Religion, Intellectual Growth and Reform in Antebellum America

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1 See first 23 minutes of video above for introduction to Religion, Intellectual Growth and Reform in Antebellum America (Chapter 11) Crash Course US History 19 th Century Reforms (Episode 15) Crash Course US History Women in the 19 th Century (Episode 16)

2 The religious revival known as the 2nd Great Awakening during the 1820s, 30s & 40s sparks many nationwide social reform movements

3 The emotional appeal of the new style of religious leaders during the 2 nd Great Awakening connects with the Common Man who want to find more meaning in life during the new industrial age

4 The New Religious Philosophy of the 2 nd Great Awakening Charles G. Finney and other evangelical Protestant ministers of 2 nd Great Awakening stress free will & good works in order to perfect mankind on earth instead of just hoping for salvation that was predestined at birth. They preach that people were moral free agents with free will to do good works. This belief sparks a benevolent empire of new social reform movements that aims at perfectionism on earth. Women play a greater roll in these efforts to reform & perfect their families and society as a whole.

5 Outdoor evangelical Camp Meetings are a popular new strategy aimed at the common man who lived in rural areas New Protestant Denominations Grow During the 2 nd Great Awakening Ex: Unitarian, Episcopalian & Presbyterian Churches in the North Methodist & Baptist Churches in the South

6 A famous example of the evangelical fervor of the era was the so-called Burned Over District in western NY (along the Erie Canal) that was figuratively ablaze with revivalism Each dot represents a camp style revival meeting during the 1830 s & 1840 s in the so-called Burned Over District

7 What were some major Antebellum Intellectual and Literary Developments? One example: Lyceums (Informational lectures open to the public popular in many areas of antebellum America)

8 Chapter 11 HW: Antebellum Social & Intellectual Reformers Lyceum Activity On Friday this week we will simulate a lyceum in class. This activity will mimic the teach-in style events popular in many parts of the United States during the later antebellum period. Before TV or the internet, lyceums were a way for average citizens to learn about new ideas by listening to traveling lecturers who gave talks and answered questions on various subjects. The format for the lyceum activity in our class will be a Q & A session. You will create questions and answers in the voice of a significant intellectual or reformers from the antebellum period. You need to blend information from both primary & secondary sources in your lyceum questions & answers. Homework Assignment - DUE Friday 10/27 Read the primary source document posted on RHS website you are assigned, Chapter 11 and relevant websites. Write thought provoking questions for your reformer on their: Background, Motivations, Goals and Actions. Your questions should help listeners understand the reformers beliefs and impacts on American society during the 19 th Century and beyond. Write answers to the questions you create (a thoughtful paragraph each) in the first person. Include some direct quotes from the primary source reading as well as appropriate outside information in your answers. Historical Figure Reform or Intellectual Movement Primary Source Reading Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism Excerpt from Walden A Shaker Believer Utopian Religious Community War & Peace A Shaker Viewpoint Frederick Douglass Abolitionism The Meaning of July 4 th for the Negro Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women s Rights Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Dorothea Dix Institutional Reform Report to the Massachusetts Legislature

9 Intellectual/Literary Movement Examples: Ralph Waldo Emerson & Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was (and is) difficult to categorize, as it could be viewed as a: Spiritual movement Philosophical movement & Literary movement Emerson himself provided a fairly open definition in his 1842 essay The Transcendentalist : The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. He believes in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; he believes in inspiration, and in ecstasy. He wishes that the spiritual principle should be suffered to demonstrate itself to the end, in all possible applications to the state of man, without the admission of anything unspiritual; that is, anything positive, dogmatic, personal. Thus, the spiritual measure of inspiration is the depth of the thought, and never, who said it? And so he resists all attempts to mimic other rules and measures on the spirit than its own.

10 Henry David Thoreau Walden & Essay on Civil Disobedience - Reactions to industrialization and political changes Another Definition of Transcendentalism: A 19th-century idealistic, philosophical and social movement stressing that divinity pervades all nature. Transcendentalists believed key to happiness was for people to follow their own individual, intuitive beliefs above scientific and empirical evidence. In this way, individuals can transcend authority and tradition to find their own truth by examining nature and the human spirit

11 Walt Whitman Non Conformist, transcendentalist inspired poet A morning-glory at my window satisfies me more than the metaphysics of books. I say to mankind, be not curious about God. For I, who am curious about each, am not curious about God - I hear and behold God in every object, yet understand God not in the least. Be curious, not judgmental. Freedom means to walk independently and know no superior. Do I contradict myself? Very well, then I contradict myself, I am large, I contain multitudes.

12 Other major antebellum American literary figures included Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville who all were helping develop domestic intellectual analysis but were split on support of transcendentalism

13 Antebellum Religious Evangelism & Intellectualism Spawns New Social Activism Example: the Benevolent Empire The ideals of the benevolent empire are expressed in this image

14 Temperance Movement

15 Institutional Reform (Schools, Prisons & Hospitals) Dorothea Dix and Insane Asylums

16 Women reformers realize that to change society in a great way, they need to vote sparking the Suffrage Movement led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony at Seneca Falls Convention

17 However, the anti-slavery movement (Abolitionism) becomes the most widespread reform effort of the antebellum period Abolitionists were very diverse in motivations & goals Examples: American Colonization Society (Conservative) Gradualists (Moderate) Immediate Abolition & Social Equality for Africa-Americans (Radical) All oppose slavery, but solutions differed greatly

18 Most well known radical abolitionists: Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison

19 Harriet Beecher Stowe Abolitionist Strategies Include (in order of how common they were: 1 - Appeal To Public Opinion

20 2 - Political Pressure

21 3 - Help slaves escape Ex: Underground Railroad Map 12.3 The Underground Railroad in the 1850s (p. 356)

22 4 - Violent Uprising like Nat Turner s Rebellion

23 A Growing Abolition Movement Triggers Even Stronger Defense of Slavery Historical, Economic, Religious, Social & Racial arguments from those who saw America s peculiar institution not as a necessary evil, but a positive good Example: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina becomes the major antebellum voice in Congress for slavery & states rights who promotes idea of secession from union to protect slavery

24 Religious Revivalism and a backlash against industrialization spark the creation of many unique American utopian communities that separate from society instead of trying to reform it. Some Examples Mormons Shakers Oneida Brook Farm

25 Joseph Smith, Brigham Young and Mormon Exodus to Utah Map 12.2 The Mormon Trek, (p. 350)

26 Short Lived Transcendentalist Brook Farm Community in Mass.

27 Religious Utopian community The Shakers seek a gender equal simple life

28 Another more controversial religious utopian community founded by John Humphry Noyes in Oneida, NY

29 Chapter 11 HW: Antebellum Social & Intellectual Reformers Lyceum Activity On Friday this week we will simulate a lyceum in class. This activity will mimic the teach-in style events popular in many parts of the United States during the later antebellum period. Before TV or the internet, lyceums were a way for average citizens to learn about new ideas by listening to traveling lecturers who gave talks and answered questions on various subjects. The format for the lyceum activity in our class will be a Q & A session. You will create questions and answers in the voice of a significant intellectual or reformers from the antebellum period. You need to blend information from both primary & secondary sources in your lyceum questions & answers. Homework Assignment - DUE Friday 10/27 Read the primary source document posted on RHS website you are assigned, Chapter 11 and relevant websites. Write thought provoking questions for your reformer on their: Background, Motivations, Goals and Actions. Your questions should help listeners understand the reformers beliefs and impacts on American society during the 19 th Century and beyond. Write answers to the questions you create (a thoughtful paragraph each) in the first person. Include some direct quotes from the primary source reading as well as appropriate outside information in your answers. Historical Figure Reform or Intellectual Movement Primary Source Reading Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism Excerpt from Walden A Shaker Believer Utopian Religious Community War & Peace A Shaker Viewpoint Frederick Douglass Abolitionism The Meaning of July 4 th for the Negro Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women s Rights Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Dorothea Dix Institutional Reform Report to the Massachusetts Legislature

30 Dorthea Dix Background Motivation Goals Actions

31 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Background Motivation Goals Actions

32 Henry David Thoreau Background Motivation Goals Actions

33 Frederick Douglass Background Motivation Goals Actions

34 Shaker Community Member Background Motivation Goals Actions

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