Radical Woman in a Classic Town: Frances Willard of Evanston. Chapter 4: Radical Woman. Suffragist

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1 Radical Woman in a Classic Town: Frances Willard of Evanston Chapter 4: Radical Woman Suffragist From a young age, Willard had believed that women should be able to vote. She brought the suffrage campaign with her when she became involved in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, arguing that women could vote prohibition into law. Although many of the WCTU women across the country were not fully in favor of women's rights, Willard herself was both vocal and active in her involvement in suffrage organizations. This is Anthony's first letter to Willard, written after she "saw by the newspapers a few days since, that you had spoken out for suffrage as a power to help on your hearts hope & work for Temperance and thought to drop a note of cheer to you " The four-page letter ends with Anthony wishing "I could see you & make you feel my gladness, not only for your sake, personally, but for the cause sake for Temperance & Virtue s sake for Woman s sake. Figure 1, Letter from Susan B. Anthony, September 18, 1876

2 Figure 2, Home Protection Manual, 1879 Figure 3, "Capturing Congress," The Hatchet, March 24, 1888

3 Figure 4, An Address to all Knights of Labor, Trades-Unions, and other Labor Organizations, 1886 Christian Socialist In addition to temperance and woman suffrage, Willard spoke, wrote, and took action in favor of the labor movement, prison reform, social purity, raising the age of consent, economic equity, and world peace. She joined the Knights of Labor and the Fabian Society, wrote for such reform papers as Our Day and WDP Bliss s Dawn, and corresponded with many of the reformers of that busy era. She read the latest books on economics and social questions, and highly praised Edward Bellamy s bestselling Utopian socialist novel Looking Backward (1888). In 1893 she proclaimed herself a Christian Socialist. Late in her life, despite her failing health, she worked for the relief of Armenian refugees from Constantinople. Figure 5, Letter from Edward Bellamy, January 3, 1888

4 Orator and Writer After her first efforts in front of the women of the Methodist Church in Evanston, Willard went on to a career of public speaking, in front of groups large and small, including men and women. Her speaking style was powerful, yet always described as womanly (never "strong-minded" or "mannish"), relying on a conversational tone and a supply of personal stories and quotations from poetry, the Bible, American heroes, and other reformers. The same accessible style infused her written work voluminous correspondence, article after article for the WCTU s Union Signal and other reform newspapers, and a dozen books encouraging women to transcend their traditional roles (see Bibliography). Willard's charismatic personality and understated approach, which came through in person and in print, made the broad platform of reform that she endorsed seem less radical than it was. Figure 6, Frances Willard, 1894, at St. Margaret's Church, Horsmonden, Kent, England Figure 7, Box of Wax Cylinders for Willard's Edison Phonograph, 1898

5 Bicyclist Willard's interest in reforms-especially those that would benefit women extended to health and well being. She supported dress reform, became a vegetarian, and, in 1893, learned (with difficulty) to ride a two-wheeled bicycle still a novelty for a woman-- which she felt was a healthful and freeing mode of transportation which could be undertaken in a ladylike fashion. Her book describing her success in learning to cycle also served as a lesson in continuing to try new things. Figure 8, Learning to Ride the Bicycle, 1893 Figure 8, Frances Willard's Book A Wheel within a Wheel: How I learned to Ride the Bicycle Figure 10, Frances Willard on her Bicycle, 1894

6 Sources of Items and Photographs Figure 1 Willard and Anthony maintained a friendly correspondence over the years, although Anthony feared that the WCTU's support might discourage potential advocates of woman suffrage who didn t want to give up alcohol. On loan from Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives, Correspondence Files, 1876 Some of Willard s correspondence is also available on microfilm as part of the Temperance and Prohibition Papers (1977); NUL holds a set of the film (#7895) and the print Guide to the Microfilm (MI G946) Figure 2 Willard made woman suffrage part of the WCTU platform by convincing women that they could protect their homes and children if they could vote against the sale of liquor, starting at the local level their town, county, or state. This booklet describes the "Home Protection" campaign, aimed at earning women the right to vote on temperance issues. In 1879 Willard brought a petition with 180,000 signatures to the Illinois State Senate, hoping to pass a Home Protection bill (it failed). On loan from Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives. Subject folder "Home Protection" Figure 3 This cartoon from a Washington, D.C., newspaper lampoons the representatives from a variety of women s organizations who gathered in Washington in 1888 to mark the 40th anniversary of the Seneca Falls Convention. Willard is prominently featured, waving the WCTU flag close to the battlements (flanked by Susan B. Anthony). At this convention, Willard was elected president of the National Council of Women. On loan from Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives (Scrapbook documenting the 1888 convention) Figure 4 Better lives for working men and women had been part of the WCTU's platform since In 1886, to demonstrate the WCTU s support of labor issues, Willard sent a delegation to the Knights of Labor convention. Willard herself joined the Knights in On loan from Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives. Subject folder Knights of Labor Figure 5 Willard and the author of the best-selling utopian novel Looking Backward (1888) exchanged several letters. Like many reformers, Willard was greatly influenced by the book, and joined the Nationalist Movement it inspired (dedicated to nationalizing industry). However, Bellamy did not agree that alcohol should be eliminated from the utopian future. On loan from Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives. Correspondence files, 1888 Figure 6 Frances Willard, 1894, at St. Margaret s Church, Horsmonden, Kent, England Although Willard s appealing, powerful, and womanly speaking style was frequently described, this is the only known photograph of her speaking. Modern copy; original in Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives

7 Figure 7 Thomas Edison gave Willard a phonograph to use as a Dictaphone to help her keep up with her correspondence and writing. These cylinders are blank; no used cylinders are known to exist. The phonograph is still on view in Willard s office (the Den) at the Willard House Museum. On loan from the Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives Figure 8 and 9 It took Willard about six weeks to master the recalcitrant machine. On November 18, 1893, she recorded in her journal that she was "Working away with my 'bike.' It's a regular study in mental philosophy, Christian science mind-cure and balance all in one" (Journal #48). Her book A Wheel within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle, was published in Her bicycle, which she named "Gladys," is on display at the Frances Willard House Museum. Photograph on loan from the Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives Figure 10 Photograph on loan from the Frances Willard Memorial Library and Archives

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