Maps Figures Preface Acknowledgments Notes to the Reader Early Italy Italy and the Mediterranean World The Evidence Italy Before the City The Iron

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1 Maps Figures Preface Acknowledgments Notes to the Reader Early Italy Italy and the Mediterranean World The Evidence Italy Before the City The Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and Campania Greeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean The Rise of Cities Beginning of Writing Appearance of an Elite Cities and Monumental Architecture Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods Social and Economic Organization Greeks and Etruscans Greek Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily Etruscans Rome's First Centuries Emergence of an Urban Community The Romans and Their Early History Table 2.1 Dates of Rome's Kings According to Varro Box 2.1 Plutarch, Romulus 11 Rome Under the Kings Rome and the Latins The Early Republic Beginning of the Republic Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century Struggle of the Orders Rome and Italy in the Fourth Century Fall of Veii and the Sack of Rome The City and Its Institutions in the Fourth Century Officials Senate Assemblies of Citizens Box 3.1 Servius Tullius' Creation of the Census (Livy) Table 3.1 Roman Assemblies The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests Box 3.2 The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus)

2 Rome and Central Italy Warfare and the Civic Order Rome in Latium and Campania Samnite Wars Expansion of Roman Hegemony in Italy Wars in Central and Northern Italy Conquest of the South War and the Roman State The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire The Nobility and the City of Rome Box 4.1 Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian) Wars with Carthage First Punic War ( ) Second Punic War ( ) Box 4.2 Romans' Vow of 217 (Livy) A Mediterranean Empire Governors, Provinces, and Empire Spain Greece and Asia Minor Box 4.3 Slave Trade on Delos (Strabo) North Africa Italy and Empire Senators, Officials, and Citizen Assemblies Italy and the Consequences of Empire Changing Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and Allies Roman and Italian Elites Box 5.1 Scipio Africanus' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybiusand Livy) Demographic and Economic Changes Roman Politics from the Mid-Second Century Scipio Aemilianus Tiberius Gracchus Box 5.2 The Background to Tiberius Gracchus' Land Proposal (Appian) Gaius Gracchus Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided War with Jugurtha ( ) Italy Threatened from the North ( ) Changes in the Roman Army Marius' Career in Roman Politics Box 6.1 Marius' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust) Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100)

3 Administration of the Provinces Tribunate of Livius Drusus (91) Social War (91-87) Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88) Sulla's First March on Rome (88) Cinna's Rule (87-84) Sulla's Second March on Rome (83-82) The Domination of Sulla and Its Legacy Sulla's Proscriptions (82-81) Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81) Senate Tribunate Equites, Courts Citizens Governors Verdicts on Sulla's Program Box 7.1 Cicero's Defense of Sextus Roscius Lepidus' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77) Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73) Box 7.2 Pompey's Letter from Spain (Sallust) Spartacus' Slave Revolt (73-71) Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70) Roman Women Pompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67) Threat from King Mithridates VI of Pontus Sulla's Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85) Lucullus' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67) Pompey's Defeat of Mithridates (66-63) Roles of Crassus and Cicero in Rome (65-63) Catiline's Rising (63-62) End of the Republic: Caesar's Dictatorship Pompey's Return from the East (62) Pompey and Political Stalemate in Rome Partnership of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar Caesar's First Consulship (59) Clodius' Tribunate (58) Cicero's Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56) Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul (58-51) Death of Clodius and Pompey's Sole Consulship (52) Prospect of Civil War (51-49)

4 Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49) Cicero's Governorship of Cilicia (51-50) Civil War Campaigns (49-45) Caesar's Activity as Dictator (49-44) Caesar's Impact upon the City of Rome Political Prospects for Rome, and for Caesar Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World Reactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43) Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43) Battle of Philippi (42) Box 9.1 Laudatio Turiae Perusine War (41-40) Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36) Antony in the East (42 onwards) Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30) Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 Onwards) ""The Republic Restored"" Second Settlement (23) Latin Literature in the Late Republic and Augustan Age Succession Table 9.1 The Julio-Claudian Family Senate and Equites Army The Empire and Its Expansion Box 9.2 Oath of Loyalty City of Rome Attitudes Outside Rome Res Gestae of Augustus Augustus: Final Assessment The Early Principate (A.D ): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early Empire The Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military Concerns Tiberius (14-37) Box 10.1 Senatorial Decree Concerning the Elder Gnaeus Piso Gaius (Caligula) Claudius (41-54) Box 10.2 Claudius' Speech on the Admission of Gauls to the Senate Nero (54-68) Civil War in Economic and Social Change Army

5 Economy Intellectual Life ""Beneficial Ideology"" Cities and Provinces Diversity: Women, Local Languages, and Culture Religious Practices and Principles Imperial Cult Institutionalization of the Principate: Military Expansion and Its Limits, the Empire and the Provinces (69-138) Institutionalization of the Principate Vespasian (69-79) Titus (79-81) Domitian (81-96) A New, Better Era? Nerva (96-98) Trajan (98-117) Hadrian ( ) Table 11.1 The Antonine Family Box 11.1 Hadrian Inspects Troops at Lambaesis, Numidia Roman Cities and the Empire's Peoples Theaters and Processions Circuses and Chariot Racing The Amphitheater, and Gladiatorial Games Other Urban Amenities Education State Religion and Imperial Cult Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs ( ) Antoninus Pius ( ) Marcus Aurelius ( ) and Lucius Verus ( ) Box 12.1 A Greek Provincial Praises Roman Citizenship Box 12.2 Morbidity and Mortality in the Roman Empire Commodus ( , Sole Augustus after 180) Septimius Severus ( ) Table 12.1 The Severan Family Box 12.3 Deification Ceremonies for Pertinax in Septimius Severus' Rome Caracalla ( , Sole Augustus after 211) Macrinus ( ) Elagabalus ( ) Severus Alexander ( ) Roman Law

6 Roman Citizenship Box 12.4 Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana) Rome and Christianity Box 12.5 Pliny, Trajan, and Christians The Third Century, the Dominate, and Constantine Mid-Third Century Aurelian ( ) Dicoletian, the Tetrarchy, and the Dominate ( ) Box 13.1 The Tetrarchs Introduce their Edict on Maximum Prices Dissolution of the Tetrarchy ( ), and the Rise of Constantine ( ) Box 13.2 Galerius' Edict of Toleration (Lactantius) Constantine and the Empire Timeline Glossary Principal Ancient Authors Art Credits Index Gazetteer Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.