Vilniaus katedra The Cathedral of Vilnius

Transcription

1 Vilniaus katedra The Cathedral of Vilnius

2 Devintoji pamoka Lesson 9 SEKMADIENIS Rytoj sekmadienis. Man nereikes eiti i universitetq. Rytoj mes visi eisime i baznyciq, kuf mes melsimes if giedosime. Jeigu bus grazus oras, tai mes po pamald4 vaziuosime i kaimq. Kaime gyvena mllsl! senelis ir senele. Jie turi grazl! tiki prie Nemuno. Mes juos aplankysime if su jais pasikalbesime. Jie mums duos mazq kaciukq, kuri mes parsivesime i miestq. Rytoj vakare mes eisime i miesto parkq, kuf bus grazus koncertas. Mes sedesime parke if klausysimes muzikos. Bus grazi naktis, danguje plauks menulis, mes busime labai laimingi. Nakti, kai senas Vilnius miegos, mes eisime namo sena gatve pro universitetq, pro katedrq, pro Gedimino kalnq. VOCABULARY ryt6j - tomorrow sekmadienis -i o (1) - Sunday man nereikl!s - I won't have to bazny ia (1) - church metstis (meldziuosi, meldziasi, meldesi) - to pray gied6ti (giedu, gieda, gied6jo) - to sing (hymns) jeigu - if tai (conjunction) - so then pl5 (prep. with gen.) - after pamaldq (gen. plur.) - (religious) service kaimas (1) - village senihis -io (2) - grandfather senihe (2) - grandmother ka iukas (diminutive of katl!) - kitten parsivezti (parslvezu, parslveza, parslveze) - to bring along (in a vehicle) ryt6j vakare - tomorrow evening parkas (1) - park koncertas (2) - concert sedeti (smziu, smi, smejo) - to sit (I.e. to be in the sitting position) klausyti (klausaq, klaiiso, klause) - to listen to klausytis (klausallsi, klallsosi, klatlsesi) - to listen to dang us (4) - sky, heaven menu lis -io (2) - moon 76

3 Okis -io (1) - farm prie (prep. with gen.) - on, by, at Nemunas (3b) - Nemunas (Niemen, Memel), a river in Lithuania aplankyti (aplankau, aplafiko, aplafik e) - to visit pasikalbeti (pasikalbu, paslkalba, pasikalmjo) - to have a talk, chat laimingi (nom. plur. masc.) - happy nakti - at night, during the night mieg6tl (miegu, miega, mieg6jo) to sleep pr6 (prep. with acc.) - past katedra (1) - cathedral Gedimlnas - Gediminas, grand duke (king) of Lithuania ( ) 9.1 The Future Tense. GRAMMAR Examples of the future tense are given below: dirbti 'to work' (1st conjugation) Singular Plural 1) as dirbsiu -siu mes dirbsime -sime 2) ttl dirbsi -si jus dirbsite -site 3) jis, ji difbs -s jie, jos dirbs -s myleti 'to love' (2nd conjugation) Singular Plural 1) as, " mylesiu -siu mes mylesime -sime 2) ttl mylesi -si jus mylesite -site 3) jis, ji myles -s jie, jos myles -s skaityti 'to read' (3'rd conjugation) Singular 1) as skaitysiu -siu 2) ttl skaitysi -si 3) jis, ji skaitys -s Plural mes skaitysime -sime jus skaitysite -site jie, jos skaitys -s A) As can be seen from the above examples the future tense is formed by dropping the -ti from the infinitive and adding the appropriate future tense endings. B) The stress is always on the same syllable as in the infinitive. In the 3rd person an acute (in case of u and i, it is u and i) is replaced by a circumflex stress. C) Some verbs with a monosyllabic stem shorten the root vowel in the 3rd person, e.g. b'ilti 'to be' which has the future con- 76

4 jugation busiu, busi, bus, etc. or dygti 'to germinate' which has the future conjugation dygsiu, dygsi, digs, etc. D) Certain consonantal contractions are characteristic of the future tense: s+s=s; s+s= s; z+s= s; z+s=s. Examples: mesti 'to throw' nesti 'to carry' Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 mesiu < mes+siu mesime 1 nesiu < nes+siu nesime 2 mesi < mes+si mesite 2 nesi < nes+si nesite 3 mes < mes+s 3 nes < nes+s zirzti 'to whine' vezti 'to transport' Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 zirsiu < zirz+siu zirsime 1 vesiu < vez+siu vesime 2 zirsi < zirz+si zirsite 2 vesi < vez+si vesite 3 zirs < zirz+s 3 ves < vez+s 9.2 The Future of the Reflexive Verbs. An example of the reflexive future conjugation is given below: skaitytis 'to reckon with': Singular 1) 2) 3) as skaitysiuos(i) tu skaitysies(i) jis, ji skaitysis -siuosi -siesi -sis Plural mes skaitysimes jus skaitysites jie, jos skaitysis -simes -sites The reflexive endings of the future are very similar to those of the present tense (see Lesson 7). The 3rd person is different. 9.2,1 Just as in the past tense (see 8.3) in compound and negated reflexive verbs the reflexive particle -si- is inserted between the prefix (or negative particle) and the verbal stem: 1) 2) 3) susitikti 'to meet' Singular Plural as su-si-tiksiu tu su-si-tiksi jis, ji su-si-tiks mes su-si-tiksime jus su-si-tiksite jie, jos su-si-tiks 77

5 1) 2) 3) nesisukti 'not to turn (around)' as ne-si-suksiu tu ne-si-suksi jis, ji ne-si-suks mes ne-si-suksime jus ne-si-suksite jie, jos ne-si-suks In ordinary orthography the hyphen is not written between the elements of the verb. Here we have put it in so that the student may more clearly see the formation of the reflexive. 9.3 Principal Parts of the Verb. From now on the vocabulary will list after each verb the socalled principal parts from which all the other verbal forms can be derived. Examples: Infinitive 1 st present 3rd present 3rd past 3rd future dirbti 'to work' dirbu dirba dirbo difbs ruosti 'to prepare' ruosiu ruosia ruose ruos myleti 'to love' my-iiu my-ii mylejo myles rasy-ti 'to write' rasau raso rase rasys skaity-ti 'to read' skaitaii skaito skaite skaitys bilti 'to be' esu yra buvo bus eiti 'togo' einu eina ejo eis In Lithuanian grammars intended for Lithuanians, usually only the infinitive, the 3'rd present and the 3rd past are listed. 9.4 Word Order. The common word order in Lithuanian is: subject, verb, direct or indirect object, adverb, infinitive and then the other pa~ ts of the sentence. Examples: As rasaii. ltiiskq br6liui. - I am writing a letter to my brother. or As ras'aii. jam ltiiskq. - I am writing him a letter. However, such a word order is not by any means necessary, because in Lithuanian the word order is free. Therefore it is possible to say: 78

6 (1) As turiit. jam siafidien rasyti zaiskq. or (2) As turiit. rasyti jam laiskq siafidien. or (3 ) As turiit. jam laiskq siafidien rasyti. or (4 ) As turiit. jam siafidien lciiskq rasyti. - 'I must write him a letter today.' The word in any position may receive the logical emphasis of the sentence. 9.4,1 In Lithuanian an interrogative sentence is indicated by the sentence intonation or else by the particle at in sentence initial position: 1) Tit. buvai viikar mieste? - Were you in the city yesterday? 2) AT tit. buvai viikar mieste? - (" ") An interrogative adverb of some sort may also introduce an interrogative sentence. Examples: 1) Kada tit. buvai mieste? - When were you in the city? 2) Kur gyvena tavo tevas? - Where does your father live? 3) Kas giili man pasakyti, kut yra viesbutis "Europa"? Who can tell me where the hotel "Europe" is? 9.4,2 In dependent clauses the word order is very similar to that of the main clause. Examples: 1) As zinau, kad tit. viikar buvai mieste. I know that you were in the city yesterday. 2) As zinau, kad viikar tit. buvai mieste. I know that yesterday you were in the city. 3) As zinau, kad tit. buvai viikar mieste. I know that you were in the city yesterday. 9.5 'I need, I have to', etc. To express obligation one can use the verb tureti 'to have, to have to'. Examples: 1) As turiit. eiti namo. - I have to (must) go home. 2) As turejau eiti namo. - I had to go home. 3) As turesiu eiti namo. - I shall have to go home. 79

7 To express need or necessity the verb reiketi 'to be necessary' is used. The logical subject is in the dative case. Examples: 1) Man reikia eiti nama. - I have to (need to) go home. 2. Man reikejo eiti nama. - I had to (needed to) go home. 3. Man reikes eiti nama. - I shall have to (shall need to) go home. 4) Mimo broliui reikes eiti nama. - My brother shall have to go home. EXERCISES A. Questions. 1. Kada man reikes eiti i universitetq? 2. Kur mes rytoj eisime? 3. Kas gyvena kaime? 4. Kij jie turi namie? 5. Kur yra j4 ukis? 6. Kij jie mums duas rytoj? 7. Kur mes eisime rytoj vakare? 8. Kij mes darysime parke? 9. Kokia bus naktis? 10. Kur bus memulis? B. Give the future conjugation of the following verbs: noreti, rasyti, kasti (kas+siu=kasiu), sodinti, plaukti, parasyti. C. Put all of the ; f a I; ci z ed forms in the future tense: 1. As turejau eiti nama. 2. M~mo brolis yra studefitas. 3. Mes esame labai laimingi. 4. Mes einame pra Gedimino kalnq. 5. As rasau laiskq. D. Fill in the blanks: 1. As (have to) eiti nama. 2. Man (have to) skaityti laiskq. 3. Mes (have to) vaziuoti nama. 4. Mums (have to) vaziuoti nama. 5. As (must) kalbeti lietuviskai. E. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. I will go to school tomorrow. 2. We will read the letter. 3. We will live in the city. 4. He will work the whole day (visq dienll). 5. I will read a book. 6. They will visit grandmother and grandfather. 7. There will be a concert in the park. 8. I have to go home. 9. We will have to go home. 10. We must read a book. CONVERSATION AR JuS KALBATE LIETUVISKAI? Mokytojas: 1. Ar jus [esate] lietuvis ar amerikietis? Mokinys: 2. As esu amerikietis, bet noriu ismokti lietuviskai. Mokytojas: 3. Ar jus jau gerai kalbate lietuviskai? Mokinys: 4. Dabar dar gerai negaliu kalbeti lietuviskai. 80

8 Mokytojas: Mokinys: Mokytojas: Mokinys: Mokytojas: Mokinys: Taip, mes dabaf kalbesime khiseje tik lietuviskai. Rasysime if skaitysime taip pat tik lietuviskai. Labai gerai. T6kiu biidu mes gerai ism6ksime lietuviskai. o kaip jus kalbate namie? Namie mes kalbame angliskai, nes mano tevai lietuviskai nem6ka. Galla. Jus negalesite namie kalbeti lietuviskai... Bet gal if jie ismoks lietuviskai kalbeti. As juos ism6kysiu! DO YOU SPEAK LITHUANIAN? NOTES: l Are you a Lithuanian or an American? I am an American, but I want to learn Lithuanian. Do you already speak Lithuanian well? Now I still cannot speak Lithuanian well... Yes, from now on we shall speak only Lithuanian in class. We will read and write only in Lithuanian, too. Very well. In this way we will learn Lithuanian well! [And] what language (literally: how) do you speak at home? At home we speak English because my parents don't know Lithuanian. That's too bad. You will not be able to speak Lithuanian at home. But perhaps they will learn Lithuanian too. I will teach them! 2. i~m6kti - to learn (well, thoroughly) 6. t6kiu biidij - in such a way, such a manner, thus. i~m6ksime lietijvi~kai - we shall learn (to speak) Lithuanian. 8. tevai - parents (also, fathers). 9. gaila - it is too bad, it's a pity. 10. if jie - ir in this phrase means 'also, too'. m6kyti - to teach; i~m6kyti 'to teach thoroughly, fully' cf. the related words: mokinys 'pupil', m6kytojas 'teacher'. 81