The Roman Republic. September 25, Sean Jordan, Max Fischer, Andrew Radulovich

Transcription

1 Sean Jordan, Max Fischer, Andrew Radulovich The Roman Republic September 25, 2017 *While Andrew tried to do his slides, he was unable to open this PowerPoint presentation. I told him to just make a new one. As a result, I had to consolidate all of his slides into this presentation. But he used a different PowerPoint style, and when I combined the slides, the formatting on most of them was broken. I did my best to fix them. -Sean

2 650 B.C.E-509 B.C.E Legendary Foundation of Rome Etruscan Rule Took over Rome around 650 B.C.E The takeover of Rome was peaceful because the Romans had already accepted much of the Etruscan influence They were much wealthier and more advanced than early Romans They introduced square planning and drained marshes and more

3 While in Power While in power the Etruscans formed 12 independent citystates Because they were so much more experienced with long distance trade they were able to trade with further away peoples They also introduced the Greek alphabet to the Romans This opened their minds to the Greek world

4 Fall of the Etruscans Around 509 B.C.E Tarquin the Proud was given the "boot" because of his excessive violence to the Romans This event influenced a creation of a republic in Rome They wanted an equal government WITHOUT a king

5 The Roman Republic 509 B.C.E - 27 B.C.E

6 Creation of the Republic Was created in 509 B.C.E. when Tarquinius the Proud was overthrown Romans spent most of the 5th century B.C.E. struggling and going nowhere in terms of advancements

7 Military Organization The Romans started with allowing the poorest classes to start a career in the military, as before it was only the highest 5 classes The Roman army consisted of 25 legions each with about 6000 men and a large number of auxiliaries(noncitizen natives) Also consisted of about 300 cavalry men in each legion Soldiers slept in tents at night (8 per tent) and all soldiers carried 2 stakes and digging tools so they could set up camp

8 Government structure 2 consuls were elected by the people every year and served one year terms unless individually re-elected Each consul could veto the vote of each other They also created assemblies where citizens would cast ballots This means that it directly represented the will of the people The people passed laws, elected officials, and decided whether or not to take Rome to war

9 Tribunes Each year the citizens of Rome elected 10 tribunes In representing the people, the tribunes had strong power especially when it came to vetoing decisions made by other groups of government

10 Senate The senate consisted of 300 men that all had to be former judges After they were voted in to be judges they were indirectly voted into the senate and served life terms Most powerful branch They controlled all foreign policy and public spending They did not, however, have much say in the laws that were passed

11 Rivalry with Carthage In 306 BCE, Rome and Carthage decided to ally in response to the alliance of the Etruscans and Syracusans. They tried to create a treaty; this treaty gave almost all of Sicily to Carthage while the Romans were put in charge of Italy. These allies were essentially rivals in disguise. Carthage did nothing to help Rome while Pyrrhus of Epirus advanced. Meanwhile, Rome watched silently as Pyrrhus began to attack Sicily. This caused Carthage to create a peace treaty with Pyrrhus, which struck a chord with the Romans. This led to increased Greek influence in Sicily, and eventually The First Punic War (skip to 0:50)

12 The Second Punic War 218 BCE- 201 BCE

13 Who was involved in the Second Punic wars? The second Punic War was fought between Rome and Carthage. Carthage was led by Hannibal one of the most gifted commanders in History. Rome was led by Scipio Africanus who was also a great military leader

14 Cause Of War Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily to help Hanno the Great squash the rebellion This gave Rome the opportunity to seize Sardinia which had been Carthage's most important source of Grain. After losing one of the longest lasting wars up Carthage no longer had the money to support their navy Rome became the new Naval superpower of the Mediterranean In Carthage a rebellion was sparked by unpaid missionaries of the Persian war.

15 Cause of war part 2 Carthage looks for new source of money to fund army Carthage needed a new source of money and their answer was Spain They had control of some Phoenician settlements there and it proved to be a rich source of silver Hamilcar Barca was dispatched in 237 BCE to gain some territory in Spain. He succeeded and founded his own city. Tributes were payed to Carthage from local cities.

16 Hamilcar dies Hasdrubal the Fair took over Hamilcar's army after he drowned in 229 BCE By now Carthage has control of half of the Iberian Peninsula

17 A new leader rises Cause of War part 3 Hamilcar Barca's oldest son Hannibal became Carthage's next great military leader Before he died, Hamilcar told Hannibal never to befriend Rome. Rome became concerned with Carthage's expanding empire, so they made an agreement with Hasdrubal stopping Carthage from expanding past the Ebro river in 226 BCE

18 Cause of war part 4 Hannibal breaks agreement Romans demanded that Hannibal be handed over so he could receive suitable punishment. The Carthaginians refused Rome declares war in March 218 BCE Hannibal now in complete control of Spain (219BCE) pushed even deeper inland taking siege of the city ofsaguntum a long term ally of Rome. This action had the consent of the Carthaginian Government

19 Hannibal crosses the Alps Hannibal expected Rome to attack his position in Spain He decided to Surprise Rome by invading Italy from within while Rome's army was in Spain. Hannibal left his brother, Hasdrubal Barca in charge of Spain. It took 15 days for Hannibal's army to cross the Alps Hannibal lost a significant portion of his army during the journey mainly due to fighting hostile Gallic tribe He left with around 90,000 soldiers and 12,000 He arrived with 20,000 troops

20 Hannibal's reputation of Invincibility Hannibal established a reputation when he won the battle of the Ticino's River in December 218 BCE He also won another battle near Lake Trasimene where 15,000 Soldiers were killed and 10,000 were captured Hannibal let all the Italian prisoners go while dealing Roman captives harsh punishments to send a massage to locals that he was in war with Rome and that they were welcome to join him.

21 Hannibal's army continues to destroy Romans After several bad losses worse was to come for Rome Hannibal beat a much larger army of 80,000 men at Cannae in Apulia (216BCE) 50,000 Romans WERE KILLED COMPARED TO 5,700 Carthaginians. Hannibal SEEMED UNSTOPPABLE. Hannibal used the Terrain to his advantage He stationed his 50,000 troops close to the River Aufidus. This forced the enemy to do like wise which restricted the Romans maneuverability This PREVENTED THE romans FROM USING THEIR NUMBERS AS AN ADVANTAGE. Hannibal ENVELOPED THE ENEMY AS HIS cavalry ATTACKED FROM THE REAR.

22 City-states OF SOUTHERN Italy DEFECT TO Carthaginian CAUSE MOST CITY-STATES OF SOUTHERN Italy DEFECTED TO THE Carthaginians CAUSE INCLUDING Italy's SECOND MOST IMPORTANT CITYCapua HOWEVER THE LATIN colonies OF central ITALY REMAIN LOYAL TO Rome THIS MEANT THAT ALL OF HANNIBAL'S NEWLY ACQUIRED ACQUISITIONS NEEDED TO BE CONSTANTLY DEFENDED Hannibal's EXPECTED UPRISING OF Rome NEVER OCCURRED Hasdrubal COULD NOT SUPPORT HIM FROM SPAIN AND cartage COULD NOT SUPPORT HIM FROM SEA Hannibal WAS ALL ON HIS OWN HE DECIDES NOT TO ATTACK Rome.

23 Rome decided to adopt the policy of avoiding battle with Hannibal's army and to fight his allies instead This is known as the Fabian policy This policy was named after Fabius Maximus Verrucosus who knew Hannibal could be worn down by blocking his supplies at sea and trapping him in Italy ROME AVOIDS Hannibal In response Hannibal attempted to capture a port city, but all efforts failed Although Hannibal had several huge victories, Rome seemed immune due to their wealth

24 Rome's fortunes improve Although Rome had a powerful foe at their doorsteps, they rejected any chance of a peace treaty Carthage was unable to support Hannibal in Italy An army of 13,500 men and a division of Elephants was sent by Carthage to Hannibal but it was redirected to Spain A similar sized army attempted to take back the city of Sardinia was sent by Carthage These decisions would soon be regretted by the Carthaginians

25 The strategy of Fabian was slowly working When Rome sieged the city of Capua (212BCE-211BCE) Hannibal attempted to get them to withdraw by threatening a march on Rome Rome did not withdraw The Fabian strategy was slowly working Although Rome feared a land battle they were masters of the sea Hannibal was unable to be resupplied from the sea

26 The war expands Rome attacks southern Spain defeating Hasdrubal at the battle of Iberia in 215 BCE Saguntum was retaken by Rome but both Roman commander of the battle were killed and their armies were destroyed They were quickly replaced with Publius Cornelius Scipio who captured Carthage s main supply base in Spain Carthaga Nova in 209 BCE Rome now had access to their enemy's silver mines that boosted their war efforts On Sicily Carthage lost the valuable ally Syracuse in 212 BCE The empire of Macedon was brought into the war but they served now match to general Marcus Valerius Laevinus of Rome

27 Carthage is pushed out of Spain Scipio Africanus gained local support and defeated Hasdrubal's army at Baecula in 208 BCE Hasdrubal managed to escape to Italy, but the rest of his army was defeated at the Metaurus River Scipio Africanus focused on Spain and earned another victory in 206 BCE at Ilipa Spain was now cleared of Carthage

28 Hannibal's army holds out in Southern Italy Mago's force was unable to land close to Hannibal's forces due to Rome's naval superiority Mago's army was defeated at Cisalpine Gaul in 203 BCE Although facing armies twice their size, Hannibal's army still remained in southern Italy In 205 BCE Carthage sent another force of around 14,000 men lead by Hannibal's brother Mago to try and reinforce Hannibal

29 Scipio Africanus Attacks Africa Initially against the invasions, Rome backed Scipio's attack on Carthage's African colonies in 205 BCE Scipio sailed across the Mediterranean to strengthen his army then in 204 BCE, he set sail for northern Africa and arrived in three days Scipio immediately had two quick victories against two Carthaginian Calvary units

30 The city of Utica In 203 BCE the Carthaginians assembled an army lead by Gisgo, son of Hasdrubal This force consisted of 30,000 infantry and 3,000 Calvary Gisgo marched his army to the city of Utica to meet one of Scipio's allies' army of 50,000 infantry and 10,000 Calvary led by Sypher The two sides didn t clash but rather set up camp for the rest of the winter After a period of hesitant peace negotiations that Scipio used to reveal their enemy's positions. Scipio then divided his army and attacked both camps of Gisco and Syphax at night The raids were very successful and devastated the enemy

31 Scipio continues conquest towards Carthage Carthage and its Numidian allies manage to muster an army of 30,000 cavalry to meat Scipio's force Scipio crushed the African cavalry Scipio then sent a force to take over the Numidian Throne. The Numidians were no longer a threat Scipio then defeated Tunis which put the city of Carthage itself in danger

32 Carthage prepares to defend itself In 203 BCE Carthage reached out for peace so Hannibal had a chance to return to Carthage and defend the city In the summer of 202 BCE the war was back on again and one more decisive battle was to be fought at Carthage

33 In October 202 BCE the two armies met in a plain in western Tunisia near Naraggara The two commanders met in person in a conference were it is speculated that Hannibal requested a peace settlement Scipio was probably liked the idea of ending a long war with a triumphant victory to earn respect back home The last battle of Zama The battle is referred to as the battle of Zama because the town of Zama was on Hannibal's route to the battlefield Scipio's army consisted of 30,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry Hannibal's army consisted of 45,000 men plus some 80 war elephants

34 The battle of Zama Scipio dealt with Hannibal's elephants by herding them back towards the Carthaginians to cause havoc there The roman cavalry then hit Hannibal in the rear and the battle was won 20,000 Carthaginians had fallen The romans suffered fewer than 5,000 causalities

35 Results of the war Hannibal was forced to give up Carthage's entire fleet, all elephants, and all roman prisoners. Carthage was also not allowed to wage war without Rome's permission and had to pay 10,000 talents over the next 50 years. Rome also took possession of southern Spain.

36 Third Punic War 149 BCE-146 BCE

37 The Third Punic War was fought between Rome and Carthage Who was Involved?

38 Cause of war AFTER LOSING TWO WARS CARTHAGE RECOVERED FAIRLY QUICKLY. EVIDENCE OF CARTHAGINIAN PROSPERITY IS FOUND IN CARTHAGE COINS OF THE TIME PERIOD SPREAD ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN. OVER THE YEARS CARTHAGE KEPT FRIENDLY TERMS WITH ROMETOO. THEY DECLARED HANNIBAL AN EXILE WHEN HE FLED TO THE COURT OF ANTIOCHUS III AFTER LOSING TWO WARS CARTHAGE RECOVERED FAIRLY QUICKLY. EVIDENCE OF CARTHAGINIAN PROSPERITY IS FOUND IN CARTHAGE COINS OF THE TIME PERIOD SPREAD ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN. OVER THE YEARS CARTHAGE KEPT FRIENDLY TERMS WITH ROMETOO. THEY DECLARED HANNIBAL AN EXILE WHEN HE FLED TO THE COURT OF ANTIOCHUS III The city became an important source of grain for Rome too Carthage even gave military support to Rome also After losing two wars Carthage recovered fairly quickly. Evidence of Carthaginian prosperity is found in Carthage coins of the time period spread across the Mediterranean. Over the years Carthage kept friendly terms with Rome too. They declared Hannibal an exile when he fled to the court of Antiochus III

39 Cause of War part 2 Carthage began to want to be able to control their own destiny Numidia began expanding into Carthaginian territory Carthage responded with a failed military campaign Rome used this as a chance to destroy their long rival once and for all and to collect some war booty Rome used the excuse that Carthage had broken the treaty and waged war

40 Rome Declares War on Carthage Carthage sent envoys to Rome to explain their actions but they were rebuffed The Romans had been looking for an excuse to attack Carthage and this was It The Romans demanded that Carthage handed over 300 children prisoners and that they surrendered Even after paying these things, Rome redeclared war on Carthage Carthage could do nothing but fight

41 Rome Sieges Carthage for ThreeYears THE ROMAN FORCE LEAD BY MARCIUS CENSORINUS AND MANIUS MANILIUS WAS UNABLE TO GET PAST THE CARTHAGINIANS FORTIFIED WALLS CARTHAGE RESISTED EVERYTHING ROME THREW AT THEM MOST IMPORTANTLY ROME WAS UNABLE TO BLOCK OFF ONE OF CARTHAGE'S PORTS SO IT WAS ABLE TO BE RESUPPLIED The roman force lead by Marcius Censorinus and Manius Manilius was unable to get past the Carthaginians fortified walls Carthage resisted everything Rome threw at them Most importantly Rome was unable to block off one of Carthage's ports so it was able to be resupplied

42 Carthage resists Rome in Hippicra CARTHAGE REFUSEDTO SURRENDER TO ROMAN FORCES THE NUMIDIANS UNDER A NEW KING SENDS 800 CAVALRY TO AID THE CARTHAGINIANS THE ROMANS EXPECTED A QUICK WAR BUT IT LOOKED LIKE IT WAS GOING TO TURN OUT LIKE THE PREVIOUS WARS Carthage refused to surrender to Roman forces The Numidians under a new king sends 800 cavalry to aid the Carthaginians the Romans expected a quick war but it looked like it was going to turn out like the previous wars

43 Carthage is Still Under Siege CARTHAGE WAS COMPLETELY BLOCKED OFF ROME TOOK THEIR ARMY AND DEFEATED CARTHAGE S ARMY IN THE PLAINS IN 216 BCE ROME ATTACKED CARTHAGE, DESTROYED THE CITY, AND ENSLAVED ALL ITS INHABITANTS IN 147 BCE ROME WAS ABLE TO BLOCK OFF THE ONE PORT CARTHAGE HAD BEEN DEPENDING ON IN DESPERATION A SMALL CARTHAGINIAN FLEET ATTEMPTED TO BREAK THE BLOCKADE TWICE, BUT WAS FORCED TO RETREAT Carthage was completely blocked off Rome took their army and defeated Carthage army in the plains In 216 BCE Rome attacked Carthage, destroyed the city, and enslaved all its inhabitants In 147 BCE Rome was able to block off the one port Carthage had been depending on In desperation a small Carthaginian fleet attempted to break the blockade twice, but was forced to retreat

44 Legacy of Carthage FOR OVER A CENTURY ROMAN WRITERS BASHED THE CARTHAGINIAN CULTURE A CURSE WAS SET ON ANYONE WHO RESETTLED THE AREA CARTHAGE WOULD REMAIN INHABITED UNTIL JULIUS CASER RE- FOUNDED THE CITY A CENTURY LATER For over a century Roman writers bashed the Carthaginian culture A curse was set on anyone who resettled the Area Carthage would remain inhabited until Julius Caser re-founded the City a century later

45 War/ c_war/ Source