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1 Glossary The following terms have been adapted from the glossary of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report (2007),1 unless otherwise indicated. Adaptation Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects. Various types of adaptation exist; e.g., anticipatory and reactive, private and public, and autonomous and planned. Examples are raising river or coastal dikes, the substitution of more temperature shock resistant plants for sensitive ones, etc. Adaptive capacity The whole of capabilities, resources and institutions of a country or region to implement effective adaptation measures. Climate change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/ or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Climate change impact The effects of climate change on natural and human systems. Depending on the consideration of adaptation, one can distinguish between potential impacts and residual impacts: Potential impacts are all impacts that may occur given a projected change in climate, without considering adaptation. Residual impacts are those impacts of climate change that would occur after adaptation. Climate prediction The result of an attempt to produce an estimate of the actual evolution of the climate in the future, for example, at seasonal, interannual or longterm time scales. Ecohealth approach An approach to human health that identifies the web of ecologically- based factors affecting human health as well as the links between them. 1 Accessed via: K. Otto-Zimmermann (ed.), Resilient Cities: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change Proceedings of the Global Forum 2010, Local Sustainability 1, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media B.V

2 566 Glossary Equipped with this knowledge, local communities can better manage ecosystems to improve people s well-being and the health of the ecosystem.2 Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) The adaptation policies and measures that take into account the role of ecosystem services in reducing the vulnerability of society to climate change.3 Food security Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs, as well as to culturally acceptable food preferences for an active and healthy life. The multi- dimensional nature of food security includes food availability, access, stability and utilization.4 Local government An administrative body or system in which political direction and control is exercised over the community of a city, town or small district.5 Mainstreaming The process of integrating policies that seek to address climate change concerns in regular development planning and ongoing sectoral decision making. Mainstreaming specifically means that development policies that otherwise would not have taken climate mitigation and adaptation into consideration, would explicitly include these concerns in the formulation and implementation processes.6 Mitigation Technological change and substitution that reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output. Although several social, economic and technological policies would produce an emission reduction, with respect to climate change, mitigation means implementing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks. Resilience The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for selforganisation, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change. Resilient city A city that supports the development of greater resilience in its institutions, infrastructure, and social and economic life. Resilient cities reduce vulnerability to extreme events and respond creatively to economic, social and environmental change in order to increase their long-term sustainability. Resilient city Gopalon H.N.B., UNEP Division of Policy Development and Law ourplanet/imgversn/images/gopalan_ecohealthv3.pdf 3 Vignola R, Locatelli B, Martinez C, Imbach P (2009) Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: What role for policy-makers, society and scientists? Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 14: FAO: 5 European Environment Agency: 6 Chuku (2010) Pursuing an integrated development and climate policy, framework in Africa: options for mainstreaming. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 15:

3 Glossary 567 activities are sensitive to distinctive unique local conditions and origins. Efforts undertaken to prevent crisis or disaster in one area should be designed in such a way as to advance the community s resilience and sustainable development in a number of areas. As such, resilient cities define a comprehensive urban resilience concept and policy agenda with implications in the fields of urban governance, infrastructure, finance, design, social and economic development, and environmental/ resource management.7 Risk The expected losses (of lives, persons injured, property damaged and economic activity disrupted) due to a particular hazard for a given area and reference period. Based on mathematical calculations, risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability Risk in environmental context means likelihood, or probability, of injury, disease, or death resulting from exposure to a potential environmental hazard.8 Sea level rise An increase in the mean level of the ocean. Eustatic sea-level rise is a change in global average sea level brought about by an increase in the volume of the world ocean. Relative sea-level rise occurs where there is a local increase in the level of the ocean relative to the land, which might be due to ocean rise and/or land level subsidence. In areas subject to rapid land-level uplift, relative sea level can fall. Storm surge The temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is defined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time and place. Sustainable development A form of development that meets present-day needs without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own requirements. It aims to improve individuals living conditions whilst preserving their environment in the short, medium and above all long term. The objective of sustainable development is threefold: development that is economically efficient, socially fair and environmentally sustainable.9 Urban heat island (UHI) The relative warmth of a city compared with surrounding rural areas, associated with changes in runoff, the concrete jungle effects on heat retention, changes in surface albedo, changes in pollution and aerosols, and so on. Urban greening The planned, integrated and systematic approach to managing urban and peri-urban vegetation. Urban greening aims to contribute to the environmental, psychological, sociological, and economic well-being of urban society.10 Resilient Communities Program Concept 2002 European Environment Agency: 9 European Commission: 10 European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN): nl22_disc.html 7 8

4 568 Glossary Urbanization The conversion of land from a natural state or managed natural state (such as agriculture) to cities; a process driven by net rural-to-urban migration through which an increasing percentage of the population in any nation or region come to live in settlements that are defined as urban centres. Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. Water stress The available freshwater supply relative to water withdrawals acts as an important constraint on development. Withdrawals exceeding 20% of renewable water supply have been used as an indicator of water stress. A crop is water-stressed if soil- available water, and thus actual evapotranspiration, is less than potential evapotranspiration demands.

5 A Adaptation, 3, 13, 15, 35, 45, 55, 69, 79, 91, 109, 111, 123, 131, 141, 143, 149, 157, 167, 177, 189, 193, 205, 213, 223, 231, 253, 265, 273, 283, 291, 299, 311, 319, 329, 339, 350, 366, 379, 390, 400, 401, 411, 429, 442, 452, 480, 487, 500, 503, 515, 517, 518, 544 Adaptive capacity, 14, 16, 56, 59 63, 69 77, 112, 115, 119, 126, 206, 209, 214, 235, 249, 256, 262, 329, , 341, 345, 352, 367, , 407, , 421, 422, 424, 425, , 490, 493 Adaptive management, 116, 257, 372, 374, 375, 377, 444 Adaptive urban governance, 111 Arborisation, 391, 392, 394 Architecture, 5, , 207, 346, 474, 508 B Balance, 47, 64, 83, 101, 128, 152, , 260, 294, 301, 303, 305, , 362, 458, 476, 495, 512, 519, 560 Basque Country, Best practices, , 150, 154, 178, , 256, 260, , 461, 462, 501 C Cape Town, , , 448 Cities, 6, 16, 37, 48, 57, 69, 79, 91, 109, 111, 123, 135, 143, 145, 149, 159, 168, 178, 188, 193, 201, 211, 224, 231, 253, 265, 273, 281, 289, 298, 311, 319, 328, 339, 350, 366, 377, 388, 400, 401, 411, 430, 442, 452, 479, 487, 499, 501, 513, 514, 517, 544 City climate plan analysis, 194, 199, 201 Climate adaptation strategies, 51, 103, 109, 127, 133, 137, 138, 157, 158, , 171, 173, 178, 179, 200, 201, 206, 218, , 236, 244, 254, , 266, 268, 270, 298, 301, 309, , 324, 330, 334, 335, 356, 359, , 412, 413, 425, 436, 480, 484, 527 governance, 6, 128 prediction, 425 proof cities, proofing, , , , 201, 488, 489 Climate change adaptation, , 128, 170, 190, 201, , 267, 268, 270, , 381, 453, 489, 493, 511, 527, 545 impact, 15 34, 143, 163, 169, 173, 184, 201, 205, 219, , 234, 267, 268, 270, 300, 320, 340, 347, , 362, 366, 373, 374, 377, 380, 382, 383, 386, 399, 414, 422, 424, 425, , 488, 489, 510, 511, 519, 539, 540, 544, 547, 561 Coastal cities, 318, 320, 321, Coastal erosion, 60, 142, 320, 324, 326, 500, 547 Co-benefits, 172, , 383, 544 Collaboration, 7, 63, 110, 150, 153, 178, 214, 215, 220, 274, 371, 480, 494, 500, 501, 509, 510, 512 Communal, 240, 308, 309, 325, 394, 471, 526 Communication, 50, 114, 117, , 154, 160, 163, 164, 170, , 179, 260, 271, , 406, 425, 431, 435, 442, 470, 494, 511, 520, 562 Compartmentalisation, 274,

6 570 Controversial aims, 288 Cooperative governance, 178 Councillors, , 370 D Decentralisation, , 137, 347 Decision-making, 102, 114, 117, 127, 159, 170, 172, 178, , 341, 359, 372, 377, 384, 386, 400, 462, 509, 510 Deliberative participation, Delta dikes, 274, , 282 Developing cities, Dresden, , 480 Drought, 13, 14, 56, 60, 64, 92, 199, 207, 219, 236, , 380, 415, 422, 442, 444, 445, 484, 488, 507, 516 Durban, 500, E Ecohealth approach, 56, 58 Ecosystem-based adaptation, , , 440 England, 142, 235, 244, 245, 250 Environmental learning, F Flooding, 13, 14, 21, 27, 33, 34, 36, 42, 49, 50, 56, 61, 64, 70, 93, 109, 124, 142, 145, 158, 196, 199, 207, 236, 238, 245, 246, 248, 249, , 274, 276, , 287, 291, 292, 294, , 330, 332, 342, 345, 350, 352, , 361, 382, 406, 422, 431, 432, 434, 442, 469, 475, 476, 493, 500, 503, 507, 508, 526, 536, 537, 539, 546 Flood modelling, 278 Flood prevention, 145, 190, 191, Food security, 16, 18, 21, 432, 435, , 516, 544, 545 Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM), 16, 33 G Governance, 5, 6, 47, 56, 62, 66, 109, , 117, 119, , , 151, 160, , 178, 180, 181, 184, 224, 229, 233, 235, 237, 244, 255, 359, 371, 377, 416, , 504 Government, 3, 15, 35, 45, 56, 68, 79, 91, 109, 110, 122, 135, 143, 144, 149, 159, 168, 179, 188, 192, 201, 212, 223, 232, 253, 264, 272, 281, 288, 298, 311, 319, 328, 339, 350, 363, 376, 386, 400, 401, 409, 430, 441, 451, 479, 487, 499, 513, 516, 543 Green infrastructure, 143, 147, 152, 236, 308, 441, 451, 454, , 476, 480 Green space, 104, 191, 225, 236, 238, 240, 288, 298, , 446, 448, , 476, Guide, 58, 88, 125, 206, 211, , 219, 238, 361, , 399, 490, 509, 510 H Health, 3, 13, 16, 18, 21, 27, 33, 50, 56 58, 63, 64, 70, 85, 116, 132, 137, 146, 174, 179, 197, 199, 206, , 215, 227, 232, 236, 245, 246, 250, 257, 268, 269, 274, 287, 298, 302, 305, 330, 335, 341, 345, 350, 359, 367, 390, 394, 406, 431, 443, 446, 448, 488, 516, 534, 535, 538, 540, , 562 Heat stress, 79 88, 232, , 359, 500 Heat wave, 462, 467, 475, 535 Ho Chi Minh City, 135, , I Improve (3.5), 33, 34, 48, 77, 101, 124, , 172, 178, 190, 206, 214, 235, 236, 238, 247, 255, 270, 274, 292, , 315, 332, 342, 352, 358, 362, 370, 377, 391, 454, 494, 509, 520, 525, 544, 561 India, 15, 16, 35 43, 402 Indonesian cities, 329 Informal settlements, 38, 39 Infrastructure, 3 5, 13, 21, 36, 38, 43, 48, 50, 58, 70, 71, 77, 92, , 110, 124, 128, 133, 135, 136, 138, 143, 147, 152, 183, 191, , 209, 215, 219, 224, 232, , 244, , 260, 266, 279, 285, 297, 306, 308, , 317, 323, 330, 331, 350, 355, 356, 367, , 390, 405, 412, 415, 416, 432, 434, 448, 454, , 475, 476, 480, 490, 499, 500, 506, 507, 521, 527, 536, , 560, 561 Integrated flood risk management, 293,

7 Integrated management, , 525 Interdisciplinarity, 216 Interdisciplinary approach, 216 J Jakarta, K Kelurahans, 334, 336 Knowledge brokerage, 490, 491 brokerage instrument, 487 systems, 111 L Lacunarity, 36, Lagos, Leadership, 4 6, 110, 119, , 194, 235, 240, 247, 255, 332, 335, 416, 421, 499, 501, 505, 508, 512, 560, 562 Local adaptation, 7, 63, 135, 189, 224, , 266, 400 Local government, 3 6, 35, 62, 109, 112, 119, 138, 142, 145, 189, 190, 194, 227, 234, , , 332, 334, 336, , 383, 384, 412, , 505, 511, 512, 527, 543, 544 Local policy, 183, 249, 284, 359 M Mainstream/Mainstreaming, 13, 109, 124, 127, 150, 179, 184, 232, , , 471, 488, 503, 545 Megacity, 15 36, 45 49, 51, 52, , 537, 538 Miami-Dade County, 500, Mitigation, 4, 5, 46, 50 52, 63, 103, 104, 114, 124, 153, 161, 173, 181, , 214, , 235, 247, , 262, 265, 305, 320, 324, 341, 345, 350, 374, 380, 381, 412, 425, 434, 435, 443, 444, 462, , 480, 484, 488, 489, 495, 505, 508, 510, 511, 519, 520, 524, 527, 544 Multi-institutional approach, Municipality, 50, 51, 62, 152, 154, 215, 219, 220, , 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, , 298, 312, 367, 372, 392, 393, 448, 489, 516, 519, 520, 522, 523, , 543, , 560, N New Delhi, 16, 19, 20, 22 27, 33, 34 Nigeria, 69 77, P Participatory knowledge management, Physiological equivalent temperature (PET), 80, 83 85, 87, 88, 359 Planning, 5, 13, 16, 36, 47, 63, 80, 91, 109, 112, 123, 133, 144, 150, 157, 170, 179, 189, 194, 207, 215, 225, 234, 244, 253, 268, 275, 284, 293, 306, 312, 320, 337, 341, 349, 366, 380, 390, 399, 400, 431, 446, 452, 468, 490, 505, 519, 543 Population, 34, 35, 38, 45 46, 50, 51, 57, 60, 61, 71, 92, 132, 134, , 190, 195, 197, 200, 201, 216, 217, 224, 226, 244, 249, 254, 260, 267, 269, 271, 276, 286, 288, 305, 312, 314, 320, 323, 330, 337, 340, 345, 354, 360, 366, 368, 381, 382, 391, 393, 394, 401, 404, 414, 415, 417, 418, 431, 442, 446, 467, 468, 500, 504, 511, 516, 519, 523, 534, 537, 538, 543, 554, 558 Poverty, 46, 49, 51, 61, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 113, 232, 315, 320, 323, 332, 333, 395, 402, 417, 442, 444, 516, 522, 523, 535, 537, 540, 544 Poverty alleviation, 395 Price elasticity of demand, 469 Q Quito, 500, R Regional economics, 205 Resilience, 5, 13, 45, 56, 101, 109, 111, 124, 132, 150, 158, 181, 191, 199, 205, 214, 232, 254, 280, 283, 309, 318, 320, 329, 349, 369, 379, 389, 401, 432, 444, 454, 470, 526, 539 Resilience theory, 380, 385, 386 Resilience thinking, 115, 119, 158,

8 572 Resilient, 6, 7, 14, 51, 92, 93, 98, 104, 109, , 119, 127, 142, 154, , 208, 231, 232, 235, , 266, , 284, , 306, 318, , 376, 377, 380, 399, 400, , 408, 425, 436, , , 470, 471, , 484, 505, 512, 539, 551, 556 Resilient city, 6, 7, 14, 109, 113, 154, , , 289, 399, 400, 405, 406, 436, , 451, 462, , 484, 499 Resilient city strategy, 283 Risk appraisal, 193 management, 97, 98, 100, 104, 109, 136, 146, 235, 256, 257, , 293, 356, , 383, 384, 386, 521, 522, 524 perception, 110, S Santiago de Chile, Sao Paulo, 224, Scale, 35, 39, 43, 58, 84, 87, 113, 115, 117, 119, , 132, 181, 183, 184, 201, 217, , 234, 236, 244, , 261, 271, 275, 281, , 309, 312, 316, 345, 349, 350, , 359, 361, 384, 409, 421, 431, 454, 457, 458, 460, , 483, 490, 500, , Sea level rise, 8, 9, 13, 92, 95, 97, 124, 161, 170, 196, 197, 219, 232, 234, 238, , 267, 278, 281, 314, 315, 317, , 330, 332, 340, 350, 356, 366, 373, 375, 376, 382, 400, 415, 417, , , 442, 470, 500, 501, , 510, , 547, , 562 Slum, 36, 39, 41 43, 46 49, 113, 144, 324, 442, 447, 448, 537 Social ecological research, 17, 158 Social-ecological systems, 158, , , 381, 385 Social learning, 163, 172, 422 Socio-economic groups, 197 Spatial planning, 49, 147, 160, 161, 225, 268, 271, 316, 355, 356, 359, 490 Stakeholder, 16 19, 21, 27, 33, 113, 150, 153, 164, 169, 173, 178, 181, 184, 190, , 383, 402, 449, 489, 490, 495, 509, 512, 562 Stormwater flooding, 543 Sustainability, 9, 16, 112, 113, 151, 153, 173, , 194, 245, 284, 296, 326, 368, 371, 379, 381, 395, 436, 438, , 462, 490, 500, System approach, T Temperature, 3, 4, 8, 9, 16, 27 29, 31, 33, 59, 61, 79, 80, 83, 88, 89, 92, 94, 99, 195, 196, 199, 210, 219, 226, 234, , 289, 295, , 352, 359, 366, 382, 390, 415, 417, 443, 455, 462, 467, 469, 470, 476, 481, 483, 507, 508, , 531, 534, 535, 539, 540, 562 Thermal comfort, 9, 80, 83 86, 358, Thermal sensation, 80, 85, 87, 457 Transdisciplinary, 58, , , 355 Transformation, 113, , 162, , 241, Transport, 13, 16, 18, 28, 29, 31, , 113, 142, 146, 147, 149, 229, 232, 235, , 260, 305, 307, 308, 326, 345, 346, , 433, 438, 439, 443, 445, , 534, 538, 555, 559 U Uncertainty, 46, 102, 125, 127, 132, 158, , 179, 217, 315, 361, 377, 380, , 399, 404, 406, 413, 519, 544, 510 Urban adaptation, 5, 6, , , 138, 162, 168, 170, 175, 224, 228, 232, 236, 238, 257, 260, 444, , 500, 501, 540 agriculture, 61, 62, 240, 394, 429, areas, 4, 36, 41, 46, 57, 58, 70, 83, 92, 93, 103, 119, 125, 127, 132, , , 195, 201, 209, 226, 231, 232, 234, 236, 254, 257, 262, 301, 308, , 354, 358, , 394, 401, 431, 442, 443, 446, 448, , 479, 480, 484, 488, 521, 527, 538, 553, 554 climate, 79 88, 128, , 190, , 224, 256, 257, , 343, , 361, 399, 404, 406, 407, 480, ,

9 design, 80, 85, 101, 104, 316, 347, 400, 431, , 471 forestry, 9, 190, 390, governance, 9, , 119, , , 359 greening, 236, 395 heat island, 8, 79, 80, 191, 236, , 259, 341, 358, 443, 454, 458, 459, 467, 469, 479, 518 planning, 5, 42, 47, 49, 51, 87 88, 98, 114, 115, 117, 135, 137, 151, 152, 189, 194, 199, 207, , 306, 320, , 347, 350, 352, 355, 356, 359, 360, 382, , , 431, 432, 468, 480, 484, 494, 495, 527 resilience, 5 7, , 124, 255, 355, , , 479 transport, , 354, 356, 534 vulnerability analysis, 193 V Vietnam, , , , 402, 432, Vulnerability, 6, 14, 16, 35 43, 46, 59, 92, 109, 119, 124, 161, 168, 189, 194, 207, 217, 224, 232, 243, 254, 265, 285, 291, 299, 313, 319, , 341, 350, 373, 380, 400, 403, , 431, 444, 476, 490, 520, , 545 Vulnerability analysis, 119, 190, 197, 200, 286, 528 Vulnerability indicators, , 421, 425 W Water, 3, 13, 18, 36, 49, 56, 69 77, 92, 113, 124, 136, 142, 158, 168, 196, 210, 214, 225, 232, 249, 257, 266, 274, 286, 291, 303, 312, 320, 330, 340, 355, 367, 380, 392, 405, 414, 429, 442, 451, 470, 488, 500, 505, 516, 534, 544 Water resources, 3, 56, 59, 63, 71, 168, 199, 200, 288, 414, 510, 516, 519, 524, 553 Water stress, 69 77, 519 West Africa, 55 64, 323 Women, 9, 14, 69 77, 287,