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1 Bibliography Bennet, Lerone. Before the Mayflower: History of the Negro in America, Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co., Berlin, Ira. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: Pantheon Books, Berry, Mary Frances and John W. Blassingame. Long Memory: The Black Experience in America. New York: Oxford University Press, Big Bethel, A.M.E. Church 150th Anniversary Program, Billingsley, Andrew. Mighty Like a River: The Black Church and Social Reform. New York: Oxford University Press, Cash, W. J. The Mind of the South. New York: Vintage Books, Coleman, Gregory D. We re Heaven Bound!: Portrait of a Black Sacred Drama. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, Cone, Cecil. Identity Crisis in Black Theology. Nashville: African Methodist Episcopal Church Press, Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Dubois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America New York: Athenaeum, Dubois, W.E.B. The Conservation of the Races. Washington, D.C.: Published by the Academy, Earl, Riggins R. Dark Symbols, Obscure Signs: God, Self and Community in the Slave Mind. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, DOI: /

2 56 Bibliography Elmore Charles J. First Bryan: The Oldest Continuous Black Baptist Church in America. First Bryan Baptist Church Savannah, GA, Eskew, Glen T. Black Elitism and the Failure of Paternalism in Postbellum Georgia: The Case of Bishop Lucius Henry Holsey, Journal of Southern History. 58. Nov. 1992, Flemming, Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction. Vol.2. New York: McGraw-Hill, Foner, Eric. Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and its Legacy. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: State University Press, Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, Gray, Sara Louis. Baptist Heritage: Bethlehem Baptist Church of Christ, 1823 Frist Baptist Church. Coving, Newton County, Georgia, Harding, Vincent. There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Johnson, Whittington B. Black Savannah: Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press, Jones, Charles Colcock. The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United States. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, Martin, Tony. Caribbean History: From Pre-colonial Origins to the Present. Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education Inc., McPherson, James M. The Negro s Civil War. Canada: Random House of Canada, Miller, Ruth W. First Family Memoirs: A 150-year History of First Baptist Church, Marietta, GA , Marietta, GA: First Baptist Church, Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The Invisible Institution in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment, Athens. GA.: University of Georgia Press, Sernett, Milton C. ed. Afro-American Religious History: A Documentary Witness. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press Sherman, William T. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Simms, James M. The First Colored Baptist Church in North America. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, Smith, H. Shelton. In His Image, But... : Racism in Southern Religion, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, DOI: /

3 Bibliography 57 Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South. New York: Vintage Books, Thompson, H. P. Into All Lands: History of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, London: SPCK, Walker, David. David Walker s Appeal. New York: Hill and Wang, Wilmore, Gayraud S. Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of African Americans. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, Woodson, Carter G. The History of the Negro Church. Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, DOI: /

4 Index A.M.E. Church, 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 43, 50, 51, 53 abolitionists, 17, 46 African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant, 51 Allen, Richard, 14, 50, 51 American Colonization Society, 4, 18 Bascom, Henry, 18 Bethel Tabernacle church, 25, 26, 27 Bethel Baptist Church, 27, 28, 32 Bethseda Baptist Church, 27 Big Bethel Church, 25, 26, 27 Boycott communion, 24 Brown, Joseph E., 29, 30, 31 Campbell, William J., 36, 45 collapse of slaveholding, 2, 29 Colony of Georgia, 12 color-conscious differentiation, 35, 36 Confederacy, 9, 25, 36 Covington, 27, 28, 30 Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 29, 41 Episcopalians, 17 First African Baptist Church, 3, 14, 36, 45 Fleetwood, Bishop William, 13 Frazier, Garrison, 46, 47, 48 Forty Acres and a Mule, 7 General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, 17 George, David, 14, 42, 51 Georgia, 3, 9, 10, 12, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42 Georgia Military Institute, 9 Gibson, Bishop Edmund, 13 Gillfield Baptist Church, 3, 14 Haitian Revolution, 35 Hammond, James, 17 Hegel, George Freidrich, 13 Houston, Ulysses L., 36, 41, 48 Hume, John, 13 Independent Black Church Movement, 2, 42, 51, 53 invisible institutions, 19, 50 Liele, George, 14, 42, 51 Lincoln, Abraham, 7, 25, 41, 42, 46, 48 Lynch, James, 26, 27, 47 Marietta, Georgia, 9, 22, 25 Milledgeville, 30, 31 Mother Bethel Methodist Church, 14 Mother Dicey, 22 Mulattos, 29, 35, 36 nominal slaves, 36 Payne, Bishop Daniel A., 51, 52, DOI: /

5 Index 59 peculiar institution, 17, 23 Plantation Missions, 19, 20 Pope Nicholas V, 12 Quakers, 17 religion with letters, 13, 19 religion without letters, 19 reparations, 26, See also Special Field Order 15 Revolutionary War, 17, 42 Roman Catholics, 17 Rucker, Ephraim, 23, 24, 25 Savannah, 2, 3, 6, 14, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 41, 42, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53 segration and integration, 22 Sherman, William, 2, 6, 7, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50 Silver Bluff Church, 14 Simms, James, 41 slave revolts, 18, 38 slave ships holy names, 12 Slave Trade rationale, 12 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 14 Southern propaganda, 9, 31 Special Field Order 15, 47, 48 Spencer, Peter, 50, 51 Stanton, Edwin, 45, 46, 47 Thornwell, James Henley, 18 total war, 29 Turner, Bishop Henry McNeal, 5 Turner, Henry McNeal, 53 twenty religious leaders, 6 Union American Methodist Episcopal Church, 51 Walker, David, 18, 19 Watch Night Service, 41 White supremacy, 4, 13, 35 Woods, Joseph, 27 Woodson, Carter G., 13 Zion Baptist Church, 22, 25 DOI: /