AMERICAN JEWISH OPINION

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1 1997 ANNUAL SURVEY OF AMERICAN JEWISH OPINION Conducted for the American Jewish Committee by Market Facts, Inc. February 3-11, 1997 The American Jewish Committee The Jacob Blaustein Building 165 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022

2 CONTENTS Introduction 1 Key Findings 2 The Data in Review 6 Israel and the Israel-Arab Peace Process 6 Israel Arab Peace Process 6 Attachement to Israel 12 U.S. Political and Social Issues 14 Political Orientation 14 Public Policy Concerns 16 Intergroup Relations 17 Subgroup Differences on Political and Social Issues 19 Perceptions of Anti-Semitism 20 Opinions of Various Countries - 24 Jewish Identity 29 Appendixes 37 Survey Questionnaire 39 Social and Political Questions: Comparative Data 49 Israel and Jewish Identity Questions: Comparative Data 51 Survey Questions: Subgroup Data 53

3 1997 Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion Introduction The data reported here are from the 1997 Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, sponsored by the American Jewish Committee, detailing the views of American Jews about a broad range of subjects. Among the topics covered in the present survey are the Israel-Arab peace process, the attachment of American Jews to Israel, political and social issues in the United States, Jewish perceptions of anti-semitism, Jewish opinion about various countries, and Jewish identity concerns. Some of the questions appearing in the survey are new; others are drawn from previous American Jewish Committee surveys, including four dealing with the Israel-Arab peace process, and one focusing on the Religious Right in the United States. Throughout, an attempt is made to compare the opinions of American Jews with those of other Americans, as well as to discern trends over time. The present survey was conducted for the American Jewish Committee by Market Facts, Inc., a leading survey-research organization. Respondents were interviewed by telephone during February 3-11, 1997; no interviewing took place on the Sabbath. The sample consists of 1,160 self-identified Jewish respondents selected from the Market Facts consumer mail panel. The respondents are demographically representative of the United States adult Jewish population in terms of age, household income, gender, and geographic region. The margin of error for the sample as a whole is plus or minus three percentage points. Approximately 49 percent of the respondents are men and 51 percent are women. Thirty-five percent are under age 40, 37 percent are 40-59, and 29 percent are 60 and over. Seventy-four percent are married and 26 percent are unmarried. Twenty-three percent report their household incomes as under $30,000, 22 percent as $30,000-49,999, 23 percent as $50,000-74,999, and 32 percent as I

4 2 $75,000 and over. Nine percent have a high-school education or less, another 54 percent have attended some college, another 14 percent have four years of college, and another 23 percent have five or more years of higher education. In terms of Jewish background, 9 percent of the respondents identify as Orthodox, 31 percent as Conservative, 32 percent as Reform, 1 percent as Reconstructionist, and 26 percent as "Just Jewish." Fifty-two percent of the respondents belong to a synagogue or temple. Of married respondents, 79 percent have Jewish spouses. When asked "How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life?" 55 percent of the respondents say "very important," 34 percent "fairly important," and 12 percent "not very important." Key Findings Among the key findings of the survey relating to the Israel-Arab peace process are the following: (This survey went into the field after the signing of the Hebron agreement, but before the Har Homa controversy.) 1. A majority of American Jews support the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. 2. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is viewed favorably by a strong majority of American Jews, up dramatically from January 1996, when he was the opposition leader. 3. Majorities of American Jews believe that President Mubarak of Egypt, King Hussein of Jordan, and PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat support peace with Israel. In contrast, a majority of American Jews maintain that President Assad of Syria opposes peace with Israel. 4. American Jews express mixed feelings about dissent from Israeli government policy.

5 3 5. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see relations between Israel and the United States today as positive. 6. Orthodox Jews, uniquely among the various subgroups of American Jews, oppose the Hebron agreement. At the same time, Orthodox Jews, more so than others, have a favorable impression of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. 7. The Orthodox aside, various subgroups of American Jews differ in their degree of support for both the handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. Among the key findings of the survey relating to the attachment of American Jews to Israel are the following: 1. A large majority of American Jews continue to feel close to Israel. 2. Closeness to Israel is widespread among American Jews, but more so among the Orthodox, inmarried Jews, those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives, older Jews, the most educated Jews, and women. Among the key findings of the survey relating to political and social issues in the United States are the following: 1. American Jews are more likely to describe themselves as "liberal" or "moderate" than as "conservative"; a majority of American Jews identify as Democrats. In comparative terms, American Jews are more likely than other Americans to identify as liberal and Democratic and less likely to identif' as conservative and Republican. 2. American Jews strongly support legalized abortion and a generous immigration policy and strongly oppose government aid to religious schools. At the same time, the vast majority of American Jews favor the death penalty. 3. A large majority of American Jews see race relations in the United States today as troubled. A smaller majority of American Jews see relations between religious groups in the United States today as troubled.

6 4 4. A majority of American Jews reject the view that equal rights have been pushed too far in the United States. At the same time, a majority of American Jews oppose giving disadvantaged groups special consideration in hiring and promotion. 5. American Jews who are liberal and Democratic are more likely to support such positions as unrestricted abortion, increased immigration, a push for equal rights, and special consideration in hiring and promotion for disadvantaged minorities; they are more likely to oppose government aid to religious schools and the death penalty Other subgroups of American Jews take a more varied approach to individual issues. Among the key findings of the survey relating to perceptions of anti-semitism are the following: 1. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see anti-semitism as a problem in the United States today, with nearly half rejecting the view that all positions of influence are open to Jews. 2. Many more American Jews believe that anti-semitism in the United States will increase over the next few years than believe that it will decrease. 3. American Jews perceive "the Religious Right" and "Moslems" as the most anti-semitic groups in the United States. 4. Concern about the nature and extent of anti-semitism in the United States varies by subgroups of American Jews. Among the key findings of the survey relating to opinion of various countries are the following: 1. American Jews are overwhelmingly favorable in their opinion of Israel. Saudi Arabia is the country about which American Jews have the most unfavorable opinion.

7 5 2. Among European countries, American Jews have a more unfavorable than favorable opinion of Germany; have as favorable as unfavorable an opinion of Poland; and have a more favorable than unfavorable opinion of Switzerland. 3. A substantial majority of American Jews believe that Germany is making a sincere effort to come to grips with the Holocaust. 4. Among Middle East countries, American Jews have a more favorable opinion of Egypt than of Jordan. 5. With regard to Asia, American Jews have a far more favorable than unfavorable opinion ofjapan. In terms of North America, American Jews have an overwhelmingly favorable opinion of Canada. 6. American Jews have a far more favorable opinion of Israel than do Americans in general. American Jews have a far less favorable opinion of Germany, France, Russia, Egypt, and Japan than do Americans in general. 7. Various subgroups of American Jews differ in their opinions of individual countries. Among the key findings of the survey relating to Jewish identity are the following: 1. A majority of American Jews claim that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives. Just over one in ten American Jews assert that being Jewish is "not very important" in their lives. 2. American Jews rate "being part of the Jewish people" as the quality most important for personal Jewish identity; "celebration of Jewish holidays" is seen as the activity most important for personal Jewish identity 3. A majority of American Jews identify as Reform or Conservative. 4. A majority of American Jews belong to a synagogue or temple. While a majority of American Jews attend synagogue services infrequently, the vast

8 6 majority of American Jews assess their recent experiences with Jewish religious services favorably. 5. In terms of religious beliefs, majorities of American Jews maintain that "there is a God," that "God answers your prayers," that "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," and that "God dictated the Torah to Moses. 6. Of those American Jews who are currently married, one in five report that their spouse is not Jewish. A majority of American Jews believe that anti- Semitism is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today than is intermarriage. 7. A majority of American Jews take the position that the Jewish community today is "badly divided." 8. A majority of American Jews maintain that Reform Judaism's "patrilineal descent" decision is "morally correct," and that it "strengthens the American Jewish community." At the same time, half of all American Jews believe that the decision "divides the American Jewish community" and "divides the Jewish people worldwide." 9. American Jews overwhelmingly support keeping the remembrance of the Holocaust strong. 10. Various subgroups of American Jews differ on the Jewish identity items. The Data in Review Israel and the Israel-Arab Peace Process Israel-Arab Peace Process (This survey went into the field after the signing of the Hebron agreement, but before the Har Homa controversy.)

9 7 1. A majority of American Jews support the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. When asked (shortly after the signing of the Hebron agreement) if they "support" or "oppose" the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs," 61 percent of American Jews answer "support," 24 percent "oppose," and 15 percent "not sure." Asked directly about the "newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and the Palestinians," 59 percent of American Jews indicate "support," 19 percent "oppose," while 21 percent are "not sure." In response to the question "As compared with one year ago, are you now more optimistic about the chance for a lasting peace between Israel and the Arabs, less optimistic, or do you think the chance for a lasting peace is about the same as it was one year ago?" 58 percent of American Jews answer "about the same," 23 percent "less optimistic," 17 percent "more optimistic" and 1 percent "not sure." 2. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is viewed favorably by a strong majority of American Jews, up dramatically from January 1996, when he was the opposition leader. Presented with a list of "leaders and groups in Israel" and asked about their impression of each, 75 percent of American Jews view "Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu" favorably ("very favorable"--22 percent; "somewhat favorable"--53 percent), 18 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"-- 14 percent; "very unfavorable"--4 percent), while 6 percent are "not sure." In contrast, in January 1996, "opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu" was viewed favorably by 37 percent of American Jews ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"-- 30 percent), unfavorably by 37 percent ("somewhat unfavorable"--29 percent; "very unfavorable" --8 percent), while 26 percent were "not sure. In the case of opposition leader Shimon Peres, 67 percent of American Jews view him favorably ("very favorable"--20 percent; "somewhat favorable"--47

10 8 percent), 21 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"--ls percent; "very unfavorable"--6 percent), while 12 percent are "not sure." Peres's favorability rating was significantly higher in January 1996 when he was Prime Minister-- favorably: 85 percent ("very favorable"--42 percent; "somewhat favorable"--43 percent); unfavorably: 8 percent ("somewhat unfavorable"--s percent; "very unfavorable"--3 percent); and "not sure": 7 percent. The responses for some of the other groups on the list are as follows: "Israel's Labor Party"--60 percent favorably ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"--53 percent), 16 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"-- 13 percent; "very unfavorable"--3 percent), and 24 percent "not sure"; "Israel's Likud Party"--41 percent favorably ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"--34 percent), 25 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"--21 percent; "very unfavorable"--4 percent), and 34 percent "not sure"; "'West Bank settlers"--47 percent favorably ("very favorable"--ll percent; "somewhat favorable"--36 percent), 41 percent unfavorably ("somewhat unfavorable"--29 percent; "very unfavorable"--12 percent), and 13 percent "not sure." 3. Majorities of American Jews believe that President Mubarak of Egypt, King Hussein ofjordan, and PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat support peace with Israel. In contrast, a majority of American Jews maintain that President Assad of Syria opposes peace with Israel. When asked about the extent to which a number of Arab leaders "support or oppose peace with Israel," 69 percent of American Jews believe that "President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt" supports peace with Israel ("strongly support"--24 percent; "somewhat support"--45 percent), 15 percent that he opposes peace with Israel ("somewhat oppose"--lo percent; "strongly oppose"--5 percent), while 16 percent are "not sure." Similarly, 68 percent of American Jews believe that "King Hussein of Jordan" supports peace with Israel ("strongly support"--25 percent; "somewhat support"--43 percent), 22 percent that he opposes peace with Israel ("somewhat oppose"--14 percent; "strongly oppose"--8 percent), while 10 percent are "not sure.

11 9 In the case of "PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat," 62 percent of American Jews believe that he supports peace with Israel ("strongly support"-- 14 percent; "somewhat support"--48 percent), 31 percent that he opposes peace with Israel ("somewhat oppose"--15 percent; "strongly oppose"--16 percent), while 7 percent are "not sure." In contrast, 69 percent of American Jews believe that "President Hafez Assad of Syria" opposes peace with Israel ("strongly oppose"--42 percent, "somewhat oppose"-- 27 percent), while only 14 percent maintain that he supports peace with Israel ("strongly support" --1 percent; "somewhat support"--13 percent); 18 percent are "not sure." 4. American Jews express mixed feelings about dissent from Israeli government policy. Asked to respond to the statement "American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel," 67 percent of American Jews "disagree," 31 percent "agree," and 2 percent are "not sure." In August 1995, the figures for the same question were 71 percent "disagree," 26 percent "agree," and 4 percent "not sure." At the same time, in response to the statement "Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel," 55 percent of American Jews "agree," 42 percent "disagree," and 3 percent are "not sure." The figures for a similarly worded item in January 1996 were 66 percent "agree," 32 percent "disagree," and 2 percent "not sure." 5. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see relations between Israel and the United States today as positive. When asked to "characterize relations between Israel and the United States today," 23 percent of American Jews indicate "very positive," 67 percent "somewhat positive," 9 percent "somewhat negative," and 0 percent "very negative."

12 10 6. Orthodox Jews, uniquely among the various subgroups of American Jews, oppose the Hebron agreement. At the same time, OrthodoxJews, more so than others, have a favorable impression of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Majorities of American Jews of every type support the "newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and the Palestinians": men (67 percent) and women (51 percent); those under age 40 (49 percent) and those over age 60 (65 percent); those with high-school education or less (61 percent) and those with five or more years of higher education (63 percent); liberals (64 percent) and conservatives (60 percent); the inmarried (61 percent) and the intermarried (59 percent); Conservative Jews (63 percent), Reform Jews (65 percent), and the "Just Jewish" (57 percent). Only the Orthodox (56 percent) in the majority oppose the Hebron agreement. In light of Orthodox opposition to the Hebron agreement, it is interesting to note that a majority (65 percent) of Orthodox Jews indicate "support" for the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs." This is in sharp contrast to the situation in both August 1995 and January 1996, when a majority of Orthodox Jews (64 percent in August 1995 and 56 percent in January 1996) opposed the "Israeli government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs." The difference may well be due to the fact that in February 1997, Israel had a new government, with Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister. Certainly it is the case that Orthodox Jews, more so than any other subgroup of American Jews, have a favorable impression of Prime Minister Netanyahu. This point emerges clearly, for example, when the data by denominational preference are examined. Thus, 42 percent of Orthodox Jews, as against 23 percent of Conservative Jews, 20 percent of Reform Jews, and 17 percent of the "Just Jewish" have a "very favorable" view of Prime Minister Netanyahu. When the categories of "very favorable" and "somewhat favorable" are combined, the following figures are obtained: Orthodox--91 percent; Conservative--79 percent; Reform--71 percent; and "Just Jewish"-- 71 percent.

13 11 7. The Orthodox aside, various subgroups of American Jews differ in their degree of support for both the handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs and the Hebron agreement. Support for the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs" is more prevalent among men (65 percent) than among women (57 percent); among political conservatives (71 percent) than among liberals (55 percent) or moderates (62 percent); and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--63 percent; "fairly close"--66 percent) than among those who feel fairly/very distant (53 percent). Support is also somewhat more evident among those in the higher income categories (<$30, percent; $30-49, percent; $50-74, percent; $75, percent) and among Republicans (67 percent) and Independents (65 percent) as against Democrats (58 percent). Differences in support for the "Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs" do not emerge with regard to age (under percent; percent; percent), education (high school or less--64 percent; some college.--60 percent; four years of college--67 percent; five or more years of higher education--61 percent), marital type (spouse Jewish--62 percent; spouse not Jewish--61 percent), and the importance attached to being Jewish ("very important"--61 percent; "fairly/not very important"--60 percent). Support for the Hebron agreement is stronger among men (67 percent) than among women (51 percent); among those who are older than those who are younger (under percent; percent; percent); among those in the highest income category (<$30, percent; $30-49, percent; $50-74, percent; $75, percent); among liberals (64 percent) and moderates (60 percent) than among conservatives (52 percent); and among Democrats (64 percent) than among Republicans (50 percent) and Independents (57 percent). Few differences in support for the Hebron agreement emerge in terms of education (high school or less--61 percent; some college--56 percent; four years

14 12 of college--67 percent; five or more years of higher education--63 percent), marital type (spouse Jewish--61 percent; spouse not Jewish--59 percent), importance attached to being Jewish ("very important"--57 percent; "fairly/not very important"--62 percent), and closeness to Israel ("very close"--58 percent; "fairly close"--63 percent; "fairly/very distant" --54 percent). Attachment to Israel 1. A large majority of American Jews continue to feel close to Israel. Asked "How close do you feel to Israel?" 23 percent of American Jews answer "very close," 46 percent "fairly close," 23 percent "fairly distant," and 8 percent "very distant." In January 1996, the responses to the same question were 25 percent "very close," 45 percent "fairly close," 25 percent "fairly distant," and 4 percent "very distant"; in August 1995, the figures were 26 percent "very close," 43 percent "fairly close," 24 percent "fairly distant," and 6 percent "very distant." Figure 1. Feeling of Closeness to Israel LIII Very close Fairly close Fairly distant Very distant

15 13 When asked "Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither?" 31 percent of American Jews respond "becoming closer," 13 percent "drifting apart," 54 percent "neither," and 3 percent "not sure." In January 1996, the responses to the same question were 34 percent "becoming closer," 12 percent "drifting apart," 51 percent "neither," and 4 percent "not sure." 2. Closeness to Israel is widespread among American Jews, but more so among the Orthodox, inmarried Jews, those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives, older Jews, the most educated Jews, and women. When asked "How close do you feel to Israel?" 62 percent of Orthodox Jews indicate "very close," as compared with 32 percent of Conservative Jews, 13 percent of Reform Jews, and 12 percent of the "Just Jewish." Combining the categories of "very close" and "fairly close" yields figures of 95 percent for the Orthodox, 85 percent for Conservative Jews, 62 percent for Reform Jews, and 49 percent for the "Just Jewish." Only 4 percent of Orthodox Jews feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel, in contrast to 15 percent of Conservative Jews, 38 percent of Reform Jews, and 50 percent of the "Just Jewish." Inmarried Jews (29 percent) are more likely than intermarried Jews (13 percent) to feel "very close" to Israel. Combining the categories of "very close" and "fairly close" yields figures of 79 percent for inmarried Jews, as against 46 percent for intermarried Jews. At the other end of the spectrum, 21 percent of inmarried Jews feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel, as compared to 54 percent of intermarried Jews. Thirty-eight percent of American Jews who indicate that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives feel "very close" to Israel, in contrast to 5 percent of those who say that being Jewish is "fairly important" or "not very important" in their lives. Combining the categories of "very close" and "fairly close" yields figures of 85 percent for Jews who say that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives and 50 percent for those who say that being Jewish is "fairly important" or "not very important" in their lives. At the other end of the spectrum, 15 percent of Jews for whom being Jewish is "very important" in their lives feel

16 14 either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel, as against 50 percent of Jews for whom being Jewish is "fairly important" or "not very important" in their lives. Men are more likely than women to feel either "very close" or "fairly close" to Israel (73 percent and 65 percent, respectively) and are less likely to feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel (27 percent and 35 percent, respectively). Older Jews are more likely than younger Jews to feel either "very close" or "fairly close" to Israel (under percent; percent; percent) and are less likely to feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel (under percent; percent; percent). Jews with the most education are more likely than those with less education to feel either "very close" or "fairly close" to Israel (high school or less--62 percent; some college--67 percent; four years of college-- 67 percent; five or more years of higher education--80 percent) and are less likely to feel either "very distant" or "fairly distant" from Israel (high school or less--37 percent; some college--33 percent; four years of college--32 percent; five or more years of higher education--20 percent). U.S. Political and Social Issues Political Orientation 1. American Jews are more likely to describe themselves as "liberal" or "moderate" than as "conservative"; a majority of American Jews identify as Democrats. In comparative terms, American Jews are more likely than other Americans to identify as liberal and Democratic and less likely to identify as conservative and Republican. When asked where they would place themselves on a scale of political views "arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative," 38 percent of American Jews indicate "liberal" ("extremely liberal"--4 percent; "liberal"--17 percent; "slightly liberal"--17 percent), 26 percent "conservative" ("extremely

17 15 conservative"--2 percent; "conservative"--ll percent; "slightly conservative"--13 percent), 35 percent "moderate, middle of the road," and 1 percent "not sure." In an American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans conducted in May-June 1996, 34 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) indicated that they were "liberal" ("extremely liberal"--6 percent; "liberal"--19 percent; "slightly liberal"--9 percent), 40 percent "conservative" ("extremely conservative"- -13 percent; "conservative"-- 18 percent; "slightly conservative"--9 percent), 20 percent "moderate, middle of the road," and 7 percent "not sure." Among those on the Religious Right, 5 percent identified as "liberal" ("extremely liberal"--2 percent; "liberal"--l percent; "slightly liberal"--2 percent), 90 percent "conservative" ("extremely conservative"--39 percent; "conservative"--39 percent; "slightly conservative"-- 12 percent), 3 percent "moderate, middle of the road," and 2 percent "not sure." Asked "In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?" 54 percent of American Jews respond "Democrat," 29 Figure 2. Political Orientation 2% 4% Extremely liberal Liberal Slightly liberal Moderate Slightly conservative I :1 Conservative Extremely conservative

18 16 percent "Independent," 15 percent "Republican," and 2 percent "not sure." In the American Jewish Committee survey of the Religious Right and other Americans, 32 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) answered "Democrat," 35 percent "Independent," 24 percent "Republican," and 8 percent "not sure." Among those on the Religious Right, 28 percent responded "Democrat,':,26 percent "Independent," 38 percent "Republican," and 9 percent "not sure. In response to the question "In the November 1996 presidential election, did you vote for Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Ross Perot, or did you not vote?" of those American Jews who say they voted, 76 percent supported Clinton, 17 percent supported Dole, 5 percent supported Perot, and 2 percent supported another candidate. The election figures for the American population as a whole in the 1996 presidential election were 50 percent for Clinton, 41 percent for Dole, and 9 percent for Perot. Public Policy Concerns 1. American Jews strongly support legalized abortion and a generous immigration policy and strongly oppose government aid to religious schools. At the same time, the vast majority of American Jews favor the death penalty When asked "Do you think that abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances?" 60 percent of American Jews say "legal under any circumstances," 33 percent "legal only under certain circumstances," 6 percent "illegal in all circumstances," and 1 percent "not sure." In an American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans conducted in May-June 1996, 31 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) wanted abortions to be "legal under any circumstances," 56 percent "legal only under certain circumstances," and 14 percent "illegal in all circumstances." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were 6 percent "legal under any circumstances," 56 percent "legal only under certain circumstances," and 38 percent "illegal in all circumstances."

19 17 Asked "Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot?" 34 percent of American Jews say "decreased" ("decreased a lot"--16 percent; "decreased a little"--18 percent), 15 percent "increased" ("increased a lot" --3 percent; "increased a little"--12 percent), 48 percent "left the same as it is now," and 3 percent "not sure." In the American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans, 53 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) wanted immigration "decreased" ("decreased a lot"--27 percent; "decreased a little"--26 percent), 9 percent "increased" ("increased a lot"--2 percent; "increased a little"--7 percent), and 37 percent "left the same as it is now." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were 54 percent "decreased" ("decreased a lot"--26 percent; "decreased a little"--28 percent), 9 percent "increased" ("increased a lot"--2 percent; "increased a little" --7 percent), and 37 percent "left the same as it is now." In response to the question "Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools?" 32 percent of American Jews indicate "favor," 63 percent "oppose," and 5 percent "not sure." When asked "Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder?" 80 percent of American Jews respond "favor," 16 percent "oppose," and 4 percent "not sure." When the same question was fielded in 1994 in the University of Michigan's National Election Study, 74 percent of all Americans answered "favor," 17 percent "oppose," and 8 percent "not sure." Intergroup Relations 1. A large majority of American Jews see race relations in the United States today as troubled. A smaller majority of American Jews see relations between religious groups in the United States today as troubled. When asked "Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the

20 18 United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" a large majority of American Jews answer "only fair" (64 percent) or "poor" (20 percent), while 15 percent say "good" and 0 percent "excellent." In an American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans conducted in May-June 1996, 53 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) characterized relations between "different racial and ethnic groups" as "only fair," 24 percent as "poor," 22 percent a "good," and 1 percent as "excellent." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were 50 percent "only fair," 26 percent "poor," 23 percent "good," and 2 percent "excellent." Asked "Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" a majority of American Jews say "only fair" (50 percent) or "poor" (9 percent), while 37 percent say "good," 3 percent "excellent," and 1 percent "not sure." In the American Jewish Committee-sponsored survey of the Religious Right and other Americans, 39 percent of Americans (excluding the Religious Right) answered "only fair," 12 percent "poor," 45 percent "good," and 4 percent "excellent." Among those on the Religious Right, the figures were identical: 39 percent "only fair," 12 percent "poor," 45 percent "good," and 4 percent "excellent." 2. A majority of American Jews reject the view that equal rights have been pushed too far in the United States. At the same time, a majority of American Jews oppose giving disadvantaged groups special consideration in hiring and promotion. When asked to what extent they agree or disagree with the statement "We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country," 51 percent of American Jews respond "disagree" ("disagree strongly"- -28 percent; "disagree somewhat" --23 percent), 36 percent "agree" ("agree strongly"--14 percent; "agree somewhat"--22 percent), 12 percent "neither agree nor disagree," and 1 percent "not sure. Asked their reaction to the statement "In order to make up for past discrimina-

21 19 tion and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy," 60 percent of American Jews disagree ("disagree strongly"--31 percent; "disagree somewhat"--29 percent), 28 percent "agree" ("agree strongly"--8 percent; "agree somewhat"--20 percent), 11 percent "neither agree nor disagree," and 1 percent give mixed responses. Subgroup Differences on Political and Social Issues 1. American Jews who are liberal and Democratic are more likely to support such positions as unrestricted abortion, increased immigration, a push for equal rights, and special consideration in hiring and promotion for disadvantaged minorities; they are more likely to oppose government aid to religious schools and the death pena1t Other subgroups of American Jews take a more varied approach to individual issues. Support for abortion that is "legal under any circumstances" is greater among liberals (liberal--71 percent; moderate--60 percent; conservative--45 percent), among Democrats and Independents (Democratic--66 percent; Republican-- 45 percent; Independent--59 percent), and among the non-orthodox (Orthodox--36 percent; Conservative--60 percent; Reform--65 percent; "Just Jewish" percent). Belief that the number of immigrants to the United States should be "increased" is greater among liberals ("increased a lot" or "increased a little": liberal--22 percent; moderate--il percent; conservative--9 percent), among Democrats (Democratic--19 percent; Republican--8 percent; Independent--12 percent), and among men (men--17 percent; women--12 percent). Those who "disagree strongly" with the statement "We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country" are more likely to be liberals (liberal--41 percent; moderate--22 percent; conservative-- 16 percent) and Democrats (Democratic--34 percent; Republican--14 percent; Independent--24 percent).

22 20 Those who agree with the statement "In order to make up for past discrimination and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy" are more likely to be liberals (total "agree": liberal-- 40 percent; moderate--21 percent; conservative--16 percent) and Democrats (total "agree": Democratic--37 percent; Republican--il percent; Independent-- 19 percent). Those who "oppose" government aid to religious schools are more likely to be non-orthodox (Orthodox-- 19 percent; Conservative--64 percent; Reform--72 percent; "Just Jewish" --66 percent), Democratic and Independent (Democratic--67 percent; Republican--50 percent; Independent--64 percent), liberal and moderate (liberal--71 percent; moderate--66 percent; conservative--49 percent), the more educated (high school or less--si percent; some college--62 percent; four years of college--70 percent; five or more years of higher education--70 percent), and older individuals (under percent; percent; percent). Opposition to the death penalty is more prevalent among Democrats (Democratic--20 percent; Republican--6 percent; Independent--15 percent), liberals (liberal--28 percent; moderate--9 percent; conservative--7 percent), and the most educated (high school or less--lo percent; some college--13 percent; four years of college--17 percent; five or more years of higher education--22 percent). Perceptions of Anti-Semitism 1. An overwhelming majority of American Jews see anti-semitism as a problem in the United States today, with nearly half rejecting the view that all positions of influence are open to Jews. When asked "Do you think that anti-semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?" 40 percent of American Jews answer "very serious problem," 55 percent "somewhat of a problem," 5 percent "not a problem at all," and 1 percent "not sure."

23 21 Asked if they agree or disagree with the statement "Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews," 51 percent of American Jews "agree," 47 percent "disagree," and 1 percent are "not sure." 2. Many more American Jews believe that anti-semitism in the United States will increase over the next few years than believe that it will decrease. In response to the question "Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti-semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly?" 39 percent of American Jews say "increase" ("increase greatly"--8 percent; "increase somewhat"--3 1 percent), 10 percent "decrease" ("decrease somewhat "--9 percent; "decrease greatly"--l percent), 48 percent "remain the same," and 2 percent "not sure." 3. American Jews perceive "the Religious Right" and "Moslems" as the most anti- Semitic groups in the United States. Presented with a list of 10 groups and asked "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic--most, many, some, very few, or none?" 47 percent of American Jews answer "most" (22 percent) or "many" (25 percent) for the "Religious Right," while only 9 percent respond "very few" (8 percent) or "none" (1 percent). In nearly identical fashion, 47 percent of American Jews answer "most" (21 percent) or "many" (26 percent) for "Moslems," while only 9 percent respond "very few" (8 percent) or "none" (1 percent). Ranking third and fourth among the groups seen as anti-semitic by American Jews are "Fundamentalist Protestants" and "Blacks." Thus 30 percent of American Jews see most (10 percent) or many (20 percent) Fundamentahst Protestants" as anti-semitic, while 14 percent believe that "very few" (13 percent) or none (1 percent) are anti-semitic. Closely parallel to this, 27 percent of American Jews view "most" (7 percent) or "many" (20 percent) "Blacks" as anti-semitic, while 16 percent see "very few" (15 percent) or "none" (1 percent) as such.

24 22 At the other end of the spectrum, "Asians" and "liberals" are seen by American Jews as the groups least likely to be anti-semitic. Only 6 percent of American Jews believe that "most" (3 percent) or "many" (3 percent) Asians are anti- Semitic, while 46 percent feel that "very few" (42 percent) or "none" (4 percent) are anti-semitic. As for "liberals," 8 percent of American Jews believe that "most" (2 percent) or "many" (6 percent) are anti-semitic, while 47 percent feel that "very few" (41 percent) or "none" (6 percent) are such. 4. Concern about the nature and extent of anti-semitism in the United States varies by subgroups of American Jews. The belief that anti-semitism is currently a "very serious problem" in the United States is more prevalent among those who are older (under percent; percent; percent), among those with lower incomes (<$30, percent; S30,000-49, percent; $50,000-74, percent; $75, percent), among those with less education (high school or less--57 percent; some college--42 percent; four years of college--37 percent; Figure 3. Proportion of Group Seen as "Most" Anti-Semitic 'I, C a) a) a Asians Moslems Religious Mainstream Hispanics Blacks Catholics Right Protestants

25 23 five or more years of higher education--30 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--45 percent; "fairly/not very important"--34 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"- 46 percent; "fairly close"--41 percent; "fairly/very distant-- 35 percent). Disagreement with the statement that "virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews" is more likely among women (men--44 percent; women--51 percent), among those who are older (under percent; percent; percent), among those with lower incomes (<$30, percent; $30,000-49, percent; $50,000-74, percent; $75, percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--sl percent; "fairly/not very important"--43 percent). The belief that "most" or "many" of "the Religious Right" are anti-semitic is more common among women (men--44 percent; women--51 percent), among those who are older (under percent; percent; percent), among liberals (liberal--55 percent; moderate--46 percent; conservative-- 37 percent), among Democrats and Independents (Democratic--53 percent; Republican--33 percent; Independent--47 percent), and among those who are Conservative or Reform (Orthodox--35 percent; Conservative--50 percent; Reform--53 percent; "Just Jewish"-- 41 percent).,,. i he belief that most or many Moslems are anti-semitic is more likely among those who are oldest (under percent; percent; percent), among conservatives (moderate--45 percent; liberal--46 percent; conservative--54 percent), among the Orthodox (Orthodox-- 62 percent; Conservative--49 percent; Reform--40 percent; "Just Jewish"--50 percent), and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--sl percent; "fairly close"-- 50 percent; "fairly/very distant"--40 percent). ",, ",,... i he belief that most or many Blacks are anti-semitic is more prevalent among those who are oldest (under percent; percent; percent), among those with less education (high school or less--38 percent;

26 24 some college--28 percent; four years ofcollege--31 percent; five or more years of higher education--19 percent), among conservatives (liberal--20 percent; moderate--29 percent; conservative--36 percent), and among the Orthodox (Orthodox--44 percent; Conservative--28 percent; Reform--23 percent; "Just Jewish"--27 percent). Opinions of Various Countries 1. American Jews are overwhelmingly favorable in their opinion of Israel. Saudi Arabia is the country about which American Jews have the most unfavorable opinion. Asked if their "overall opinion" of 13 countries is "very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable," 84 percent of American Jews answer favorable for Israel ("very favorable"--49 percent; "somewhat favorable"--35 percent), 4 percent unfavorable ("very unfavorable"-- 1 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--3 percent), 11 percent "neutral," and 1 percent "not sure." At the other end of the spectrum, 56 percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Saudi Arabia ("very unfavorable"--20 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--36 percent), 13 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--l percent; "somewhat favorable"--12 percent), 28 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." 2. Among European countries, American Jews have a more unfavorable than favorable opinion of Germany; have as favorable as unfavorable an opinion of Poland; and have a more favorable than unfavorable opinion of Switzerland. Thirty-five percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Germany ("very unfavorable"-- 11 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--24 percent), 29 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--4 percent, "somewhat favorable" --25 percent), 35 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." Twenty-seven percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Poland ("very unfavorable"--9 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--18 percent), 25

27 25 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--3 percent; "somewhat favorable" --22 percent), 45 percent are "neutral," and 3 percent are "not sure." Thirty-six percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Switzerland ("very favorable"--13 percent; "somewhat favorable"--23 percent), 30 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--8 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--22 percent), 31 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." Thirty-three percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of France ("very favorable"--7 percent; "somewhat favorable"--26 percent), 32 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"-- 7 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"-- 25 percent), 33 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." Thirty-one percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Russia ("very favorable"--2 percent; "somewhat favorable"--29 percent), 28 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--5 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--23 percent), 40 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." Figure 4. Very/Somewhat Favorable Opinion of Countries c Germany Swttzerland Poland

28 26 Twenty-six percent of American Jews have an unfavorable opinion of Ukraine ("very unfavorable"--6 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--20 percent), 20 percent a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--2 percent; "somewhat favorable" --18 percent), 48 percent are "neutral," and 6 percent are "not sure." The European country that is viewed most positively by American Jews is Denmark, with 55 percent expressing a favorable opinion ("very favorable"--28 percent; "somewhat favorable"--27 percent), 2 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--l percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--l percent), 40 percent a "neutral" opinion, and 4 percent "not sure." 3. A substantial majority of American Jews believe that Germany is making a sincere effort to come to grips with the Holocaust. As indicated, more American Jews have an unfavorable (35 percent) than a favorable (29 percent) opinion of Germany. Still, when presented with the statement "Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust," 68 percent of American Jews agree ("agree strongly"--16 percent; "agree somewhat"--52 percent), 28 percent disagree ("disagree strongly"--lo percent; "disagree somewhat"--18 percent), and 4 percent are "not sure. 4. Among Middle East countries, American Jews have a more favorable opinion of Egypt than ofjordan. Thirty-five percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Egypt ("very favorable"--3 percent; "somewhat favorable"--32 percent), 26 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--5 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--21 percent), 36 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure." Twenty-nine percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Jordan ("very favorable"-- 4 percent; "somewhat favorable"--25 percent), 38 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"-- 10 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--28 percent), 32 percent are "neutral," and 2 percent are "not sure."

29 27 5. With regard to Asia, American Jews have a far more favorable than unfavor able opinion ofjapan. In terms of North America, American Jews have an overwhelmingly favorable opinion of Canada. Forty-eight percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Japan ("very favorable"--9 percent; "somewhat favorable"--39 percent), 19 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorable"--3 percent; "somewhat unfavorable"--16 percent), 31 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." Eighty percent of American Jews have a favorable opinion of Canada ("very favorably"--49 percent, "somewhat favorably"--31 percent), 5 percent an unfavorable opinion ("very unfavorably"-- 1 percent; "somewhat unfavorably"--4 percent), 15 percent are "neutral," and 1 percent are "not sure." 6. American Jews have a far more favorable opinion of Israel than do Americans in general. American Jews have a far less favorable opinion of Germany, France, Russia, Egypt, and Japan than do Americans in general. In March 1996, the Gallup Organization fielded a question--"i'd like your opinion of some foreign countries. Is your overall opinion of [ I very favorable, mostly favorable, mostly unfavorable, or very unfavorable?"--which makes possible comparisons for a number of countries with the data obtained in the present survey. The picture that emerges is as follows: Israel: American Jews--total favorable: 84 percent; total unfavorable: 4 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 62 percent; total unfavorable: 29 percent; Germany: American Jews--total favorable: 29 percent; total unfavorable: 35 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 75 percent; total unfavorable: 16 percent; France: American Jews--total favorable: 33 percent; total unfavorable: 32 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 70 percent; total unfavorable: 20 percent;

30 28 Russia: American Jews--total favorable: 31 percent; total unfavorable: 28 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 52 percent; total unfavorable: 39 percent; E,g.t: American Jews--total favorable: 35 percent; total unfavorable: 26 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 58 percent; total unfavorable: 24 percent; Japan: American Jews--total favorable: 48 percent; total unfavorable: 19 percent; all Americans--total favorable: 65 percent; total unfavorable: 25 percent. 7. Various subgroups of American Jews differ in their opinions of individual countries. A "very favorable" opinion of Israel is more prevalent among those who are oldest (under percent; percent; percent), among those with more than a high school education (high school or less--37 percent; some college--51 percent; four years of college--53 percent; five or more years of higher education--51 percent), among those who are Orthodox or Conservative (Orthodox--68 percent; Conservative--65 percent; Reform--44 percent; "Just Jewish"--30 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish-- 56 percent; spouse not Jewish--32 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--64 percent; "fairly! not very important"--31 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close--81 percent; "fairly close"--52 percent; "fairly/very distant"-- 20 percent). A "very unfavorable/somewhat unfavorable" opinion of Saudi Arabia is more likely among women (women--64 percent; men--48 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--71 percent; Conservative--57 percent; Reform --55 percent; "Just Jewish"--54 percent), among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--62 percent; "fairly close"--57 percent; "fairly/very distant"--sl percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--61 percent; "fairly/not very important"--50 percent).

31 29 A "very unfavorable/somewhat unfavorable" opinion of Germany is more prevalent among women (women--39 percent; men--29 percent), among those who are older (under percent; percent; percent), among those with more than a high school education (high school or less--22 percent; some college--35 percent; four years of college--36 percent; five of more years of higher education--34 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--52 percent; Conservative--40 percent; Reform--26 percent; "Just Jewish"--35 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--39 percent; spouse not Jewish--20 percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important in their lives ("very important--42 percent; "fairly/not very important"--26 percent). A "very unfavorable/somewhat unfavorable" opinion of Poland is more likely among those who are oldest (under percent; percent; percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--54 percent; Conservative--31 percent; Reform--18 percent; "Just Jewish"--23 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--32 percent; spouse not Jewish--14 percent), and among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--34 percent; "fairly/not very important"--18 percent). A "very favorable/somewhat favorable" opinion of Japan is more prevalent among men (men--54 percent; women--42 percent), among those who are most educated (high school or less--37 percent; some college--47 percent; four years of college--44 percent; five or more years of higher education--56 percent), among those who are Reform (Orthodox--40 percent; Conservative--47 percent; Reform--54 percent; "Just Jewish"--45 percent), and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--49 percent; "fairly close"--52 percent; "fairly/ very distant"--42 percent). Jewish Identity 1. A majority of American Jews claim that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives.just over one in ten American Jews assert that beingjewish is "not very important" in their lives.

32 30 When asked "How important would you say being Jewish is in your life?" 55 percent of American Jews indicate "very important," 34 percent "fairly important," and 12 percent "not very important." The 55 percent figure for "very important" is lower than that obtained in a number of earlier American Jewish Committee surveys. Thus, in January 1996, the figures were 64 percent "very important," 29 percent "fairly important," and 7 percent "not very important"; in August 1995, the figures were 59 percent "very important," 32 percent "fairly important," and 8 percent "not sure." 2. American Jews rate "being part of the Jewish people" as the quality most important for personal Jewish identity; "celebration ofjewish holidays" is seen as the activity most important for personal Jewish identity Asked "Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity?" 47 percent of American Jews respond "being part of the Jewish people," 18 percent "a commitment to social justice," 16 percent "religious observance," 3 percent "support for Israel," 13 percent "something else," and 2 percent "not sure." The comparable figures in August 1995 were 51 percent, 17 percent, 17 percent, 12 percent, and 2 percent. Figure 5. Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly important Not very important

33 31 Presented with a list of five activities and asked to indicate the importance of each for their Jewish identity 71 percent of American Jews rate "celebration of Jewish holidays" as either "extremely important" (20 percent) or "very important" (51 percent). This is followed distantly by "Jewish study" ("extremely important"--12 percent; "very important"--31 percent), "participation in synagogue services" ("extremely important"--9 percent; "very important"--28 percent), "Jewish organizational activity" ("extremely important"--7 percent; "very important"--24 percent), and "travel to Israel" ("extremely important"--6 percent; "very important"-- 17 percent). 3. A majority of American Jews identify as Reform or Conservative. In the current survey, 9 percent of American Jews identify as Orthodox, 31 percent as Conservative, 32 percent as Reform, 26 percent as "Just Jewish," and 1 percent as Reconstructionist. In August 1995, the comparable figures were 8 percent, 36 percent, 32 percent, 23 percent, and 1 percent. 4. A majority of American Jews belong to a synagogue or temple. While a majority of American Jews attend synagogue services infrequently, the vast majority of American Jews assess their recent experiences with Jewish religious services favorably. In the current survey, 52 percent of American Jews report that they belong to a synagogue or temple, while 48 percent do not belong. When asked "How often do you attend synagogue services?" 33 percent of American Jews answer "high holidays and perhaps once or twice during the year," 32 percent "never or only on special occasions," 19 percent "monthly," and 16 percent "weekly or more." Asked "How would you characterize your recent experiences with Jewish religious services?" 87 percent of American Jews respond in positive terms ("strongly positive"--41 percent; "somewhat positive"--46 percent), 8 percent in negative terms ("somewhat negative"--7 percent, "strongly negative"-- 1 percent), 3 percent offer other responses, and 3 percent are "not sure." 5. In terms of religious beliefs, majorities of American Jews maintain that "there

34 32 is a God," that "God answers your prayers," that "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," and that "God dictated the Torah to Moses." Asked about their specific religious beliefs, 85 percent of American Jews maintain that "there is a God" ("definitely yes"--63 percent; "probably yes"--22 percent), 12 percent do not believe that there is a God ("definitely no"--3 percent; "probably no"--9 percent), and 3 percent are "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God will punish you for your sins," 43 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--16 percent; "probably yes"--27 percent), 53 percent no ("definitely no"--20 percent; "probably no"--33 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God answers your prayers," 65 percent of American Jews indicate yes ("definitely yes"--26 percent; "probably yes"--39 percent), 31 percent no ("definitely no"--ll percent; "probably no"--20 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," 63 percent of American Jews respond yes ("definitely yes"--32 percent; "probably yes"--31 percent), 33 percent no ("definitely no"-- 10 percent; "probably no"--23 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Finally, asked if they believe that "God dictated the Torah to Moses," 70 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--39 percent; "probably yes"-- 31 percent), 26 percent no ("definitely no"--9 percent; "probably no"--17 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." 6. Of those American Jews who are currently married, one in five report that their spouse is not Jewish. A majority of American Jews believe that anti- Semitism is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today than is intermarriage. In the present survey, among those American Jews who are currently married, 79 percent report having a Jewish spouse and 21 percent a non-jewish spouse. Asked "In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United

35 32 is a God," that "God answers your prayers," that "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," and that "God dictated the Torah to Moses." Asked about their specific religious beliefs, 85 percent of American Jews maintain that "there is a God" ("definitely yes"--63 percent; "probably yes"--22 percent), 12 percent do not believe that there is a God ("definitely no"--3 percent; "probably no"--9 percent), and 3 percent are "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God will punish you for your sins," 43 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--16 percent; "probably yes"--27 percent), 53 percent no ("definitely no"--20 percent; "probably no"--33 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if they believe that "God answers your prayers," 65 percent of American Jews indicate yes ("definitely yes"--26 percent; "probably yes"--39 percent), 31 percent no ("definitely no"--ll percent; "probably no"--20 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Asked if "God has a special relationship with the Jewish people," 63 percent of American Jews respond yes ("definitely yes"--32 percent; "probably yes"--31 percent), 33 percent no ("definitely no"--lo percent; "probably no"--23 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." Finally, asked if they believe that "God dictated the Torah to Moses," 70 percent of American Jews answer yes ("definitely yes"--39 percent; "probably yes"-- 31 percent), 26 percent no ("definitely no"--9 percent; "probably no"--17 percent), and 4 percent "not sure." 6. Of those American Jews who are currently married, one in five report that their spouse is not Jewish. A majority of American Jews believe that anti- Semitism is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today than is intermarriage. In the present survey, among those American Jews who are currently married, 79 percent report having a Jewish spouse and 21 percent a non-jewish spouse. Asked "In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United

36 33 States today--intermarriage or anti-semitism?" 61 percent of American Jews answer "anti-semitism," 32 percent "intermarriage," 4 percent volunteer "both equally," and 2 percent are "not sure." 7. A majority of American Jews take the position that the Jewish community today is "badly divided." Asked if they agree or disagree with the statement "Much talk is heard about Jewish unity, but the reality is that the Jewish community today is badly divided," 56 percent of American Jews respond "agree," 40 percent "disagree," and 4 percent "not sure." 8. A majority of American Jews maintain that Reform Judaism's "patrilineal descent" decision is "morally correct," and that it "strengthens the American Jewish community." At the same time, half of all American Jews believe that the decision "divides the American Jewish community" and "divides the Jewish people worldwide." Presented with a factual statement--"in 1983 the Reform movement of Judaism decided to define as a Jew anyone who met two conditions: He or she has (or had) one Jewish parent--either a Jewish mother or a Jewish father--and he or she was raised as a Jew. This has become known as the 'patrilineal descent' decision."--and then asked their reactions to it, 66 percent of American Jews "agree" that "the decision is morally correct," 29 percent "disagree," and 5 percent are "not sure"; 55 percent of American Jews "agree" that "the decision strengthens the American Jewish community," 39 percent "disagree," and 6 percent are "not sure"; 50 percent of American Jews agree that "the decision divides the American Jewish community," 45 percent "disagree," and 5 percent are "not sure"; and 50 percent "agree" that "the decision divides the Jewish people worldwide, especially between Israel and the Diaspora," 37 percent "disagree," and 13 percent are "not sure." 9. American Jews overwhelmingly support keeping the remembrance of the Holocaust strong. When asked "Some people say that 50 years after the end of World War II, it is

37 34 time to put the memory of the Holocaust behind us. Others say that we should keep the remembrance of the Holocaust strong, even after the passage of time. Which opinion comes closer to your opinion?" 94 percent of American Jews respond "keep remembrance strong," 5 percent "put memory behind us," and 1 percent "not sure." 10. Various subgroups of American Jews differ on the Jewish identity items. The feeling that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives is more prevalent among women (women--60 percent; men--49 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--97 percent; Conservative--73 percent; Reform--Si percent; "Just Jewish"--23 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--63 percent; spouse not Jewish--26 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"--90 percent; "fairly close"--56 percent; "fairly/very distant"--27 percent). The view that "being part of the Jewish people" is the most important element of personal Jewish identity is more common among Democrats (Democratic-- 54 percent; Republican--38 percent; Independent--4i percent), among those who are Conservative (Orthodox--29 percent; Conservative--56 percent; Reform--48 percent; "Just Jewish"--41 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--55 percent; "fairly/not very important"--38 percent), and among those who feel close to Israel ("very close"--53 percent; "fairly close"--52 percent; "fairly/very distant"--36 percent). The view that "a commitment to social justice" is the most important element of personal Jewish identity is more prevalent among those who are older (under 40--li percent; i percent; percent), among those who are liberal (liberal--24 percent; moderate-- 16 percent; conservative-- 13 percent), among those who are Reform or "Just Jewish" (Orthodox--2 percent; Conservative--13 percent; Reform--24 percent; "Just Jewish"--24 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "fairly/not very important" ("very important"--i2 percent; "fairly/not very important"--27 percent), and among those who feel "fairly close" to, or "fairly/very distant" from, Israel ("very

38 35 close"-- 11 percent; "fairly close"--20 percent; "fairly/very distant"--22 percent). The view that "religious observance" is the most important element of personal Jewish identity is more common among those who are younger (under percent; percent; O percent), among those who are political conservatives (liberal - 12 percent; moderate-- 14 percent; conservative--25 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--57 percent; Conservative-- 19 percent; Reform-- 12 percent; "Just Jewish"--5 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish-- 19 percent; spouse not Jewish--7 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important"--22 percent; "fairly/not very important"- -9 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"--22 percent; "fairly close"--15 percent; "fairly/very distant"--14 percent). The belief that anti-semitism and not intermarriage is the "greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today" is more prevalent among those with less education (high school or less--71 percent; some college--64 percent; four years of college--61 percent; five or more years of higher education--44 percent), among those who are Reform or "Just Jewish" ("Orthodox--17 percent; Conservative--SO percent; Reform--74 percent; "Just Jewish"-- 75 percent), among those with a spouse who is not Jewish (spouse Jewish--53 percent; spouse not Jewish--82 percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "fairly/not very important" ("very important"- -50 percent; "fairly/not very important"--75 percent) and among those who feel "fairly close" to, or "fairly/very distant" from, Israel ("very close"--41 percent; "fairly close"--61 percent; "fairly/very distant"--77 percent). The belief that intermarriage and not anti-semitism is the "greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today" is more common among those with a college education or more (high school or less--24 percent; some college--28 percent; four years of college--35 percent; four or more years of higher education--48 percent), among those who are Orthodox (Orthodox--70 percent; Conservative--43 percent; Reform--23 percent; "Just Jewish"--18 percent), among those with a Jewish spouse (spouse Jewish--41 percent; spouse not

39 36 Jewish--lO percent), among those who feel that being Jewish is "very important" in their lives ("very important--43 percent; "fairly/not very important"-- 20 percent), and among those who feel "very close" to Israel ("very close"--52 percent; "fairly close"--32 percent; "fairly/very distant"--17 percent).

40 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Survey Questionnaire 1997 National Survey of American Jews (All responses in percents*) February 3-11, To begin, how close do you feel to Israel? Very close 23 Fairly close 46 Fairly distant 23 Very distant 8 Not sure 0 2. Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither? Becoming closer 31 Drifting apart 13 Neither 54 Not sure 3 3. In May 1996, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Do you support or oppose the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs? Support 61 Oppose 24 Not sure Do you support or oppose the newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and the Palestinians? Support 59 Oppose 19 Not sure As compared with one year ago, are you now more optimistic about the chance for a lasting peace between Israel and the Arabs, less optimistic, or do you think the chance for a lasting peace is about the same as it was one year ago? More optimistic now 17 Less optimistic now 23 Same as one year ago 58 Not sure 1 *Note: Due to rounding, not all items add to 100 percent. 39

41 40 6. To what extent do each of the following Arab leaders support or oppose peace with Israel? Does (INSERT NAME) strongly support peace with Israel, somewhat support peace with Israel, somewhat oppose peace with Israel, or strongly oppose peace with Israel? Strong- Some- Some- Strongly what what ly Not support support oppose oppose sure a. President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt b. President Hafez Assad of Syria c. King Hussein of Jordan d. PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- unfa- unfa- Not able able vorable vorable sure a. Israel's Labor Party 7 b. Israel's Likud Party 7 c. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 22 d. Opposition leader Shimon Peres 20 e. West Bank settlers 11 f. Secular or nonreligious Israelis 21 g. Modern Orthodox Israelis 12 h. Ultra-Orthodox Israelis 7 i. Israeli Arabs Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel?" Agree Disagree Not sure

42 41 9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel. Agree 55 Disagree 42 Not sure How would you characterize relations between Israel and the United States today? Are they very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or very negative? Very positive 23 Somewhat positive 67 Somewhat negative 9 Very negative 0 Not sure Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent 0 Good 15 Only fair 64 Poor 20 Not sure Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent 3 Good 37 Only fair 50 Poor 9 Not sure 1

43 How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "In order to make up for past discrimination and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy." Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly? Agree strongly 8 Agree somewhat 20 Neither agree nor disagree 11 Disagree somewhat 29 Disagree strongly 31 Mixed, other responses Not sure How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country." Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly? Agree strongly 14 Agree somewhat 22 Neither agree nor disagree 12 Disagree somewhat 23 Disagree strongly 28 Not sure 15. Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances? Legal under any circumstances 60 Legal only under certain circumstances 33 Illegal in all circumstances 6 Not sure 16. Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools? Favor 32 Oppose 63 Not sure 5

44 Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot? Increased a lot 3 Increased a little 12 Left the same as it is now 48 Decreased a little 18 Decreased a lot 16 Not sure Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder? Favor 80 Oppose 16 Not sure In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent? Republican 15 Democrat 54 Independent 29 Not sure I'm going to read you a list of political views that people might hold. They are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place yourself on this scale? Extremely liberal 4 Liberal 17 Slightly liberal 17 Moderate, middle of the road 35 Slightly conservative 13 Conservative 11 Extremely conservative 2 Not sure In the November 1996 presidential election, did you vote for Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Ross Perot, or did you not vote? (Percentages based upon those respondents who reported voting) Clinton 76 Dole 17 Perot 5 Other candidate (VOL.) 2

45 Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your overall opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- Neu- unfa- unfa- Not able able tral vorable vorable sure a. Canada b. Saudi Arabia c. Germany d. Jordan e. Switzerland f. Poland g. Israel h. Egypt i. Japan j. Denmark k. Russia I. France m. Ukraine How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life? Very important 55 Fairly important 34 Not very important 12 Not sure Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity? Being part of the Jewish people 47 Religious observance 16 Support for Israel 3 A commitment to social justice 18 Something else 13 Not sure 2

46 In 1983 the Reform movement of Judaism decided to define as a Jew anyone who met two conditions: He or she has (or had) one Jewish parent -- either a Jewish mother or a Jewish father -- and he or she was raised as a Jew. This has become known as the "patrilineal descent' decision. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Agree Disagree Not sure a. The decision strengthens the American Jewish community b. The decision divides the American Jewish community c. The decision is morally correct d. The decision divides the Jewish people worldwide, especially between Israel and the Diaspora Please rate the importance of each of the following to your Jewish identity, indicating whether it is extremely important, very important, somewhat important, or not important. Ex- Sometremely Very what Not impor- impor- impor- important tant tant tant a. Participation in synagogue services b. Jewish study c. Travel to Israel d. Jewish organizational activity e. Celebration of Jewish holidays Do you think of yourself as... Orthodox 9 Conservative 31 Reconstructionjst 1 Reform 32 Just Jewish 26

47 How often do you attend synagogue services? Never or only on special occasions 32 High holidays and perhaps once or twice during the year 33 Monthly 19 Weekly or more 16 Refused Do you belong to a synagogue or temple? Yes 52 No Would you characterize your recent experiences with Jewish religious services as strongly positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or strongly negative? Strongly positive 41 Somewhat positive 46 Somewhat negative 7 Strongly negative 1 Other/mixed 3 Not sure In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the United States today--intermarriage or anti-semitism? Intermarriage 32 Anti-Semitism 61 Both equally (VOL.) 4 Not sure Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Much talk is heard about Jewish unity, but the reality is that the Jewish community today is badly divided." Agree 56 Disagree 40 Not sure Do you think that anti-semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all? Very serious problem 40 Somewhat of a problem 55 Not a problem at all 5 Not sure 1

48 Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti- Semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly? Increase greatly 8 Increase somewhat 31 Remain the same 48 Decrease somewhat 9 Decrease greatly 1 Not sure In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic -- most, many, some, very few, or none? Very Not Most Many Some few None sure a. Asians b. Moslems c. Hispanics d. Blacks e. TheReligiousRight f. Liberals g. Conservatives h. Catholics i. Mainstream Protestants j. FundamentalistProtestants Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: "Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews?" Agree 51 Disagree 47 Not sure Some people say that 50 years after the end of World War II, it is time to put the memory of the Holocaust behind us. Others say that we should keep the remembrance of the Holocaust strong, even after the passage of time. Which opinion comes closer to your opinion? Put memory behind us 5 Keep remembrance strong 94 Not sure

49 Please tell me if you agree strongly, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement: 'Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust." Agree strongly 16 Agree somewhat 52 Disagree somewhat 18 Disagree strongly 10 Not sure Do you definitely, probably, probably not, or definitely not believe that. Defi- Prob- Prob- Definitely ably ably nitely Not yes yes not not sure a. There is a God? b. God will punish you for yoursins? c. God answers your prayers? d. God has a special relationship with the Jewish people? e. God dictated the Torah to Moses? Are you currently married? Yes 74 No (IF YES IN Q. 40, ASK:) Is your spouse Jewish? Yes - spouse Jewish 79 No - spouse not Jewish What is your age as of your last birthday? Under orover 13 Refused 0

50 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITFEE Social and Political Questions: Comparative Data from AJC-Sponsored Surveys (All responses in percents*) American Religious Other Jews Right Americans (Religious Right excluded) 1. Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent Good Only fair Poor Not sure 0 ** ** Note: In 1996, the item read Do you think relations between the different racial and ethnic groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" 2. Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States are excellent, good, only fair, or poor? Excellent Good Only fair Poor Not sure ** ** 1 3. Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances? Legal under any circumstances 60 Legal only under certain 6 31 circumstances Illegal in all circumstances Not sure ** 1 14 ** 4. In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent? Republican Democrat Independent Notsure Note: "1997 American Jews" refers to data from the current survey. The data for "1996 Religious Right" and "1996 Other Americans (Religious Right excluded)" are taken from an AJC-sponsored survey conducted by the Gallup Institute and reported in Tom W. Smith A Survey of the Religious Right (American Jewish Committee, 1996). * Note: Due to rounding, not all columns add to 100 percent. ** Note: Indicates that Not sure" responses were removed from the item. 49

51 American Religious Other Jews Right Americans (Religious Right excluded) 5. Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot? Increased a lot Increased a little Left the same as it is now Decreased a little Decreased a lot Not sure 3 ** ** 6. I'm going to read you a list of political views that people might hold. They are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place yourself on this scale? Extremely liberal Liberal Slightly liberal Moderate, middle of the road Slightly conservative Conservative Extremely conservative Notsure American Jews Overall vote 7. Vote in 1996 Presidential election Clinton Dole Perot 5 9

52 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITFEE Israel and Jewish Identity Questions: Comparative Data from AJC-Sponsored Surveys (All responses in percents*) 1.How close do you feel to Israel? Very close Fairly close Fairly distant Very distant Notsure Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither? Becomingcloser ** ** Drifting apart ** ** Neither ** ** Not sure ** ** 3a.What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Benjamin Netanyahu Favorable ** ** ** Unfavorable ** ** ** Not sure 6 26 ** ** ** Note: The 1997 survey referred to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu," while the 1996 survey referred to "Opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu. 3b.What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Shimon Peres Favorable ** ** ** Unfavorable 21 8 ** ** Not sure 12 7 ** ** ** Note: The 1997 survey referred to "Opposition leader Shimon Peres," while the 1996 survey referred to Prime Minister Shimon Peres." 4. American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel. Agree 31 ** Disagree 67 ** Notsure 2 ** * Note: Due to rounding, not all columns add to 100 percent. ** Note: Identical question not asked that year. 51

53 Regardless of their individual views on the negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel. Agree ** ** Disagree ** ** Not sure ** ** Note: In 1995 and 1996, the item read "Regardless of their individual views on the peace process, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel." 6. How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life? Very important Fairly important Not very important Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity? Being part of the Jewish people 47 ** 51 ** ** Religious observance 16 ** 17 ** ** Support for Israel 3 ** 2 ** A commitment to social justice 18 ** 17 ** ** Somethingelse 13 ** 12 ** ** Not sure 2 ** 2 ** ** 8. Do you belong to a synagogue or temple? Yes No Do you think of yourself as... Orthodox Conservative Reconstructionist Reform Just Jewish If married, is your spouse Jewish? Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish

54 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Survey Questions February 1997 Subgroup Data Table 1 "How close do you feel to Israel?" (in percents) Very Fairly Fairly Very Not Subgroup close close distant distant sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spousenotiewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Il 4 0 Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

55 54 Table 2 "Looking ahead 3 to 5 years, do you see Jews in Israel and in the United States becoming closer, drifting apart, or neither?" (in percents) Becoming Drifting Not Subgroup closer apart Neither sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

56 55 Table 3 "In May 1996, Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Do you support or oppose the Netanyahu government's current handling of the peace negotiations with the Arabs?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Support Oppose sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, Il $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican II Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

57 56 Table 4 "Do you support or oppose the newly signed Hebron agreement between Israel and he Palestinians?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Support Oppose sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

58 57 Table S "As compared with one year ago, are you now more optimistic about the chance for a lasting peace between Israel and the Arabs, less optimistic, or do you think the chance for a lasting peace is about the same as it was one year ago?" (in percents) More Less Same as optimistic optimistic one year Not Subgroup now now ago sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant l IS Is

59 58 Table 6 "To what extent does (INSERT NAME) support or oppose peace with Israel? Does he strongly support peace with Israel, somewhat support peace with Israel, somewhat oppose peace with Israel, or strongly oppose peace with Israel? PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat" (in percents) Strongly Somewhat Somewhat Strongly Not Subgroup support support oppose oppose sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under IS Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative II Political Party Republican Democrat IS 6 Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish II 20 8 Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

60 59 Table 7 "What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu" (in percents) Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- unfa- unfa- Not Subgroup able able vorable vorable sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent II 5 7 Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish IS 5 10 Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

61 60 Table 8 "What is your impression of the following leaders and groups in Israel? Opposition leader Shimon Peres" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very favor- favor- unfa- unfa- Not Subgroup able able vorable vorable sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, IS 2 3 Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican II II Democrat Il Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform IS Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

62 61 Table 9 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'American Jews should not publicly criticize the policies of the government of Israel'?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Agree Disagree sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

63 62 Table 10 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'Regardless of their individual views on the peace negotiations with the Arabs, American Jews should support the policies of the duly elected government of Israel'?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Agree Disagree sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

64 63 Table 11 "How would you characterize relations between Israel and the United States today? Are they very positive, somewhat positive, somewhat negative, or very negative?" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very Not Subgroup positive positive negative negative sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under4O II Income <$30, $30,000-49, I 0 $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox I Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

65 64 Table 12 "Do you think relations between the different racial groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" (in percents) Subgroup Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Excel- Only Not lent Good fair Poor sure 0 IS I II I I I I

66 65 Table 13 "Do you think relations between the different religious groups in the United States today are excellent, good, only fair, or poor?" (in percents) Excel. Only Not Subgroup lent Good fair Poor sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, Il 0 $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

67 66 Table 14 "How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'In order to make up for past discrimination and create a level playing field, women, blacks, and members of other disadvantaged groups should receive special consideration in hiring and promotion as a matter of policy.' Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly?" (in percents) Neither Dis. Dis. Mixed Agree Agree agree agree agree other strong. some nor some- strong- re- Not Subgroup ly what disagree what ly sponses sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 9 24 Some college 9 18 Four years of college 4 17 Five or more years of higher education 6 22 Political Ideology Liberal Moderate 5 16 Conservative 4 12 Political Party Republican 1 10 Democrat Independent 5 14 Denomination Orthodox 7 20 Conservative 8 19 Reform 8 20 Just Jewish 7 19 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 7 19 Spouse not Jewish 7 21 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 9 21 Fairly/not very important 6 18 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant 8 20 II II I I 21 I 0 30 I 0 49 I Il I

68 67 Table 15 "How much do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'We have gone too far in pushing equal rights in this country.' Do you agree strongly, agree somewhat, neither agree nor disagree, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly?" (in percents) Neither Dis- Dis- Agree Agree agree agree agree strong- some- nor some- strong- Not Subgroup ly what disagree what ly sure Total I Sex Male Female Age Under II Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education II Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat II Independent I Denomination Orthodox Conservative I Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

69 68 Table 16 "Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances?" (in percents) Legal Legal only Illegal under any under cer- in all circum- tam circum- circum- Not Subgroup stances stances stances sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under4O In come <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

70 69 Table 17 "Do you favor or oppose government aid to parochial or other religious schools?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Favor Oppose sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

71 70 Table 18 "Do you think the number of immigrants from foreign countries who are permitted to come to the United States to live should be increased a lot, increased a little, left the same as it is now, decreased a little, or decreased a lot?" (in percents) In- In- Left the Dc- Decreased creased a same as creased creased Not Subgroup a lot little it is now a little a lot sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 2 Some college 3 Four years of college 2 Five or more years of higher education 4 Political Ideology Liberal 4 Moderate 2 Conservative 2 Political Party Republican 3 Democrat 4 Independent 3 Denomination Orthodox 5 Conservative 3 Reform 3 Just Jewish 3 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 2 Spouse not Jewish 3 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 4 Fairly/not very important 2 Closeness to Israel Very close 5 Fairly close 3 Fairly/very distant Il

72 71 Table 19 "Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Favor Oppose sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under i Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close 81 IS 4 Fairly/very distant

73 72 Table 20 "In politics, as of today, do you consider yourself a Republican, a Democrat, or an Independent?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Republican Democrat Independent sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under i Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

74 73 Table 21 "I'm going to read you a list of political views that people might hold. They are arranged from extremely liberal to extremely conservative. Where would you place yourself on this scale?" (in percents) Moderate, middle of Not Subgroup Liberal the road Conservative sure Total Sex Male Female l9 1 Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Note: The liberal column is the total of extremely liberal, liberal, and slightly liberal. The conservative column is the total of slightly conservative, conservative, and extremely conservative.

75 74 Table 22 "In the November 1996 presidential election, did you vote for Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Ross Perot, or did you not vote?" (in percents) Other Subgroup Clinton Dole Perot candidate Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, ,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate 83 II 5 Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Note: Percentages based upon those respondents who reported voting. "Other candidate" is a volunteered response.

76 75 Subgroup Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Table 23 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Germany" (in percents) Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not able able tral able able sure Il II II

77 76 Table 24 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Switzerland" (in percents) Very Some what Some. what Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 10 Some college 13 Four years of college 19 Five or more years of higher education 10 Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 11 Spouse not Jewish 19 Importance of Being Jewish Very important II Fairly/not very important 16 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Il II Il , Il

78 77 Table 25 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Poland" (in percents) Very Some. what Somewhat Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox I Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Il 5 3

79 78 Table 26 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Israel" (in percents) Some- Some- Very what what Very favor- favor. Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Ii 3 I I Sex Male Female I 2 Age Under I Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative I 1 Political Party Republican I 1 0 Democrat I Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

80 79 Table 27 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Japan" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important 12 Fairly/not very important 7 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant I II II I

81 80 Table 28 "Next, I would like your opinion of some countries today. Is your opinion of (INSERT COUNTRY) very favorable, somewhat favorable, neutral, somewhat unfavorable, or very unfavorable? Russia" (in percents) Very Somewhat Somewhat Very favor- favor- Neu- unfavor- unfavor- Not Subgroup able able tral able able sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important 2 Fairly/not very important I Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant I I I

82 81 Table 29 "How important would you say being Jewish is in your own life?" (in percents) Not Very Fairly very Not Subgroup important important important sure Total Sex Male Female Ii 0 Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college ii 0 Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative ii Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform II 0 Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

83 82 Table 30 "Which one of the following qualities do you consider most important to your Jewish identity?" (in percents) Being Reli- A cornpart of gious Support mitment Somethe Jewish obser- for to social thing Not Subgroup people vance Israel justice else sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox 29 Conservative 56 Reform 48 Just Jewish 41 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 50 Spouse not Jewish 40 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 55 Fairly/not very important 38 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant l lo l Ii l

84 83 Table 31 "In your opinion, which is a greater threat to Jewish life in the U nited States today--intermarriage or anti-semitism?" (in percents) Inter- Anti- Both Not Subgroup marriage Semitism equally sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Just Jewish Reform I Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Note: "Both equally "is a volunteered response.

85 84 Table 32 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'Much talk is heard about Jewish unity, but the reality is that the Jewish community today is badly divided'?" (in percents) Not Subgroup Agree Disagree sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, ,000-49, $50,000-74, , Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

86 85 Table 33 "Do you think that anti-semitism in the United States is currently a very serious problem, somewhat of a problem, or not a problem at all?" (in percents) Very Some- Not serious what of a problem Not Subgroup problem a problem at all sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

87 86 Table 34 "Looking ahead over the next several years, do you think that anti- Semitism in the United States will increase greatly, increase somewhat, remain the same, decrease somewhat, or decrease greatly?" (in percents) In- De- In- crease Remain crease Decrease some- the some- crease Not Subgroup greatly what same what greatly sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant I II II II II II I

88 87 Table 35 "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic most, many, some, very few, or none? Moslems" (in percents) Subgroup Most Many Some Very few None Not sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under I Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, I 6 Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox I 12 Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important I 9 Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

89 88 Table 36 "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic most, many, some, very few, or none? Blacks" (in percents) Very Not Subgroup Most Many Some few None sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox 13 Conservative 6 Reform 5 Just Jewish 8 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 8 Spouse not Jewish 5 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 8 Fairly/not very important 6 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant I I I I I I II I 4 II I I Il I I 6

90 89 Table 37 "In your opinion, what proportion of each of the following groups in the United States is anti-semitic most, many, some, very few, or none? The Religious Right" (in percents) Very Not Subgroup Most Many Some few None sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30,000 $30,000-49,999 $50,000-74,999 $75,000+ Education High school or less 24 Some college 22 Four years of college 23 Five or more years of higher education 18 Political Ideology Liberal 26 Moderate 21 Conservative 17 Political Party Republican 14 Democrat 25 Independent 21 Denomination Orthodox 17 Conservative 22 Reform 25 Just Jewish 19 Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 22 Spouse not Jewish 23 Importance of Being Jewish Very important 25 Fairly/not very important 18 Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant Il I I I II I I !

91 90 Table 38 "Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: 'Virtually all positions of influence in the United States are open to Jews'?" (in percents) Subgroup Not Agree Disagree sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

92 91 Table 39 "Some people say that 50 years after the end of World War II, it is time to put the memory of the Holocaust behind us. Others say that we should keep the remembrance of the Holocaust strong, even after the passage of time. Which opinion comes closer to your opinion?" (in percents) Keep Put the rememmemory brance Not Subgroup behind us strong sure Total 5 94 Sex Male 5 94 Female 6 93 Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less 8 91 Some college Four years of college 2 98 Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal 3 96 Moderate 7 92 Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat 4 95 Independent 7 92 Denomination Orthodox Conservative 3 97 Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish 4 95 Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very dose Fairly close Fairly/very distant II 88

93 92 Table 40 "Please tell me if you agree strongly, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat, or disagree strongly with the following statement: 'Germany today is making a sincere effort to deal with the legacy of the Holocaust'." (in percents) Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Not Subgroup strongly somewhat somewhat strongly sure Total Sex Male Female Age Under Income <$30, $30,000-49, $50,000-74, $75, Education High school or less Some college Four years of college Five or more years of higher education Political Ideology Liberal IS Moderate Conservative Political Party Republican Democrat Independent Il 3 Denomination Orthodox Conservative Reform Just Jewish Marital Status (if married) Spouse Jewish Spouse not Jewish Importance of Being Jewish Very important Fairly/not very important Closeness to Israel Very close Fairly close Fairly/very distant

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