A man who took the dreams of the. Roman people, and in their hour of need, stood up for them

Transcription

1 A man who took the dreams of the Roman people, and in their hour of need, stood up for them

2 A man who never lost sight of what was important and saw the bigger picture.

3 A man, who possessed the remarkable foresight to look beyond the present and into the future.

4 Politics Military Legacy

5 Julius Caesar was superior to Alexander the III because of his political prowess, his understanding of the art of war, and his enduring legacies.

6 Julius Caesar

7 Leadership, it may be said, is really what makes the world go round. Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, p.7

8 Julius Caesar galvanized Roman changed support, Rome`s corrupt society, and revolutionized the government.

9 Julius Caesar actually worked for his position, BUT Alexander the III was born into royalty. Soposki, Boris Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography. HistoryofMacedonia.org, Web. 9 Dec < AlexandertheGreat.html>.

10 Distributed food to poor, Painted election banners, and Delivered speeches. Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, p.7

11 Many citizens were willing to support Caesar in an election. Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, p.47

12 Julius Caesar was a fair, gentle statesman, who was generous to the masses, and granted clemency to the conquered. Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, p.16

13 Julius Caesar was a fairsighted patriot, with visions of a magnificient empire for his country and a just society for its people. Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, p.16

14 Revamped Rome`s debt-ridden financial system, Corrected the calendar, Created opportunities for unemployed, and Organized the provinces. Jr., Schlesinger, Arthur M. Marc Antony. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishing p.16

15 Restored civil rights and tribune`s power, Eased city congestion by offering farmland to the poor, Maintained public sanitation, Oversaw building + street construction, and Supervised the public games. Bruns, Roger. Julius Caesar. Philadelphia, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, p.102

16 Julius Caesar changed the corrupt Roman Republic, consumed with bribery, blackmail, and personal gain, to an Empire that promoted equality.

17 The people honored Caesar for his leadership and triumphs by granting him the powers of dictator The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc p.13.

18 Art of War Strategy > Tactics Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat. Sun Tzu

19 Alexander III Julius Caesar Tactician Strategist

20 Reactants Alexander left with elite veterans Macedon s greatest commanders and the most important person in a monarchy the king "Alexander the Great." Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec < Alexander-the-Great>.

21 Products NO ARMY NO KING OR HEIRS

22 326 BCE Pre Alexander

23 303 BCE 20 years after death

24 Was the evacuation of Dunkirk a military success? Who was the better leader Leonidas or Xerxes?

25 If you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles Sun Tzu Weaknesses Gaul Divided Rome Lack of Troops Strengths Cavalry Architecture engineering Ward, Allen M. "Gallic Wars." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Grolier Online. 10 Dec < "Gallic Wars." Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec <

26 Battle of Alesia "Alesia." Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Dec < Cawthorne, Nigel. History's Greatest Battles. 151 Bermondsey Street London: Arcturas Publishing Limited, Print.

27 Before Julius Caesar During Julius Caesar s Reign 450 years after his death

28 Julius Caesar s legacies are far superior to that of Alexander the III.

29 Julius Caesar gave the world an empire, a dynasty, and a lifetime of reforms.

30 42 BC: The religious cult of Julius Caesar is officially instituted 36 BC: Rome tries to invade Persia 31 BC: Octavianus defeats Mark Anthony at the battle of Actium and ending the civil wars 30 BC: Cleopatra commits suicide and Egypt is annexed to Roma 27 BC: Octavianus appoints himself "augustus" (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard 20 BC: a treaty Timeline between Roma and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between of the two empires Roman along the Euphrates river (Iraq) and 17 BC: the theater of Marcellus 13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube 6 BC: Jesus is born in Palestine 1 AD: Roma has about one million people 2 AD: the Forum of Augustus 5 AD: Roma acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain Macedonian Empires after their 6 AD: Augustus expands the borders to the Balkans 9 AD: Gothic warlord Arminius destroys the Roman army at the Teutoburg Forest 12 AD: The last Etruscan inscription is carved 14 AD: Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor 14 AD: five million people live in the Roman empire 25 AD: Agrippa builds the Pantheon 37 AD: Tiberius dies and the mad Caligula succeeds him 41 AD: Caligula is assassinated and is succeeded by Claudius 43 AD: Claudius invades Britain 46 AD: Thracia becomes a Roman province 50 AD: the Romans found Londinium in Britain 54 AD: Claudius is succeeded by Nero 58 AD: the Romans conquer Armenia 64 AD: Nero sets fire to Roma and blames the Christians for it 68 AD: Nero commits suicide and, after the Praetorians kill the successor, is eventually succeeded by Vespasianus 79 AD: Vespasianus is succeeded by Tito 70 AD: Tito destroys Jerusalem and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece 77 AD: the Romans conquer Wales 79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash 79 AD: the Colosseum is completed 44 BC: Julius Caesar is killed. 80 AD: the Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland) 81 AD: the Arch of Titus 84 AD: British rebels are defeated by the Romans at the battle of Mons Graupius 97 AD: Rome forbids human sacrifice throughout the Roman empire 97 AD: Chinese general Pan Chao sends an embassy to the Roman Empire AD: BC: Trajan The religious becomes cult emperor of Julius Caesar is officially instituted 100: 36 BC: the Rome city of tries Roma to invade has one Persia million inhabitants 106: 31 BC: Trajan Octavianus defeats defeats Dacia that Mark becomes Anthony a Roman at the battle province of Actium and ending the civil wars 106: 30 BC: Trajan Cleopatra captures commits the Nabataean suicide and capital Egypt Petra is annexed (Jordan) to and Roma turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia 107: 27 BC: The Octavianus Roman Empire appoints sends himself an embassy "augustus" to India (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard 110: 20 BC: the a Basilica treaty between of Trajano Roma is completed and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between the two empires along the Euphrates river (Iraq) 112: 17 BC: the the Forum theater of Trajanus of Marcellus 113: 13 BC: Colonna Augustus Traiana expands the borders to the region of the Danube 116: 6 BC: Trajan Jesus conquers is born in Mesopotamia Palestine and the Parthian capital Ctesiphon 117: AD: Trajan Roma dies has on about his one way million to the Persian people Gulf and Hadrian becomes emperor 122: 2 AD: Hadrian's the Forum Wall of Augustus is built along the northern frontier to protect from the Barbarians 132: 5 AD: Jews, Roma led acknowledges by Bar-Cochba, Cymbeline, whom some King identify of the Catuvellauni, as the Messiah, as king revolt of against Britain Roma 134: 6 AD: Villa Augustus Hadriana expands the borders to the Balkans 136: 9 AD: emperor Gothic warlord Hadrian Arminius definitely destroys crushes the Roman Jewish army resistance, at the forbids Teutoburg Jews Forest from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 138: 12 AD: Hadrian The last is succeeded Etruscan inscription by Antoninus is carved Pius, who repels Hadrian's anti-jewish laws 139: 14 AD: Hadrian's Augustus mausoleum dies and Tiberius (Castel Sant'Angelo) becomes emperor 161: 14 AD: Marcus five million Aurelius people becomes live in Roman the Roman emperor empire 164: 25 AD: the Agrippa plague builds spreads the throughout Pantheon the Roman empire ("Antonine plague") 167: 37 AD: the Tiberius Roman dies empire and is the attacked mad Caligula for the first succeeds time by him barbarians (the German Quadi and Marcomanni) 192: 41 AD: the Caligula Praetorian is assassinated Guard kills emperor and is succeeded Commodus by Claudius 193: 43 AD: Libyan-born Claudius invades Septimius Britain Severus seizes power militarily and turns Rome into a military dictatorship 194: 46 AD: Rome Thracia annexes becomes Palmyra a Roman to the province of Syria 197: 50 AD: Septimius the Romans Severus found wins Londinium the civil in war Britain and reforms the Praetorian Guard with non-italians 211: 54 AD: Septimius Claudius Severus is succeeded dies and by the Nero Praetorian Guard or the soldiers will kill most of them succeeding emperors till 284 (the average reign will be three years) 212: 58 AD: Caracalla the Romans grants conquer Roman Armenia citizenship on all free people who live in the Roman Empire 214: 64 AD: Caracalla Nero sets murders fire to King Roma Abgar and blames IX of Edessa the Christians and declares for it Edessa a Roman colony 216: 68 AD: the Nero thermae commits of Caracalla suicide and, after the Praetorians kill the successor, is eventually succeeded by Vespasianus 217: 79 AD: the Vespasianus Baths of Caracalla is succeeded are inaugurated by Tito 217: 70 AD: Caracalla Tito destroys is murdered Jerusalem in Edessa and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece 218: 77 AD: Marcus the Romans Aurelius conquer Antoninus, Wales the last of the Antonines, becomes emperor and promoties the cult of Elegabalus, a Syriac sun god 235: 79 AD: After the the Vesuvius assassination erupts and of emperor Pompeii Severus is buried Alexander under ash a 50-year civil war erupts 238: 79 AD: The the Praetorian Colosseum Guard is completed assassinates the emperor chosen by the Senate and appoints the ten-year old Gordian III 244: 80 AD: Shapur the Romans I becomes invade king Caledonia of the Sassanids (Scotland) and attacks Roma 250: 81 AD: emperor the Arch Decius of Titus orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians 253: 84 AD: Gallienus British rebels becomes are emperor defeated but by the 30 "tyrants" Romans at carved the battle out their of Mons own Graupius kingdoms around the empire 256: 97 AD: the Rome Persians/Sassanids forbids human sacrifice defeat the throughout Romans and the conquer Roman empire Dura Europus in Mesopotamia 261: 97 AD: Gallienus Chinese forbids general aristocrats Pan Chao from sends serving an embassy in the army to the Roman Empire 268: 98 AD: Gallienus Trajan becomes is assassinated emperor by his own officers 273: 100: the Romans city of Roma destroy has the one rebellious million inhabitants city of Palmyra in Syria 284: 106: Diocletian Trajan defeats becomes Dacia emperor that becomes but rules a Roman from Nicomedia province in the East 285: 106: Diocletian Trajan captures reunites the the Nabataean empire and capital ends Petra the 50-year (Jordan) civil and war turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia 298: 107: Roma The Roman captures Empire Nisibis sends and an the embassy Sassanids to India sign a peace treaty with Roma 300: 110: the Basilica population of Trajano of the Roman is completed Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians) 303: 112: the Diocletian Forum orders of Trajanus a general persecution of the Christians 303: 113: Colonna the thermae Traiana of Diocletian are built 305: 116: Trajan Diocletian conquers retires Mesopotamia and civil war and erupts the again Parthian capital Ctesiphon 312: 117: Trajan Constantine dies on becomes his way emperor to the Persian and disbands Gulf the Hadrian Praetorian becomes Guard emperor 313: 122: Constantine Hadrian's Wall ends is built the persecution along the northern of Christians frontier to (edict protect of from Milano) the Barbarians 313: 132: the Jews, Basilica led by of Bar-Cochba, Maxentius is whom completed some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Roma 313: 134: Constantine Villa Hadriana recognizes the Christian church 324: 136: Constantine emperor Hadrian I founds definitely a new crushes city, Constantinople the Jewish resistance, (Byzantium) forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina 330: 138: Constantine Hadrian is succeeded I moves the by capital Antoninus of the Pius, Roman who empire repels Hadrian's to Constantinople anti-jewish (Byzantium) laws 337: 139: after Hadrian's Constantine's mausoleum death, (Castel his sons Sant'Angelo) split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East) 356: 161: Roma Marcus has Aurelius 28 libraries, becomes 10 basilicas, Roman emperor 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks) 359: 164: Constantinople the plague spreads becomes throughout the capital the Roman of the Roman empire ("Antonine empire plague") 360: 167: pagan the Roman (Mithraist) empire general is attacked Julian for (the "apostate") first time by defeats barbarians an invasion (the German of Barbarians Quadi and and Marcomanni) is declared emperor by his German troops 363: 192: Julian the Praetorian dies attempting Guard kills to invade emperor the Commodus Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor 363: 193: Libyan-born earthquake Septimius destroys Severus Petra seizes power militarily and turns Rome into a military dictatorship 364: 194: Valentinian Rome annexes delegates Palmyra Valens to the as province emperor of of Syria the East 376: 197: Valens Septimius allows Severus Visigoths wins to the settle civil within war and the reforms empire the Praetorian Guard with non-italians 378: 211: Septimius the Visigoths Severus defeat dies the and Roman the army Praetorian at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople Guard or the soldiers will kill most of them succeeding emperors till 284 (the average reign will be three years) 380: 212: Theodosius Caracalla grants I proclaims Roman Christianity citizenship on as the all free sole people religion who of the live Roman in the Roman Empire Empire 393: 214: Theodosius Caracalla murders forbids King the Olympic Abgar IX Games of Edessa because and declares pagans and Edessa shuts a Roman down the colony temple of Zeus at Olympia 395: 216: Theodosius the thermae divides of Caracalla the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals 402: 217: the western Baths of Roman Caracalla empire are inaugurated moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna 406: 217: Barbarians Caracalla is invade murdered France in Edessa from the north 410: 218: the Marcus Visigots Aurelius sack Antoninus, Roma the last of the Antonines, becomes emperor and promoties the cult of Elegabalus, a Syriac sun god 410: 235: After Roma the withdraws assassination from Britannia of emperor Severus Alexander a 50-year civil war erupts 418: 238: the The emperor Praetorian grants Guard Wallia's assassinates Visigoths the to emperor settle in chosen Aquitaine by (Atlantic the Senate coast and of appoints France) the ten-year old Gordian III 425: 244: the Shapur eastern I becomes emperor king Theodosius of the Sassanids II installs and Valentinian attacks Roma III as emperor of the west 427: 250: Gensenric's emperor Decius Vandals orders crosses the first the empire-wide strait of Gibraltar persecution and lands of Christians in Africa 443: 253: the Gallienus emperor becomes grants Burgundi emperor but to settle 30 "tyrants" in Savoy carved out their own kingdoms around the empire 450: 256: Theodosius the Persians/Sassanids II dies and Marcian defeat the succeeds Romans him, and the conquer first Roman Dura Europus emperor in to Mesopotamia be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: 261: the Gallienus Huns invade forbids Italy aristocrats from serving in the army 455: 268: the Gallienus Vandals is sack assassinated Roma by his own officers 273: the Romans destroy the rebellious city of Palmyra in Syria 284: Diocletian becomes emperor but rules from Nicomedia in the East 285: Diocletian reunites the empire and ends the 50-year civil war 298: Roma captures Nisibis and the Sassanids sign a peace treaty with Roma 300: the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians) 303: Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians 303: the thermae of Diocletian are built 305: Diocletian retires and civil war erupts again 312: Constantine becomes emperor and disbands the Praetorian Guard 313: Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milano) 313: the Basilica of Maxentius is completed 313: Constantine recognizes the Christian church 324: Constantine I founds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium) 330: Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman empire to Constantinople (Byzantium) 337: after Constantine's death, his sons split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East) 356: Roma has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks) 359: Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman empire 360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the "apostate") defeats an invasion of Barbarians and is declared emperor by his German troops 363: Julian dies attempting to invade the Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor 363: an earthquake destroys Petra 364: Valentinian delegates Valens as emperor of the East 376: Valens allows Visigoths to settle within the empire 378: the Visigoths defeat the Roman army at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople 380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games because pagans and shuts down the temple of Zeus at Olympia 395: Theodosius divides the Roman empire in the Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals 402: the western Roman empire moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna 406: Barbarians invade France from the north 410: the Visigots sack Roma 410: Roma withdraws from Britannia 418: the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France) 425: the eastern emperor Theodosius II installs Valentinian III as emperor of the west 427: Gensenric's Vandals crosses the strait of Gibraltar and lands in Africa 443: the emperor grants Burgundi to settle in Savoy 450: Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople) 452: the Huns invade Italy 455: the Vandals sack Roma 476: The Roman Empire collapses respective leader s deaths 323 BC: Alexander dies, the empire rapidly falls Scaruffi, Piero Timeline of the Roman Empire Web. 8 Dec <

31 The Julio-Claudian Dynasty Gilliver, Kate, Adam Goldsworthy, and Michael Whitby. Rome at War: Caesar and His Legacy. New York, New York: Osprey Publishing Limited,

32 Alexander the III s Family Tree Alexander the III Alexander the IV

33 Caesar means leader Czar Ivan IV Transformed Russia into a super power Kaiser Wilhelm I Creator of the German Empire Augustus Caesar First Emperor of Rome Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and De Gaulle. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers,

34 Where is Caesar today? In our homes he created the 365-day Julian calendar In our schools his first-hand accounts of the Gallic wars are often used as instructional materials for the study of Latin In our governments he has been a model of kingship for two millennia, counting among his admirers Napoleon Bonaparte. Boatwright, Mary T., Daniel J. Gargola, and Richard J. Talbert. The Romans: From Village to Empire. New York, New York: Oxford UP, Johnson, Paul. Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and De Gaulle. New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers,

35 Julius Caesar was a greater leader than Alexander the III.

36 Julius Caesar built an empire, while Alexander the III destroyed his own.

37 Julius Caesar was the quintessential event- making man: he emerged triumphant after encountering numerous obstacles. Alexander the III, on the other hand, had everything handed to him on a silver platter.

38 Rome may have been born in blood, but it was forged in the fires of Julius Caesar.

39 Julius Caesar created an imperial power that endured for 6ive centuries. Alexander the III destroyed his father s kingdom. Who would you want as your leader: A creator, Or a destroyer?