Nomen: Bell: XXX: Fire!
Building the Meaning The Vivid or Historic Present The vivid or historic present is the use of present tense in an event that has already occurred. This is unique because the present tense is used instead of the past tense. The vivid or historic present is used in order to create vibrancy, speed, or excitement. Thus, it makes the reader feel as though they are involved in what happened in the writing. Summary: The vivid or historic present is when a present tense is used in a past occurrence in order to make the reader feel immersed in the story. Activity: Change the following sentences into the historic present. I. Marcus āmbulāvīt ad atriō et fābulam nārrāvīt. II. Senātus Romānus múlta et mīrā ēgīt. III. Puēlla sub ārborē sēdīt. IV. Púer per hōrtō cucúrrīt. V. Make up your own English sentence which exemplifies the historic present.
Forms Verbs: Active and Passive Voice There are two voices in Latin ACTIVE and PASSIVE Look at these two sentences: 1. Cornēlia canēs amat. Cornelia loves the dogs. 2. Canēs ā Cornēliā amatur. The dogs are loved by Cornelia. The first sentence is in the ACTIVE voice, while the second sentence is in the PASSIVE voice. In the active, the subject is performing the action of the verb to the direct object. For example, Cornelia (subject) is loving (active verb) the dogs (direct object). However, in the passive, it is flipped around. Instead the direct object is made the subject and the original subject becomes ablative preceded by the Latin word ā or ab meaning by. For example, the dogs (now the subject) are being loved (passive verb) by Cornelia (ablative with by ). In this case, the subject (dogs) is receiving the action rather than doing the action. MEMORIZE THESE FORMS! Present Passive Imperfect Passive Future Passive Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 -r -mur 1 -bar -bamur 1 -bo -bimur 2 -ris -mini 2 -baris -bamini 2 -beris bimini 3 -tur -ntur 3 -batur -bantur 3 -bitur -buntur *Keep in mind the irregular verbs esse, posse, velle, and nōlle do NOT have passive forms **However, the irregular verb ferre does check out the forms in your textbook Feeling good? TRY THESE! Read aloud and note the active verbs. Restructure the sentence so that the direct object in the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. You will have to change the active verb to passive. (Make sure the verb agrees with its subject!) Then translate the active and passive sentences: Ex. Aurēlia cibum edet. Active verb edet; New sentence w/ passive verb Cibus ab Aurēliā edetur. Active sentence translation Aurelia eats food. Passive sentence translation The food is eaten by Aurelia. 1. Cornēlia Flaviam videt. 2. Sextō pilam iaciēs. 3. Incendium nōs opprimēbat. 4. Syra et Phrygia Aurēliae crīnēs pectēbant. 5. Marcum et Sextum ad urbem ducēmus.
History IV Deadly Struggles within the Roman Republic When Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was clubbed to death, a revolution in Rome began. The Roman Senate and certain individuals began to argue over power, creating a long series of violent events. During the second century B.C., the majority of the Roman upper-class began to invest in large-scale farming. In order to save money, slaves were hired to do most of the agricultural work instead of peasants. Therefore, most peasants were faced with homelessness and poverty, which caused them to grow desperate and dangerous. Popular reformers (populārēs) decided that it was time to gather political strength and create programs designed to help the peasants. But, established leaders (optimātēs) feared losing power and opposed these aristocrats. So, this era was marked by much blood and violence. The Gracchi- The Gracchi were two brothers who were famous popular reformers, who wanted change in the government because their families name had been tarnished following the death of their father. Tiberius Gracchi, the eldest brother, was nominated as tribune and therefore took power. He believed in equality and did not agree with the Senate s opinions. So, he distributed portions of the public land to landless peasants. At the same time King Attalus III of Pergamum passed away and bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Once again, Tiberius disregarded the opinions of Senate and their traditional laws by distributing the lands of Pergamum to the landless. This made the Senate very angry so, to rid themselves of this popular tribune, the Senate organized a mob that murdered Tiberius and 300 of his followers on Capitoline Hill. Ten years after the incident, Gaius Sempronius Gracchius, Tiberius younger brother, was elected tribune in 123 B.C. he began to elaborate on his brother s idea by supplying more land to landless and selling grain at lower prices to poor citizens of Rome. He also engineered a change in court that weakened the Senate s power. He ensured that juries were now drawn from the wealthy non-senators instead of the Senate. This was called the equestrian (equites) order. Gaius also wanted to extend Roman citizenship to other Italian cities to grow his supporters. This really put the Senate and their supporters on edge. In the end, violent clashes between Gaius supporters and the Senate s supporter broke out, causing chaos. One of the Consuls surrounded Gaius with a group of archers, which forced him to commit suicide. Gaius Marius- Gaius Marius was the next important leader elected in 107 B.C., after his prior experience of being a Senator without being born into the job. His main focus during his role of leadership was the military, which he used to conquer many other peoples. He built up his military by promising the soldiers pensions of land allotments along with goods of war. In 105 B.C. he led his army into Africa and defeated Rome s enemy King Jugurtha. Next he defeated the Cimbri and Teutons (Germanic tribes). This may have threatened the Northern borders of Italy, but he still came back victorious. As for the volunteer soldiers, they had to use armed intimidation in order to get the lands of Gaul that they were promised. For the next several years, Italy was plunged into violent turmoil. Rome was still suffering from power struggles between aristocrats. To make matters worse, in 87 B.C. Marius and his populārēs overtook Rome and slaughtered political enemies or confiscated their land. This reign of terror ended when Marius died in 86 B.C. Lucius Cornelius Sulla- Lucius Cornelius Sulla was Marius greatest rival after being an officer with him in the war against Jugurtha. Sulla used pure force with the help of his optimātēs to become a consul in 88 B.C. That year king Mithridates of Pontus seized some of Italy s land and massacred thousands of citizens. Sulla wanted to command an army of his supporters in the Senate in order to punish Mithridates, but Marius also desired to command the army. But Sulla overpowered Marius army and created an army to exile Marius and kill his supporters. Then, after Marius was exiled, Sulla went to attack Mithridates. But while Sulla was gone, Marius returned to Rome with an army of his veterans and once again took power. Then, after serving his seventh consulship, Marius died.
Five years later, Sulla returned and ridded Rome of any remaining Marian forces. Then, he instituted his own government by a process called proscription. Routinely, Sulla posted lists of names of opponents whose estates might increase the bonus he had promised his troops. Therefore, Rome had been recognized as a city of murder and outlaws. Once he had eliminated all of his opponents, the optimātēs regained a firm control of the government. Then he died in 78 B.C. Gnaeus Pompeius- Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey the Great) rose to power by supporting Sulla with his private army in 83 B.C and by overwhelming Marian forces in Africa and Sicily. For both of these deeds, he reluctantly earned the title (cognō men) The Great (Magnus). He was then sent to Spain in 77 B.C. in order ti put down a rebellion of Marians. While returning triumphantly he managed to halt the last of the 70,000 escaping slaves of the slave rebellion in Italy. He defeated Spartacus, the leader of the slave rebellion who had been causing uproar for about three years. He gave a portion of the victory to his comrade Marcus Licinius Crassus and together, despite mutual jealousy, they became consuls who opposed optimātēs. They also supported Sulla s law to remove the tribunes right to initiate legislation. Then in 67 B.C. Pompey was sent with a fleet into the Mediterranean Sea to handle the pirate problem, which he managed to do in only three months. Finally, support from Marcus Tullius Cicero granted him astonishing powers to control Asia Minor. From 66-62 B.C. Pompey defeated the overpowering Mithridates and continued roman conquering in the East. Understanding Questions- What did the Gracchi wish to accomplish when they were in power? What was Gaius Marius main focus when he was in power and why? Who was Marius greatest rival? List some of Pompeius greatest accomplishments.
Vocabulary: XXX: Fire! Answer Key Latin Word(s) Part of Speech Gender (if applicable) Translation Derivative (if applicable) īnsula, īnsulae Noun f. Island, apartment building Insulate (gen.) Vīs, vim (acc.), Noun f. Force, amount - vī (abl.) Ac Conjunction - And - Incendium, Noun n. Fire incendiary incendiī Incola, incolae Noun m/f Inhabitant, tenant - Omnia agunter f. Everything is being done Omniscient īnfirmus, īnfirma, Adjective - Weak, shaky, frail infirmary īnfirmum Fenestra, fenestrae Noun f. Window Defenestration ōrnāmenta, Noun n. pl. Furnishing Ornament ōrnāmentōrum Tam Adverb - So - Parvus, parva, Adjective - Small - parvum Tabulātum, Noun n. Story, floor - tabulatī Paene Adverb - Almost - ēiciō, eīcere, ēiēcī, Verb - To throw out Eject ēiectus Quaerō, quaerere, Verb - To seek, look for, ask (for) Inquisition quaesīvī, quaesītus Opprimō, Verb - To overwhelm Oppress opprimere, oppressī, oppressus Opprimēminī Verb form - You will be crushed, ^^ overwhelmed Opprimuntur Verb form - (they) are being ^^ overwhelmed Commovēo, Verb - To move, upset Commotion commovēre, commovī, commotus Commoveor Verb form - I am upset ^^ Commovēris Verb form - You are upset ^^ Dubium, dubiī Noun n. Doubt Dubious Servābimur Verb form We will be saved Serve Pariēs, parietis Noun m. Wall (of house or room)
Building the Meaning The Vivid or Historic Present I. Marcus āmbulāt ad atriō et fābulam nārrāt. II. Senātus Romānus múlta et mīrā āgit. III. No definite answer. Just make sure the event has already occurred, but the verb is in the present tense.
Forms Verbs: Active and Passive Voice 1. Active verb videt; New sentence w/ passive verb Flavia ā Cornēliā videtur. Active sentence translation Cornelia sees Flavia. Passive sentence translation Flavia is seen by Cornelia. 2. Active verb iaciēs; New sentence w/ passive verb Pila Sextō ā tē iacietur. Active sentence translation You (sing.) will throw the ball to Sextus. Passive translation The ball will be thrown to Sextus by you (sing.) 3. Active verb opprimēbat; New sentence w/ passive verb Nōs ā incendiō opprimēbamur. Active sentence translation The fire was overwhelming us. Passive sentence translation We were being overwhelmed by the fire. 4. Active verb pectēbant; New sentence w/ passive verb Crīnēs Aurēliae ā Syrā et Phrygiā pectēbantur. Active sentence translation Syra and Phrygia were combing Aurelia s hair. Passive sentence translation Aurelia s hair was being combed by Syra and Phrygia. 5. Active verb ducēmus; New sentence w/ passive verb Marcus et Sextus ad urbem ā nōbīs ducentur. Active sentence translation We will lead Marcus and Sextus to the city. Passive sentence translation Marcus and Sextus will be led to the city by us. History IV Deadly Struggles within the Roman Republic 1. They wished to reverse the decline of their family s prestige after the death of their father. 2. The military because it made Rome strong and able to conquer many other peoples. It was also easy to do because of the volunteer army. 3. Sulla 4. Defeating tribes in Africa and of Germanic decent, halting the slave rebellion, and diminishing the threat of pirates in the Mediterranean.