Rome Part II 1. Second Triumvirate Ends Violently a. Lipidus pushed aside b. Octavian and Antony go to war in the Battle of Actium c.

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1 Rome Part II 1. Second Triumvirate Ends Violently a. Lipidus pushed aside b. Octavian and Antony go to war in the Battle of Actium c. Mark Antony loses; Antony stabs himself and Cleopatra dies by a poisonous snake 2. Octavian Becomes the Sole Ruler a. Becomes known as Augustus (27 A.D.) b. Pincep First Citizen the leader c. Augustus Exalted One d. Rules from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D. e. Two situations that are handled perfectly i. Octavian takes over and handles his rule perfectly ii. Revolutionary War 3. Pax Romana a. 27 B.C. to A.D. 180 i. Begins with Augustus and ends with Marcus Aurelius b. Assassinations still occur, but there are limited foreign wars (peace) 4. Rule of Augustus a. Brought order to the Roman world i. #1 achievement b. Jobs based on talent not class c. Census for tax collection d. New coins for more efficient trade e. Jobless people were put to work on roads and temples f. Civil service i. Salaried employees in charge of roads, grain supply, and postal system (like U.S. Stimulus Plan) ii. Gives people jobs (created jobs) g. Increased pay for soldiers h. Bread and Circuses Rome is referred to as this i. Peacefully transmitted power to his successor j. Czar comes from Caesar 5. Succession a. Julian Emperors i. Tiberius A.D. ii. Caligula A.D. 1. Appointed his favorite horse as consul iii. Claudius A.D. iv. Nero A.D. 1. Persecution of Christians and accused of setting Rome on fire b. Four emperors in 18 months (68-69 A.D.) i. Praetorian Guard installed the emperor, but if they didn t like the emperor, they killed him and installed another

2 6. Five Good Emperors a. The Adoptive Emperors adopt their successors as their sons b. Antoinine Dynasty i. Nerva (96-98 A.D.) ii. Trajan offense 1. Empire at its largest extent, defeats the Germanic tribes (Herman the German) iii. Hadrian A.D. 2. Built Hadrian s Wall 3. Codified Roman law c. Antonius Pius d. Marcus Aurelias i A.D. ii. Philosopher-king 5.3 Roman Achievement 1. Culture spread throughout the Roman Empire as a mixture of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture 2. Borrowed heavily from the Greeks a. Greece has conquered her rude conqueror b. The Greeks had an influence on the Romans, so Greek culture took over 3. Roman Literature a. Virgil i. Epic poems ii. Wrote Aeneid iii. Borrowed from Homer s epic poems b. Juvenal and Martial i. Satirical writings ii. Similar to Greeks iii. Comedies 4. Roman Historians a. Livy i. Aroused patriotism ii. Recounts heroic tales of Rome b. Tacitus i. Much more critical toward Rome 5. Roman Art a. Realism i. Showed every real detail ii. Some idealism, though iii. Borrowed techniques from Greek artists b. Revealing character c. Art was used to beautify homes

3 i. Mosaics 1. Pictures made from chips of colored glass 6. Roman Architecture a. Greeks simplicity b. Romans grandeur c. Developments i. Use of concrete ii. Roads iii. Domes Pantheon iv. Arches 2 kinds 1. Romanesque rounded arches 2. Gothic pointed arches d. Roads i. Improved the economy and united the empire ii. Appian Way the most famous road 1. Connected Rome to southeast Asia iii. Allowed soldiers to move quickly and receive supplies iv. Encourages trade e. Roman Road Structure i. f. Domes i. Pantheon is the quintessential example g. Greek influences i. Frieze, piedmont, Corinthian pillars ii. Jefferson memorial h. Pantheon i. Dedicated to all gods Stone Slab Sand Gravel Small Stones Large Stones

4 ii. Architectural hybrid between Greek and Roman architecture iii. Forms a perfect circle i. The Colosseum i. 160 feet high, seated 50,000 people, weeklong spectacles ii. Gladiators slaves and prisoners of war iii. Symbolized the brutality of the Roman culture 7. Roman Engineering a. Aqueducts i. Brought water to cities ii. Used gravity to move water b. Harbors i. Encouraged trade c. Roads and bridges 8. New Law Codes a. Civil Law (for Roman citizens) old law b. Law of the Nations i. Applied to both citizens and non-citizens alike ii. Not covered by Roman law in the past 1. People could have been taken advantage of in the past 2. Laws protect people c. These two laws merged d. Key Principles i. No person could be judged guilty of a crime until often the facts of the case were examined ii. All persons accused of crimes had a right to face accusers and defend themselves before a judge iii. Doubt = Innocence 1. Doubt is easy to prove 2. Reasonable doubt in the U.S. (Example: OJ Simpson) iv. Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside 9. Review a. Livy = patriotic b. Juvenal = satirical 5.4 Christianity 1. History of Jews They kept being persecuted and conquered a. Return to Palestine from Babylon b. Ruled by Alexander the Great c. Ruled by Ptolemies in Egypt d. Ruled by the Seleucids of Persia e. 168 B.C. Seleucid King builds an altar honoring Zeus in the Jewish Temple f. Judas Maccabee leads the revolt Jews recapture their temple and purify it in 165 B.C. g. Jews win independence in 142 B.C. h. Entire region falls under Roman rule around 65 B.C.

5 i. Jews are looking for their Messiah 2. Jewish-Roman Divisions a. Romans conquer Judea in 63 B.C. b. Roman rulers kept strict control over Judea c. Jews kept looking for their Messiah to lead them to freedom 3. Conflict with Rome a. Neither Jews nor Christians are willing to worship the emperor as a god b. Zealots rebel against Roman rule in 66 A.D. c. Romans burn down the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D. after the Zealot rebellion 4. Jesus a. The four gospels tell about Him i. Star and magi at His birth ii. Mostly tells about His older life b. Similar to Buddha i. Love and forgiveness are His general principles c. Crucified by Romans for being a traitor d. Two enemies: i. Pharisees are experts in the Jewish law 1. Jesus says He is the Son of God 2. The Pharisees see this as blasphemy ii. Rome 1. Rome is worried about revolts and overthrowing the government e. Love God and love your neighbor 5. Christianity is only seen as a sect of Judaism at this time a. Seen as only a philosophy or faith at first 6. Paul a. Jew from Asia Minor b. Persecuted Christians until his visions of Jesus c. Converted to Christianity d. Traveled across the Mediterranean Sea e. Writes letters to people including the Romans f. Makes Christianity prevalent 7. Persecution of Christians a. The Christians are seen as rebellious b. Christians who are killed are called martyrs c. The message of Christianity resonates with the poor and oppressed 8. Why are there more conversions to Christianity? a. Message b. Martyrs c. Missionaries d. Constantine e. The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Christian Church! i. Shows that people are inspired by the great faith of Christians and are sympathetic toward them

6 9. Early Church a. 313 A.D. Constantine issues the Edict of Milan i. Freedom of worship to all Roman citizens b. Theodosius Makes Christianity the official religion of Rome c. Roman and Greek split of the bishops d. Augustine i. Confessions (book) 1. Talks about human beings and sin 2. Foundation for the catechism ii. Bishop of Hippo 5.5 The Long Decline 1. Marcus Aurelius dies in 180 A.D. ends the Pax Romana and the Golden Age of Rome 2. Commodus comes next as emperor 3. Constant battle for power among the emperors a. 27 emperors in a 50-year period 4. Decline of Rome was caused by: a. Social decay b. Political turmoil c. Military attacks d. Economic decline 5. Fall of Rome a. Social and Economic Problems i. Trade 1. Disrupted, barbarians raid the land ii. Inflation 1. Related to supply and demand iii. Farmers do not understand crop rotation, so the crop yields less and the farming is unproductive iv. Overspending and overtaxing 1. The army costs money 2. Wars cost money b. Political Turmoil: i. Diocletian (emperor in 284 A.D.) tries to address these problems 1. Splits the empire into the west and east 2. Diocletian s Reforms a. 284 A.D. doubles the size of the Roman armies to secure the boundaries of the empire i. The Hans pushed tribes into Rome b. Used price and wage controls freezing prices in order to beat inflation i. This does not work ii. It messes up the economy because the sellers get less profit, which affects markets

7 c. Ordered a general persecution of Christians i. To restore faith in the ancient gods of Rome ii. Tries to bring glorious Rome back d. Divided the empire into the Greek-speaking east and the Latinspeaking west i. To improve administration ii. East has money and trading iii. West side decays and is attacked ii. Constantine emperor in 312 A.D. 1. Edict of Milan religious toleration in the Roman Empire 2. Establishes a new capital in Constantinople New Rome a. Now it is Istanbul c. Military Attacks i. Barbarian Invaders 1. Huns migrate to Eastern Europe (370 A.D.) 2. Push Germanic tribes into Roman territory a. Visigoths i. Defeat Romans at Adrianople (378 A.D.) ii. Sack Rome (410 A.D.) 3. Ostrogoths 4. Vandals from Gaul and Spain, sack Rome in 455 A.D. a. Gaiseric the Lame ii. Attila 1. Hun ruler 2. Ruled from A.D ,000 soldiers 4. Sacks 70 cities in the East 5. Turns back from Rome in 452 A.D. a. Only after Pope Leo I steps in to negotiate a deal 6. From the Asian steppe a. Tough armies d. Fall of Rome i. Military attacks ii. Political turmoil includes splitting the empire iii. Economic weakness iv. Social decay decay in morals, Colosseum e. Historians say that the fall of Rome happened in 476 A.D. Review 1. Group of people adhering to a particular religious doctrine 2. Who wrote Aeneid? 3. Who was the first emperor to convert to Christianity? a. Sect a. Virgil

8 a. Constantine 4. What Germanic leader ousted the Roman emperor from power in Rome? a. Odoacer 5. Who was the critical Roman historian? a. Tacitus 6. What was the most famous road of Rome? a. Appian Way 7. Who was the bishop of Hippo in North Africa? a. Augustine 8. What Roman set of laws applied to both Romans and citizens alike? a. Law of the Nations 9. How did Paul maintain correspondence with Christian communities? a. Letters (or epistles) 10. Which Roman emperor made Christianity the official religion of Rome? a. Theodosius 11. What are the four romance languages? a. Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French