Unit 26: Two Hundred Years of Peace

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1 T h e A r t i o s H o m e C o m p a n i o n S e r i e s T e a c h e r O v e r v i e w The term Pax Romana, which literally means Roman peace, refers to the time period from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. in the Roman Empire. This 200-year period saw unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the empire, which spanned from England in the north to Morocco in the south and Iraq in the east. During the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire reached its peak in terms of land area, and its population swelled to an estimated 70 million people. Reading and Assignments In this unit, students will: Complete one lesson in which they will learn about the Pax Romana, journaling and answering discussion questions as they read. Define a vocabulary word. Visit for additional resources. Leading Ideas Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD, the people whom he has chosen as his heritage! Psalm 33:12 It is God who executes judgment, putting down one and lifting up another. Psalm 75:7 The Augustus of Prima Porta, (early 1st century AD) Vocabulary Lesson 1: princeps Key People, Places, and Events Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavian Cleopatra Horace Virgil Ovid Livy Marcus Aureliu Page 385

2 L e s s o n O n e H i s t o r y O v e r v i e w a n d A s s i g n m e n t s The Second Triumvirate This map depicts the Roman Empire in 117 A.D., at the height of the Pax Romana. Reading and Assignments Review the discussion questions and vocabulary, then read the article: The Pax Romana. Narrate about today s reading using the appropriate notebook page. Be sure to answer the discussion questions and include key people, events, and dates within the narration. Define the vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your history notebook. Be sure to visit for additional resources. Vocabulary princeps Key People, Places, and Events Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavian Cleopatra Horace Virgil Ovid Livy Marcus Aurelius Page 386

3 Discussion Questions 1. What does Pax Romana mean? 2. What was the atmosphere in Rome during the Pax Romana? 3. What happened after the murder of Julius Caesar? 4. Who ruled after Julius Caesar? 5. What were some of the Roman accomplishments during the Pax Romana? 6. Who did Mark Antony fall in love with? What country was she from? 7. What is one of the most famous structures built during the Pax Romana? 8. Name two of Rome s finest writers? 9. Who was the last emperor during the Pax Romana? Adapted for Middle School from the book: Ancient Civilizations source: ushistory.org The Pax Romana The term Pax Romana, which literally means Roman peace, refers to the time period from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. in the Roman Empire. This 200-year period saw unprecedented peace and economic prosperity throughout the empire, which spanned from England in the north to Morocco in the south and Iraq in the east. During the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire reached its peak in terms of land area, and its population swelled to an estimated 70 million people. Nevertheless, Rome s citizens were relatively secure, and the government generally maintained law, order, and stability. The Pax Romana began when Octavian became the leader of the Roman Empire. Civil War and More After the murder of Julius Caesar, a period of civil war erupted in Rome. Out of this turmoil emerged the Second Triumvirate, consisting of Lepidus, Antony, and Octavian, who was Julius Caesar s nephew. This new triumvirate ruled Rome for a decade, but as happened with the First Triumvirate, differences among the leaders eventually emerged. Octavian defeated Lepidus in battle and then turned his armies against the more powerful Mark Antony. Antony had fallen in love with and married the spellbinding queen of Egypt, Cleopatra. At the Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece in 31 B.C., Octavian s navy defeated the navy of Antony and Cleopatra, who both later committed suicide. Octavian returned to Rome triumphant and gave himself the title of princeps or first citizen. Octavian was careful not to upset the Senate by declaring himself dictator as his uncle Julius Caesar had done. Even though Octavian ruled as a de facto dictator, he maintained the Senate and Page 387

4 other institutions of the republican government. Rome, has one of the largest freestanding domes in the world to this day. The Roman army built the roads that connected the vast Roman Empire. By layering sand, cement, and stone, they created durable roads that lasted long after the fall of Rome. The romance between Antony and Cleopatra has inspired the imaginations of artists for a millennium. In 27 B.C., the Senate bestowed the holy title of Augustus upon Octavian. Augustus, as he became known, ruled for 41 years, and the policies he enacted lay the groundwork for the peace and stability of the Pax Romana. During the Pax Romana, many of Rome s finest writers (such as Horace, Virgil, Ovid, and Livy) produced literary and poetic masterpieces. Rome became the economic, political, and cultural capital of the entire Western world. All Roads Lead to Rome The 200 years of the Pax Romana saw many advances and accomplishments, particularly in engineering and the arts. To help maintain their sprawling empire, the Romans built an extensive system of roads. These durable roads facilitated the movement of troops and communication. The Romans also built aqueducts to carry water overland to cities and farms. Many of the advances in architecture and building relied upon the Romans development of concrete. Concrete made possible the creation of huge rounded arches and domes. One of the most famous structures built during the Pax Romana, the Pantheon in Caligula s bizarre and sometimes sadistic behavior eventually led to his assassination in 41 A.D. Page 388

5 Bald Was Not Beautiful After Augustus s death in 14 A.D., other Roman emperors ruled with varying effectiveness. One emperor, Caligula, was mentally ill and regularly abused his power. He was so sensitive about his baldness that he prohibited anyone from looking down upon his head and shaved some people who had a full heads of hair. Caligula was a vicious sadist who took great pleasure in watching people being put to death in brutal ways. In fact, he often requested that killings be prolonged as much as possible. Caligula also had a tremendous sexual appetite and committed incest with his sisters. Caligula even invited his favorite horse to eat at formal state dinners. Eventually, his bizarre and tyrannical behavior turned the Romans against him, and in 41 A.D., Caligula was assassinated by members of his own Praetorian guard. Not all emperors were unfit to rule. In fact, a series of leaders known as the Five Good Emperors ruled in succession and presided over a prolonged period of peace and prosperity. The last of these emperors, Marcus Aurelius, was the final emperor of the Pax Romana. His reign was followed by the disastrous reign of his brutal son Commodus ( A.D.). By this time, the Empire was struggling to hold off attacking tribes on the frontiers. Consider when thou art much vexed or grieved, that man s life is only a moment, and after a short time we are all laid out dead. -Marcus Aurelius Page 389