Chapter 13. An American Renaissance: Religion, Romanticism & Reform
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1 Chapter 13 An American Renaissance: Religion, Romanticism & Reform
2 APUSH PowerPoint #4.5 (Part 1 of 1 Unit #4 Overlapping Revolutions Chapter 10 BFW Textbook TOPIC
3 I. Antebellum Religion
4 A. Effects of the Enlightenment Deism a. Roots of rationalism and Calvinism b. Nature of the beliefs Unitarianism & Universalism a. William Ellery Channing (Unitarian minister) b. John Murray (founder, Universalist Church)
5 A. Effects of the Enlightenment Cont d Unitarianism a. Oneness and benevolent God b. Goodness of Mankind c. Primacy of reason Universalism a. Salvation of all women and men b. Taught that God was too good to damn man c. Working-class roots
6 B. The Second Great Awakening Origins of Revivalism a. Religion competed with secularism by 1800 b. Timothy Dwight (grandson of Jonathan Edwards) c. New England was ground-zero for revivalism The Frontier Phase a. Camp Meetings b. Reception among sects (Baptists, Methodists, etc.) c. Spread of democracy on the frontier
7 B. The Second Great Awakening Burned-over District a. Western areas of New York State b. Charles Grandison Finney (lawyer-turnedpreacher) c. Taught about faith and good works or deeds d. Oberlin College (organized by Finney in Ohio) e. The SGA affected all aspects of society (primarily in the North and helped spawn increased anti-slavery rhetoric
8 B. The Second Great Awakening (Cont d...) The Mormon Church a. Joseph Smith (founder and preacher) who moved his followers from New England to western New York and then to Nauvoo, Illinois. b. Smith was attacked for practicing polygamy and was arrested by neighboring non-mormons (and killed in 1844).
9 B. The Second Great Awakening (Cont d...) The Mormon Church c. Brigham Young became leader of the Church and moved to Utah following the murder of Smith. d. The movement west to the Great Salt Lake in 1847 allowed the Mormons to set up a theocracy.
10 B. The Second Great Awakening (Cont d.) Mormon Trail
11 II. Romanticism in America
12 A. Nature of the Romantic Revolt Change in Thought, Literature, & the Arts Individualism & Virtues of the Commoner
13 B. Transcendentalism as a Romantic Expression Roots of Transcendentalism (New England) Nature of Transcendentalism (emphasized those things that rose above the limits of reason) The Impact of Transcendentalism a. Taught that people must follow their conscience b. Inspired future writers
14 Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson- Former minister and father of Transcendentalism. Believed people should find God by transcending the material world and embracing the natural world.
15 B. Transcendentalism as a Romantic Expression The Role of Henry David Thoreau a. American writer of the 19 th century. b. Author of Walden (a two-year subsistence living) who believed in civil disobedience which supports an individuals right to break the law if the law goes against that person s belief.
16 III. The Flowering of American Literature
17 A. Nathaniel Hawthorne Background Works a. The Scarlett Letter (1850) b. The House of the Seven Gables (1851) Fame a. Wrote of the evil in the world. b. Themes included sin, pride, secret guilt and selfishness.
18 B. New England Poets
19 C. Emily Dickinson Background a. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts. b. Isolated life. c. Never married. Works (Poetry) a. Themes included life, death, fear, and nature.
20 D. Edgar Allan Poe Background Works a. The Tell-Tale Heart b. The Pit & the Pendulum Themes a. Focused on fear and used detailed descriptions.
21 E. Herman Melville Background Works a. Moby-Dick (1851) b. Billy Budd (1924) Themes a. Adventure stories and individual psychological issues.
22 F. Walt Whitman Background Works (Poetry) a. Leaves of Grass (1855)
23 G. Feminine Fiction
24 H. The Popular Press Impact of Advances in Printing Technology Daily Newspapers a. Grew from just over 1,000 in 1830 to nearly 3,000 in b. Magazine readership also increased (most popular was Harper s Illustrated Weekly ( ).
25 IV. Education
26 A. Demography Level of Literacy a. Increased during the Age of Jackson. b. By 1840, nearly 80% of the total population was literate. c. Generally was popular in the North as public schools were set up at taxpayer expense. d. The South had small numbers of public schools
27 B. Early Public Schools Rising Demand in 1830s North Carolina Leadership Hindrances a. Lack of funds b. Underpaid teachers
28 B. Early Public Schools Work of Horace Mann a. Horace Mann helped create the state Board of Education in Massachusetts. b. The concept quickly spread to other areas of the United States. c. His accomplishment gave rise to the nation s literacy rate (primarily in the North) and educated populace.
29 C. Higher Education Post-Revolutionary Surge in Colleges Education for Women
30 V. Movements for Reform
31 A. Roots of Reform Societal Evils Reformers & Issues Crusaders Challenges
32 B. Varieties of Reform Temperance Prisons & Asylums Women s Rights Utopian Societies
33 C. Temperance Heavy Consumption of Alcohol in the United States Arguments for Temperance Early Effects at Reform Development of the American Temperance Union, 1833 State Actions Restricted Alcohol
34 D. Prison Reform Growth of Public Institutions to Treat social Ills Prevention & Rehabilitation Versus Punishment for the Crime Auburn Prison System (1816) Elimination of Prison for Debtors
35 E. Reform in Treatment of the Insane Early State Institutions for the Insane Work of Dorothea Lynde Dix
36 F. Crusade for Women s Rights Status of Women in the Antebellum Period Seneca Falls Conference, 1848 Hindrances to Success Evidences of Success Women in Education, Nursing, & Other Professions
37 F. Crusade for Women s Rights Margaret Fuller
38 G. Utopian Societies Proliferation of Utopian Communities Nature of the Shaker Communities Development & Contributions of the Oneida Community Concept of New Harmony The Importance of Brook Farm The Impact of Utopian Communities
39 Making Connections Topic 13 The anti-slavery campaign, especially its abolitionist aspect, was related to the reform movements discussed in this chapter. It is discussed again in Topic 15, following the section on slavery.
40 Making Connections Topic13 Topic17 will show how the Civil War had a significant impact on the status of women in American society, a continuation of the theme discussed here.
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