Matthew 26:52 Modern Peacemakers Examples of peacemakers could include: Martin Luther King a Christians who peacefully advocated for black equal rights in the US Mairead Corrigan a Catholic from Northern Ireland who formed the peace people a group who wanted to highlight the need for peace and reconciliation in the troubles The Just War Theory A Just war is a war that meets criteria and rules. Christianity was the first religion to suggest rules for a fair and Just war. Other religions and non religious people have since agreed with the basic principles. A Just Cause: This may be for self defence or the defence of others Declared by the correct person The Prime Minister for the UK Intention for Good The war must be for the purpose of good not evil Last Resort Other ways of solving the conflict must have been tried - Peace talks must have taken place Reasonable chance of success it is not right to send people to die for a cause that cannot be won Proportional ways of fighting Nuclear Weapons should not be used and innocent people should not be targeted.

Response to War In a war, casualties are unavoidable. If crops are destroyed, starvation will follow. People have no jobs, there is no education, and hospitals cannot run efficiently. Christians believe that they should help others in need or support victims in times of war. Several organisations are dedicated to achieving this. Caritas A catholic charity dedicated to promoting justice around the world. In 2015 they provided food and shelter for refugees from Syria. Christian Aid One of the largest Christian organisations. Set up in the 1940s to end poverty and bring help to those in need. They believe in Life Before Death and have helped victims of war all around the world. Recently they have worked in Afghanistan, Gaza, Iraq and Syria. They provide food and shelter, first aid and help people rebuild their communities. The Red Cross The Red Cross are neutral in any war situation they do not take sides but help all people. The Red Cross go into extreme danger zones and help those who are suffering from war and poverty. The Red Cross search for missing people and re-join families together. Their doctors help those injured and they provide the essentials to survive. Love your Neighbour Mark 12.31

2 Religion, Peace and Conflict Islam Muslim Beliefs on Peace and Conflict Beliefs about War The main message of Islam is peace and harmony. War is only allowed in self-defence or the defence of Islam (where it can be justified). Muslims believe in the sanctity of life this must be the most important principle by which they live their lives. Peace There is emphasis on peace in the Qur an. The root of the word Islam itself means peace. One of the 99 attributes of Allah (Names given to Allah in the Qur an) is the giver of peace. Justice: Justice means fairness; it links with equality Muslims believe that they must bring Justice on earth. Where injustices exist they should change it. One of Allah s names is the Just one. Forgiveness: Forgiveness is important if people are to live in peace. Muslims believe that forgiveness will help establish peace and justice. Allah is merciful and humans should show this also. Reconciliation: When countries have been in conflict Muslims must try to establish a time of reconciliation and an effort to repair the relationship and move forward so peace and harmony exist. Violence: Although some people use religion as a motivation for violence this is not the teaching of Islam. Muslims should only resort to violence in self-defence. Peaceful protest is allowed; community leaders try to speak out against any violence. Do not kill each other, for God is merciful to you. If any of you do these things, we shall make him suffer fire (Hell) Qur an 4:29-30 Terrorism When a person commits a terrorist act they may claim to do so in the name of religion or God. However, there is NO justification for terrorism in the teachings of Islam. Most Muslim leaders condemned the attacks of 9/11 and the Paris bombings. They took out newspaper adverts in the UK to state that their religion is peaceful and the attacks go against the wishes of God and the Sanctity of Life. Do Not take life which God has made sacred Qur an 17:33 No religion promotes terrorism and Muslims should abide by the teachings of the Qur an, which condemns the killing of innocent people. Those who do will be judged by Allah in the afterlife (Akhirah).

Reasons for War Greed: The Qur an warns against greed, however it can be a cause for war. In the past countries have invaded each other over resources such as oil. Self-defence: This is considered as morally acceptable by most people. Defending your country from attack is acceptable to Christianity and Islam. WWII is an example of this. The Qur an permits war in self-defence as long as peace negotiations have been attempted. Retaliation: Muslims believe there is a human need for justice to protect innocent people, although forgiveness is seen as a better option. The conflict must be proportionate and protect the innocent. Torture is forbidden under Islamic Law. Retaliation must be fair and just. Weapons of Mass Destruction Muslims believe that God created all life and they should respect it. This is known as the sanctity of life. Using a weapon that targets thousands of people goes against this teaching. Innocent civilians should be protected. Pakistan is the only Muslim country to have nuclear weapons (deterrent: prevents attack from other countries) however they have never used them. Chemical Weapons are illegal worldwide, however they have been used in the Iraq and Syria conflicts despite being against Muslim teachings. Biological Weapons: Harmful viruses that can further injure or kill people, these are illegal and should not be used as they hurt innocent civilians. Pacifism Islam is a religion of peace despite how it has been portrayed by terrorists and the media. However, as war is allowed under guidelines Muslims do not consider themselves as pacifists. If peace is offered by another country, it must be taken. Many Muslims find that by dedicating their lives to Allah they get an inner sense of peace. Some Muslims devote time to working for peace Muslim Peace Fellowship (MPF). They work against injustice and for peace by participating in conferences and publications. They promote non-violent responses to conflicts. Holy War To many people the idea of a holy war (War for religion or God) is a contradiction due to the Sanctity of Life. In Islam the principle of the lesser Jihad (defence of faith) has set the importance of defending Islam from attack. A holy war must be declared by a religious leader and the threat to Islam must be severe. Muslims must not run away from this call and anyone who dies as a result of lesser Jihad will be in paradise with Allah. Those who have been attacked are permitted to take up arms God has the power to help them Qur an 22:39 Terrorist acts are not considered part of a Jihad by Islam. Many Muslim communities have condemned attacks such as Charlie Hebdo or the Paris Bombings.

Jihad and the Just War Theory Lesser Jihad instructs Muslims to fight under certain conditions. There are strict rules but it covers fighting against non- Muslim aggressors. Islam states that there must be conditions that are met before a conflict or war. It is a last resort Peace negotiations should have been attempted. Self Defence It should be a reaction to an aggressor. State Leader must declare the war Just Cause not for the gain of land although you can protect what is yours Help a religious ally other Muslim countries Protect Civilians fight for fellow Muslims Conduct during a War Rules also exist during a war or conflict: Children and Women should not be killed The environment and the animals should be respected Prisoners should be treated in a civilised way People of devout faith (Monks) should not be harmed Effects of War Islamic Relief Islamic relief was founded in the UK by a group of students. They were inspired by their faith as Muslims and wanted to respond to victims of war by providing short term aid. They have many members and allocate resources regardless of race, gender or belief. Muslim Aid Fight in God s name but do not overstep the limit Qur an 2:190 The effects of war are devastating for the civilians who live in the affected countries. Muslims have suffered greatly in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. Effects include: Death / Injury / Displacement / refugees / Disease / Famine / Loss of family / Orphaned / Employment / Hospitals. There are many organisations that try to help those who are suffering due to conflict around the world. Muslim aid is also a British charity founded by 17 Islamic organisations. Their aim to provide compassion and generosity to those in need. The charity is funded by Zakah (2.5%) and voluntary donations. The Beity orphanage was set up in 2014 in Turkey to give a home to children whose parents had been killed in the Syrian conflict. In 2014 Muslim aid set up the Beity orphanage in Turkey that has given a home to 75 children whose parents have been killed in the Syria conflict.

3 Religion, Crime and Punishment Christian beliefs on Crime and Punishment Crime A Crime is any action that goes against the law of that country. Laws are different around the world. The police can arrest people who have committed a crime. Civil Law deals with personal disputes, divorce, employment, housing etc. Good and Evil Christians try to follow the teachings in the bible to ensure they do good actions. Evil is linked to the idea of Satan there is no such thing as an evil person as people make mistakes and can be forgiven. The original sin came from the story of Adam and Eve where they disobeyed God s rules. Christians believe that this story teaches that humans have Free Will and can choose whether to do good actions give to charity or evil action hurt other people. Why people commit crime Christians believe that people should follow the law of their country and there is usually little justification for committing a crime. However, they do think that society should work with the causes of crime to help both criminals and the victims of criminal offences. Poverty: Christians believe that stealing is wrong thou shall not steal however they do not believe that people should live in poverty or be forced to steal to provide food for their family. Christians often donate money to help those in need. A focus on education may help people escape poverty. Upbringing: Having a difficult upbringing can make people more likely to fall into a life of crime. Christians believe that counselling should be available to those who need support Mental illness: Christians believe that society should be protected from people who are dangerous due to a mental illness. Help and support must be provided for those unfit to live by the law. Addiction: Alcohol causes many crimes. People often do not behave in the same manner when they are intoxicated. People with addiction to alcohol or drugs need help the Salvation Army work with these people to help provide emotional and practical support to addicts. Greed: One of the 10 Commandments is Thou Shall Not Covert. This means to not be jealous of possessions that other people have. Hate: Christianity is a caring and loving religion. Hate for any reason goes against the teachings of Jesus. Opposition to an unjust law: In Christianity it is right to campaign against injustice a famous example would be Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks during the civil rights movement in the US. However, violence should not be used. Martin Luther King was a pacifist.

Christian attitudes to law breakers Christians believe that people should be treated fairly even if they have committed a crime. They should be allowed humans rights and also they should be given help to reform and learn from their mistakes. Forgiveness and Punishment go hand in hand if people are going to change for the better. There is no difference between Jew or non-jew, male or female. All are one in Jesus Christ. Galatians 3.28 Christians believe that hate crime (crimes for reasons of prejudice) are wrong as all people were created equally in the eyes of God. Christians believe you should treat people how you yourself wish to be treated by others. Punishments Christians believe that punishment is necessary for protection of society. There are three main purpose or aims of punishments. Retribution: This means revenge. An old teaching in the bible is An eye for an eye. The punishment should match the crime. However, many Christians believe that this is no longer the correct attitude as Jesus said Turn the other Cheek to those who harm us. Deterrence: The threat of similar punishments to others should be enough to put people off committing crime. Prisons are a deterrent for people in the UK. Reformation: Christians are encouraged to show compassion to others. Reform is a more positive aim of punishment where you hope to help the offender change a focus on education and counselling for addiction or anger management in prisons are a good option and encouraged by Christianity. Christianity and Suffering Christians believe we should help those who are suffering. Jesus spent his life helping others and Christians believe they should follow his teachings. Mother Teresa is a good example of this as she dedicated her life to helping those in poverty in Calcutta India. Christians believe that they were given Free Will and this is why some people hurt and harm others in our world. They will be judged on their actions in the afterlife. Types of Punishment Prisons Christians agree with the need for prisons as they protect society from dangerous people. However, prisons should maintain human rights and allow for reformation to take place. Corporal Punishment Most Christians disagree with causing others pain and suffering so corporal punishment is no longer seen as the right option. Community Service Given for minor offences Christians believe that this can be a positive way to pay back your community. Removing graffiti or painting public buildings are examples of this. Drug or alcohol rehabilitation can also be an option along with meeting the victim of their crime.

Forgiveness This is a core belief in Christianity. Jesus emphasised it in his teaching by saying forgiveness should have no limit and it became part of the Lord s Prayer Forgive us as we forgive those who sin against us Punishment must not be replaced by forgiveness both need to co-exist so justice is done and then reform can take place. I tell you to forgive not seven times but seventyseven times Matthew 18 There are many examples of Christians who have Shown remarkable forgiveness. These include: Gee Walker mother of Anthony Walker who was murdered in a racist attack Maureen Greaves forgave her husband s killers on Christmas day 2012 The Death Penalty The death Penalty was abolished in the UK -1969. However, some people would like it to be reinstated. For Retribution for the victim Eye for an eye life for a life Deterrence to stop serious crimes Cheaper than alternatives : Life in Prison AGAINST Innocent people have been executed Goes against the Sanctity of Life Thou Shall not Kill Only God has the right to take life Christians use the arguments above to explain their point of view. Forgiveness and Reform is important to Christians even if someone has taken another life. Christians believe that God is the true judge of people. Many now say that there are other punishments such as life imprisonment that can be used instead of the death penalty.

3 Religion, Crime and Punishment Muslim beliefs on Crime and Punishment Good and Evil Muslims believe that evil can be linked with Satan (Iblis). His first cruel action was to ensure Adam chose to disobey God. Many Muslims belief humans are not perfect and some cannot resist temptation. Shari ah law is the Muslim law based upon the Qur an, and the Sunnah (Sayings and actions of Muhammad written down in the Hadith). Shari ah law the severity of the punishment is related to the seriousness of the religious value that has been broken. Muslims believe that although there are reasons why people commit crimes this is never any justification. Muslim attitudes to law breakers Muslims believe that the law should be respected. Therefore, punishments under Shari ah law are severe these only apply in Muslim countries. Muslims believe that there should be a court system that is fair and determines whether a person is guilty or innocent of a crime. God commands justice Qur an 16:90 Poverty: Muslims believe that Zakah (2.5% given to charity) is there to help those in need and prevent crime Upbringing: In Islam there is a strong emphasis on the extended family ensuring good examples are set by all. Mental illness: Muslims believe that the offender should be helped in a secure unit to prevent further crime and receive treatment. Addiction: Muslims forbid the taking of drugs or alcohol. They believe that they are a temptation which lead people to do the wrong thing. Muslims believe that a person should be focused on the spiritual and this is why they pray 5 times per day. Greed: Muslims believe that all wealth belongs to Allah and it is only value is in how it can help those in need. People should place more value on the spiritual side of life. Hate: Muslims do not agree in hate, this goes against the teachings of the Qur an and the Sunnah (Muhammad). Muslims believe Allah creates all humans as equals so crimes committed due to prejudice and discrimination should not be tolerated. Opposition to an unjust law: Muslims live by Shari ah law this is God s law and is not unjust. In countries where Shari ah law is in place there will be no protests.

Categories of Crime Shari ah Law classifies crime into four types: Unforgivable Crimes Adultery, theft, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, rebellion against the state. Forgivable Crimes Assault or Murder where mercy maybe shown by the victim s family Community Crimes Fraud, Anti-Social Behaviours Crimes against the Countries Law Speeding, Parking Offences. Muslim attitudes to Suffering For many people suffering is part of human life. Muslims believe that God allows suffering to happen, it is usually for a reason not apparent to humans. Sometimes suffering is seen as a test from God, but it will be no more than the person can endure. Some suffering is the result of Satan (Iblis). Recently Muslims have faced suffering through Hate crimes where they have been targeted because of their religious belief in Islam. Be compassionate towards the destitute (poor) Hadith Response to Suffering Muslims believe that God gave people FREE WILL they chose how to behave. The Qur an gives good guidance on how people should help others and be kind and compassionate. If Muslims chose to hurt others and cause suffering they will be answerable to God on the Day of Judgement. Muslims live in a community known as the Ummah caring for their brothers and sisters in this community and helping those who are suffering. If they cause another person s suffering they should recognise this and repair the damage done. Muslims believe that Allah will forgive anyone who repents. Punishments Muslims favour severe punishments because they believe that God s law (shari ah) has been broken. Retribution: revenge for the victim and for God (breaking his law). Muslims believe that retribution is important a life for a life ; although the victim s family can choose compassion and forgiveness. Deterrence: Harsh punishment means that people will learn from others not to do the crime in the first place. It also believes to stop reoffending in Muslim countries. Reformation: Islam considers it necessary for an offender to seek God s forgiveness. Education and financial help may be used to help reform.

The Treatment of Criminals Prisons: The prison system in the UK is different to Shari ah law in Muslim countries. In the UK there is an emphasis on reform in prisons, however under Muslim law they are mainly used while a person awaits trial or punishment. Corporal: This means physical pain brought to the criminal. Under Shari ah law the punishment for offenders is almost always corporal. Public flogging is used in many Muslim countries Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan for a range of offences. Amputation of the hand of a thief does also happen although under strict criteria and indisputable evidence. Corporal punishment is not allowed in the UK as it is believed it would infringe on a person s human rights and imprisonment is more humane. In countries where Shari ah law exists there is significantly less crime than in countries such as the UK Community Service: The aim of community service is to reform. This is rarely used in Muslim countries as it is not considered enough of a deterrent. Cut off the hands of thieves, as a punishment for what they have done a deterrent from God Qur an 5:38 Forgiveness Forgiveness serves no part in the punishing process in Islam. However, it is an important element in the religion. Forgiveness from God: Only Allah can truly forgive and he is compassionate and merciful if the person has honestly repented (sorry for their actions) Forgiveness from humans: This is a good way to emphasis goodness rather than evil. In the case of Murder retribution of a life for a life is allowed (The Death Penalty). However, a victim s family can choose to forgive and spare the life of a murderer showing compassion. Pardon each other s faults and God will grant you honour Hadith (Muhammad) The Death Penalty Shari ah law allows for the death penalty to take place. Mercy maybe shown by the victim s family in the case of murder and often financial compensation is offered. The Death Penalty may be used in cases of murder, treason, turning against religion, blasphemy, terrorism, rape, adultery and armed robbery. Methods of execution may vary from country to country beheading, firing squad, hanging or stoning. Strict guidelines such as indisputable evidence must be met before the conviction is made. Muhammad and the Qur an both stated that the death penalty is a just and fair punishment. Some small groups of Muslims do not agree with the death penalty such as the Muslim Peace Fellowship.

4 Human Rights and Social Justice Christian beliefs on human rights and social justice Social Justice We are all aware that life is not fair. There are injustices all around the world. People live in poverty, some cannot express their opinion, governments are corrupt and people can be put in prison without trial. Social Justice means ensuring that society treats people fairly despite their wealth or race. It protects people s human rights and demands equality for all. Human rights Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that all human beings should be entitled to. In1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which stated 30 rights that all humans should have. In the UK 1998 the Human Rights Act was passed that included: The right to life, liberty, security, privacy, education and a fair trial. This is for all people - no matter what race, religion, gender, wealth or sexuality Having rights means that we should be responsible with them for example the right to freedom of speech cannot be used to spread hatred or violence. Christianity and Social Justice Christians believe that people should be treated fairly. The bible teaches that God is Just and humans should care for others. The prophet Amos told people that God was not pleased they were oppressing the poor. St Paul told Christians that they had a responsibility to obey the law. Jesus taught his followers that they should love your neighbour. In the parable of the sheep and goats, Jesus explained that those who helped the hungry, thirsty and sick would go to heaven. Some Christians have campaigned for social justice: William Wilberforce Anti Slavery Elizabeth Fry Prison Conditions and Reform Lord Shaftsbury Improve working conditions and education of children Equality: Christians believe that all people are special and precious to God. Humans have been created in the Image of God and therefore are all equal and should be valued. This is summed up, in the main Christian teaching, love your neighbour There is no difference between Jew or non-jew, male or female. All are one in Jesus Christ. Galatians 3.28

Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: unfairly judging someone because of their race, religion, age, gender or sexuality Discrimination: actions or behaviour due to prejudice: not giving someone a job because they are Muslim Positive Discrimination: treating people more favourably such as allowing priority seats for the elderly or disabled In some Christian denominations, women are not allowed to have important positions. Women should not be allowed to speak in Church. Catholic churches do not allow women to become priests. They say that men and women are equal but have different roles. The Anglican Church (Church of England) have allowed women to become priest / vicars since 2014. Within Christianity, there is diverse opinion on sexuality. Some Christians believe that homosexuality is a sin; other Christians believe that the church should be more open and modern. They think that loving people, no matter the gender is the most important thing. Disability: The Paralympics have given good publicity to disabled people and have helped change attitudes towards those who have a disability. Christians are against discrimination of disabled people and support the use of ramps, lifts, priority seating and disabled toilets. The Equality act in 2010 protects all people from being treated differently on grounds of race, religion, age, gender, disability or sexuality. Racism Racism has existed for a long time in the history of humans. Some of the most notable examples include: Apartheid in South Africa: Black and White people were kept apart in all aspects of life. School, hospitals, housing, jobs, public amenities, cafes all had separate places or buildings for black or white people. Desmond Tutu was a Christian who fought against this discrimination and peacefully campaigned for black people to be treated fairly. Martin Luther King: The civil rights movement in the USA brought attention to how black people were being treated unfairly. Martin Luther King was a Christian who believe all people were created equally in the eyes of God. He made several speeches such as I have a dream which highlighted the need for justice. He campaigned peacefully in protests and marches. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus (for a white person). This sparked the bus boycott where black people refused to use public transport. Most Christians are opposed to racism and support campaigns such as kick it out of football or Show racism the red card that are used to educate people that racism should not be tolerated. Christians refer to the basic ideas that humans were all made in the image of God - created equally, and Jesus teaching of love your neighbour There is no difference between Jew or non-jew, male or female. All are one in Jesus Christ. Galatians 3.28

Religious Freedom Religious Freedom is the right to believe in whatever religion one chooses. Religious Expression is the right to worship in whatever way one chooses. Christianity encourages tolerance and harmony. Modern Christians believe that it is a human right to follow whatever religion one chooses as long as it does not cause harm to others. Respect across believers and non-believers (atheists) is encouraged. Wealth The Old Testament made it clear that wealth is a blessing from God and that people should thank him by giving a tithe (a tenth of their earnings) as an offering. Some Christians today give a tenth of their income to the church or a charity to remind them that all wealth is given by God. The New Testament focuses on the dangers of wealth. People can become so involved with money that greed and selfishness can develop. Jesus encouraged people to dedicate their lives to helping others and focusing on God rather than wealth. He told a rich man to give up all he had and give it to the poor it was easier to get into heaven that way. You cannot serve both God and Money. Christianity and Wealth Matthew 6:24 The Christians believe that it is fine to make money fairly (not illegally) and to use your talents to become richer. However, you must use your wealth responsibly by following the parable of the Sheep and the Goats essentially helping those in need. Christians also believe that you must try your best to escape poverty by working hard and seeking employment. People should attend training and voluntary work if they need additional skills and must become self-sufficient in order to escape the poverty trap. Poverty Poverty means to be without money or basic needs (food, shelter, electricity or heating). Those in less developed countries are more likely to be in poverty with as many as 2000 per day dying due to unclean water. Interest / Debt: Some people or countries have too much debt and have to pay interest on loans making it impossible for them to escape poverty. Climate: 92% of Africa has insufficient rain to grow enough crops. This historically has caused poverty War: If a country is at war its people will suffer. Employment is impossible and food is hard to find Natural Disasters: Can destroy crops or shelter. Some countries take a long time to recover Unemployment / Economy: If the economy is unstable, people could lose their jobs and companies could go bust. People who have low wages may struggle against the cost of living and rising prices. Financial mismanagement: Wasteful spending on addictions Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs, Gambling

Exploitation of the poor Fair Pay: Some multi-national companies pay their workers in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) a very low wage. It can be as little as 1 for working in sweat shops that make clothes, 16 hours a day 7 days per week. National Minimum Wage: The UK government introduced a minimum wage to ensure that people were paid enough money to live against inflation and rising costs of living. Interest on Loans: Sometimes poor people are exploited by being charges a high rate of interest if they borrow money on Payday loans or Credit Cards. This can leave people in debt unable to escape poverty. People Trafficking: This is a multi-billion pound industry. Criminals profit from people wanting to migrate to developing countries to escape a poverty stricken or dangerous country. Criminal gangs also force people to work in poor conditions with little pay, often in prostitution. It is often referred to as modern day slavery. Giving money to the poor Emergency Aid: Also known as short-term aid: help given to communities in times of crisis in the aim to save lives. Examples would include: food, water, shelter and first aid. Long-Term Aid: Assistance given to a country over a longer period. Examples would include clean water projects or sustainable farming techniques. Christians believe in Justice and Equality around the world. People should be treated fairly and respected. Christians may buy fair trade products: these ensure a fair price goes to the workers and helps bring the whole community out of poverty. Schools can be built and children can be educated rather than work on the farms. It follows the teaching of stewardship helping others and Jesus teaching of love your neighbour Christians may also volunteer their time to work with the homeless or those in poverty in the UK. Soup kitchens, food banks and local charities all assist those in need. There are Christian charities such as CAFOD, Tearfund and Christian Aid who help people in poverty in different countries. Some Christians get involved with schemes such as Send a Cow.

4 Human Rights and Social Justice Muslim beliefs on human rights and social justice Human rights Not all Muslim countries agreed with the UDHR (United Declaration of Human Rights), this started a debate within Islam that led to the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in 1990 The CDHR summarised the teaching of the Qur an, The Sunnah (Practices of Muhammad) and the Islamic legal tradition. Many people think this was a step forward as the CDHR does protect individuals from arrest, torture and maltreatment. Although there are issues such as Women s rights or the right to freedom of belief that are not considered. Islam and Equality Islam teaches that God created everyone and therefore people hold equal value. Muslims believe that people should not be discriminated against or treated disrespectfully. God is not concerned whether people are rich or poor. Muslims believe that there should be social justice in the world, people should be treated fairly and have equal opportunities. Justice is seen as an important virtue or quality all people should be entitled to it. In Islam, giving to the poor is a central part of the religion. One of the five pillars (duties) of a Muslim is to give 2.5% of their earnings to charity. This is known as Zakah or Zakat Rupon Miah is an example of a Muslim who has dedicated his life to social justice by helping vulnerable young people in London. He helps people who are homeless, addicted to alcohol or drugs or suffering from relationship issues. God has promised forgiveness and reward to those who have faith and do good works Qur an 5:8-9 Religious Freedom The Qur an teaches that it is the individual s choice whether he or she adopts the religion of Islam. In many Muslim countries, there is a freedom to belong to a different religion. However, some countries such as Pakistan have blasphemy laws that make it illegal for people to criticise the Qur an or any of the Prophets. This does not mean that Islam teaches intolerance against other religions, and people should be free to practise their faith. Changing religion or giving up belief in Islam is seen as a sin and can carry a harsh sentence from execution to imprisonment. In the UK Muslims are free to worship, build Mosques and create schools. There is freedom of religious expression so Muslims are allowed to wear a hijab or burka. This allows diversity of people and culture to live in tolerance in the UK.

Islam and racial prejudice Religious prejudice has caused the death of millions of people. Examples include: The Crusades: Christians took up weapons to convert all people to their religion The Holocaust: Millions of Jewish people slaughtered in WWII Bosnia: Thousands of Serbs, Croats and Muslims killed in a genocide The Qur an does not support the idea that people are inferior due to their race or religion. It is no excuse to treat people unjustly. The Qur an teaches equality and value of all God s people. The Muslim brotherhood of the Ummah makes no distinction between people of a different race. An example of this is during Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca / Makkah) where all people wear white to show they are equal in the eyes of Allah irrespective of wealth, age, gender or race. Islam and homosexuality The Qur an has several references to the destruction of the people of Lot (A ruler of a community) due to their sexual practices. Many Muslims regard homosexuality as a sin that is dangerous. Most believe that it is a punishable offence in some cases, the death penalty can still be given. According to Shar iah law (law of Islam), those found guilty should repent rather than confess. This means that many Muslim countries now tolerate same sex relationships in private. However, in changing times some Muslims now support gay people and their families. They argue that love is important no matter what sexuality. The Statue of Women in Islam According to the Qur an, men and women hold equal value to God. They are both accountable for their actions. However, in Islam although they are equal they are not the same. Muslims believe that God designed different roles and purposes for males compared to females. Traditionally Muslim men have been responsible for the financial needs of the family and the women responsible for the home and children. Women may teach the children the Qur an, prepare halal food, and understand manners and customs. This does not mean women cannot work indeed many Muslim women are doctors, lawyers and teachers. Due to the demands on women they are exempt (free) of certain religious duties such as prayer five times per day or on a Friday - Jummah Some Muslim countries women have been discriminated against in education, freedom of movement (shopping malls), needing a male guide. Modern day Muslim women such as Malala Yousafzai are challenging these traditional restrictions. Anyone, male or female, who does good works and is a believer, will enter paradise Qur an 4:124

Wealth Muslims believe that all wealth and riches are a blessing from Allah, they should be used as a benefit for all people. The value of money is not a number but how much good it can do to help people. Muslims are taught they have a responsibility to use their money wisely. God must always come first, people should not be exploited and greed and selfishness will result in eternal hell. Wealth must be earned in the right way honest work, property and inheritance, Islam forbids deception and gambling (this includes the lottery). Muslims who have won the lottery against their religion have not been allowed to use the money for community projects. One of the main duties of Muslims is to help the poor. The third pillar (duty) of Islam is Zakah this means that all Muslims must give a percentage of 2.5% to helping the poor. Muslims may also donate voluntary money to charity this is called Sadaqah Muslims believe that you have a responsibility to work hard and seek employment. You should avoid relying on benefits if possible. People should use what money they have carefully and not waste it on harmful addictions or unnecessary items. Interest on Loans Muslims believe that it is wrong to charge interest on money that has been lent to other people. Usury (interest charged) is regarded as a sin. This can be difficult for Muslim banks they must invest money and hope it returns a profit rather than charge interest. Exploitation Exploitation is the misuse of power or money that involves unfairly treating others. This can involve long hours, low pay and poor working conditions as well as human trafficking. Muslims regard that relationship between employers and employees as a brotherhood each has their responsibilities. Workers should be honest and hardworking, employers should be fair and pay an appropriate wage. Maternity leave, holidays and promotions should all be dealt with fairly. Human Trafficking: Islam does not support the trafficking of people. It exploits vulnerable people who need help. People should be valued and respected. God created people equally and there should be fairness and justice in society. Giving Money to the Poor Be good to your parents, to relatives, to orphans, to the needy, to neighbours near and far Qur an The government is responsible for providing help to those who cannot work because of unemployment, disability, old age or illness. However, this does not always help people out of poverty. Many Muslim charities work both in Britain and abroad to help those in need. Examples of Charities include Islamic Relief and Muslim Aid. Both these charities provide emergency and long-term aid across the globe. They provide food, water, shelter and first aid in natural disasters / War. They also have community projects such as education, clean water, farming and health care.