Lecture 06 HISB11H3/CLAB06H3 Feb 12, 2013 The Late Republic: 1 st cent. BC Republic - Collegial power = against monarchy o Voting assemblies o Magistracies o Senate Power to the elite - 4 th cent: Formative period: wars in Italy o Magistracies o End of the Struggle of the order o New mixed elite - 3 rd 2 nd cent: Senate s supremacy o Conquests Few very wealthy, many poor Optimates Populares (Equestrians, people ) 1 st century: End of the Republic - Political powers of military commanders + Power of the senate (Optimates) Principate: - Marius - Sulla - Pompey - Julius Caesar Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 133: Tribune of the plebs - Rogatio Sempronia o Limited possession of the Ager publicus o Recovered land for the poor + inalienable o College of 3 members to implement the law (= recover land) Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus Opposition of a tribune Tribune deposed + law passed Ask for a 2 nd tribunate? Gaius Sempronius Gracchus 123: Tribune of the Plebs
1) Amended Rogatio Sempronia 2) Lex Sempronia frumentaria - 40l/month of wealth for each Roman citizen living in Rome 3) Laws in favor of the equestrian order (juries) Consequences? - Violent senatorial opposition - 122: Reelected tribune - 121: Not reelected - 121: Killed with 3000 partisans Gracchian Crisis - 1 st violent clashes between Roman citizens - Creation of the plebes frumentaria 1. Marius (157-86 BC) - Born ~157 BC in Arpinum - Equestrian family - Local elite (novus homo new man) - Backed by the Metelli Army Reform (Marius?) - Calls for volunteers o Even poorest ones o Persona promises of rewards Call to join army to make a living/protect country Marius Wars Outside Italy a. War with Jugurtha (112-105 BC) - Dynastic struggle between Jurgurtha and Adherbal - 116 BC: o A seeks Rome s help o Rome: Settlement (West = Jugurtha; East = Adherbal) - 112: o J invades A s territory and kills him - 109 108: Quintus Caecilius Metellus commander - 107: Marius (consul) commander - 105: End of the war (Sulla) o Part of J s territory to King Bocchus of Mauretania
o J captured + paraded in Rome b. Campaigns against the Cimbri and Teutones (113-100 BC) - 113-105: Roman defeats in the Rhone valley - 104-100: Marius elected consul o Elected 5 years in a row Outcome is the 1 st emperor o Command in Gaul - 102: X Teutones - 101: X Cimbri o 2 Triumphs + Need to reward veterans Agrarian Bill (100 BC) 99 BC - Lucius Apuleius Saturninus = tribune of the plebs o Settlements for veterans + citizens (Cisalpine Gaul) o Colonies + Roman citizenship to settlers (including allies) in Greece + Sicily o Oath of the senators: 5 days to respect the law - Violence (Marius veterans) law passed o Quintus Metellus in exile - Saturninus tribune again - Wants to impose Gaius Servilius Glaucia as consul o Saturninus has other candidate killed Senate: ultimate decree S + G captured by Marius and lynched by the mob in the Curia Saturninus tribunates - Direct use of violence in political life of Rome o Use of veterans as personal army Post Saturninus - 99: Quintus Metellus recalled from exile Social Wars The right of citizenship of allies 91 BC
- Livius Drusus tribune of the plebs - Law proposal o Juries all senators but 300 formed equites o Public land to poor citizens o Full Roman citizenship to all Latins + Italians NO! DRUSUS killed Social Wars (91-87 BC) Italy s 1 st full-scale civil war - Many allies in Italy against Rome o Capital in Corfinium (Italica) - 90: Citizenship grants to all loyal allies - 89: Second wave of grants Consequences - More citizens o More people started using Latin Abide Roman law - Wide diffusion of Roman law - Spread of Latin language and culture - Enormous clienteles - New elite In which tribes shall we put these new citizens? 88 BC: Publius Sulpicius Rufus tribune of the plebs Redistribute the new citizens in existing tribes Opposition of the consuls (Pompeius Rufus + Sulla) Marius the return! - Condition: Replace Sulla as commander against Mithridates (king of Pontus) Sulpicius law passed through the use of violence + Marius in command 2. Sulla s Rule (88-80BC) P. Cornelius Sulla - Aristocrat (Optimates) What was Sulla s reaction to Marius take of command? - He fought back Sulla s march on Rome #1
- Takes control of Rome by military force - Marius flees to Africa - Restores previous order o Him + Pompeius Rufus consuls o Cancellation of Sulpicius law o Back to East Marius the Return (again)! - End 87: Cinna (consul) + Marius! o Siege of Rome o Bloody purge o Reelect themselves consuls for 86 o Marius dies Jan. 86 Sole consul in Rome Cinna s End - Did not pay attention to the redistribution plan for new citizens - Tries to curtail Sulla in Greece o New consul (Luc. Val. Flaccus) killed in a mutiny - 84 BC: o Killed during a mutiny on his way to Greece o New citizens redistributed in existing tribes Sulla s Second March on Rome - 85: End 1 st Mithridatic War - 83-82: Second March on Rome o Battle of Praeneste o Sulla s victory o 50-70,000 deaths Sulla s Great Proscription (82 BC) - Lists of people to be killed without trial - Rewards for murders + delators Pompey in Sicily - 82: Pompey in Sicily + Africa against Sulla s opponents o Victory (Pompey Magnus ) o Triumph Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
- Born 105 BC - Equestrian origin - Son of CN Pompeius Strabo (social wars) o Inherited his clients o Military talents o Sulla s favorite Sulla s Dictatorship (82-81 BC) - Unlimited powers and time limit o To bring the order back to the State and formulate laws o Named Felix (happy) o Pro Senate reforms Sulla s Reforms (82-81 BC) - Senate: o Epuration o 600 new equites - Less power to the tribunate of the plebs - Grain distribution abolished - Widespread land Sulla s End (80-78 BC) - 80: Consul - 79: Retires (Puteoli) - 78: Dies 3. The Decade after Sulla (78-67) - 83-72: War against Sertorius (Spain) o Pompey - 73-71: Spartacus slave revolt o Crassus/Pompey - 70: Crassus and Pompey = Consuls o Cancellation of all sullanian laws o 67: Pompey s campaign against the pirats Pompey in the East (66-62) - 66: Supreme command in Asia Minor o Persuades the king of Parthia to invade Armenia o Defeats Mithridates in Pontus
- 65: Secures Rome s power in the region - 64: Provincial organization o Bithynia + Cecilia Pompey s Return to Rome - 62: Dismantles his troops Consequences - $$$ To his soldiers - $$$ In Rome - Triumph - Triumphant architecture Rise of Pompey s personal power 2 aims: 1) Land for veterans 2) Official recognition of his annexations and arrangements in the East Why was the Senate opposed to Pompey s request? - Because he was seen as a potential threat - Because many Senators were afraid to be deprived of public land Meanwhile in Italy - 63: Cicero s consulship o Catilinia s conspiracy - Rise of Gaius Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar - Born around 100 - Old patrician family - Leader of the populares Public career - 84: Marries Cinna s daughter - 79: Pontif - 69: Quaestor (Further Spain) - 67: Curator, Via Appia - 65: Aedile curule (fastuous games) - 63: Praetor (minimum age) + pontifex maximus - 62: Praetor
- 61: Propraetor (Further Spain) - 60: Triumph Gaius Julius Caesar - 59: Wants to be elected consul o Renounces triumph to register as candidate o Against Cato s son Bibulus o Needs $ and support 6. The first triumvirate (60-54 BC) 59: Caesar elected consul with Bibulus Land distribution proposal Senate opposition Tribal assembly + Violence (against Bibulus) Bibulus home Law passed + Oath from senators 3 Laws passed without senatorial approval 1. Refund Asia s publicani 1/3 of their bid 2. Ratification of Pompey s arrangements in the East 3. Regulation of provincial governors Cesar and Pompey - Cesar: o Cisalpine Gaul + Illyricum o 3 legions, 5 years - Pompey: o Marries Julia (C s daughter) Cesar in Gaul (58-51) - Source: de bello Gallico The Gallic War - 56: All of Gaul subjugated - 52: Revolt of a coalition of people (Vercingetorix) - 52-51: All resistance suppressed Meanwhile in Rome - 56: Renewal of the triumvirate (Luca) Pompey + Crassus consuls - Arrange major and long term commands for themselves