LECTURE 10 FEBRUARY 1, 2017 WHO WROTE THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES?

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1 LECTURE 10 FEBRUARY 1, 2017 WHO WROTE THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES?

2 LECTURE OUTLINE 1. The Hebrew Scriptures 2. Brief History of the Israelites 3. The Documentary Hypothesis

3 THE BIBLE IN YOUR HANDS Christian Bible Divided into the Old and New Testaments Covenant before and after Jesus Hebrew Scriptures (Tanakh) Apocrypha Extra-canonical, not recognized by some religious groups

4 HEBREW SCRIPTURES Torah, Pentateuch, Five Books of Moses Genesis through Deuteronomy History: Joshua through Nehemiah Ruth & Esther are outliers Wisdom Literature: Job through Song of Solomon Prophets: Major and Minor

5 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ISRAELITES Story of a god, Yahweh, and his chosen people, the Israelites Genesis (Early History) Creation, the Fall, the Flood Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob (Israel), & Joseph 13 Tribes: 12 sons of Israel, Joseph s two sons get portions, & Levites are the priests with no land

6 Exodus Enslaved in Egypt Moses leads them out of slavery (1200BC?) Israelites punished to wander the desert for 40 years for not trusting Yahweh In the Promised Land Conquest of Canaan under Joshua Era of the Judges (confederation of the tribes) Religion is focused on fertility and nature, protector god Not clearly monotheistic

7 United Kingdom ( BCE) Saul, David, and Solomon Divided Kingdom Israel, northern kingdom, BCE Falls to the Assyrian Empire Judah, southern kingdom, BCE Jerusalem & House of David Religious reform under Hezekiah & Josiah Falls to Babylonian Empire Diasporas in Egypt & Babylon

8 Return from Exile, 458BCE Ezra & re-founding of the religion Rome conquers in 1st century BCE Jerusalem destroyed after a rebellion in 70CE

9 DOCUMENTARY HYPOTHESIS Tradition: Moses wrote the first five books This is not possible Linguistic analysis & curiosities within the text Result: The Torah is the combination of four sources, each with its own perspective

10

11 EVIDENCE: DOUBLETS Two creation stories Genesis 1:1-2:4 and 2:4-25 Order of creation is different Creation of humanity & what it implies Use two different names for God First is El or Elohim (God) Second is Yahweh (LORD, YHWH) The Flood: Interwoven doublet

12 E SOURCE El/Elohim (God) Written in Israel (northern kingdom), Covers Genesis, Exodus, few passages of Numbers & Deuteronomy Writer: Priest from Shiloh (descended from Moses) Shiloh was replaced as the religious center of the Israelite religion by Jerusalem (south) & Beth-el and Dan (north) Heroes: Moses & Joshua Against: Aaron & the golden calf

13 J SOURCE Yahweh (LORD) Written in Judah, Covers Genesis, Exodus, few passages of Numbers Writer: Jerusalem Temple Priest (descended from Aaron) Focus on one center of worship Hero: Aaron (always Moses and Aaron ) Moses role is downplayed

14 J&E are combined after Israel falls (722) Cultures and traditions mix Feel the tensions Example: Shechem, capital of Israel

15 P SOURCE El/Elohim (God) Response to J&E Written in Judah, during Hezekiah s reign ( ) Reformer of the religion: centralized the religion in Jerusalem Adds Leviticus, rewrites parts of Genesis, Exodus, & Numbers Writer: Jerusalem Temple priest (descended from Aaron) First creation story (P); second story (J)

16 D SOURCE Deuteronomist Written in Judah, during Josiah s reign ( ) Deuteronomy History texts: Joshua, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings Story of the torah discovered in the Temple sparks Josiah s religious reforms Narrative arc of the 7 compares Moses & Josiah

17 Writer: Priest of Anathoth Refugee Shiloh priest, descended from Moses Hostile to P and Jerusalem-centered worship Hero: Samuel, last powerful Shiloh priest Author is Baruch, scribe of prophet/priest Jeremiah?

18 R THE REDACTOR Editor compiles the four sources Post-Babylonian Exile, Second Temple period Writer: Aaronic priest Uses P to structure the text Possibly Ezra, authority in post-exile Judea

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