Dr. Gary Staats, Th.D; Ph.D

Transcription

1 HEBREWS 1:1-3 & 10: 5-18 HIS PERSON AND WORK, Th.D; Ph.D Transcribed by Jeffery Gujjarlamudi Edited by Pastor James Davison Copyright 2010 All Rights Reserved

2 About The Author is the Gale and Harriette Ritz professor of Old Testament at Winebrenner Theological Seminary in Findlay, Ohio. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Bible at Southeastern Bible College in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963; his Th.M. in New Testament Greek from Dallas Theological Seminary in 1967; his Th.D. in Biblical Studies from DTS in 1971; and his Master of Arts in Hebrew and Ancient Near Eastern languages at Dropsie College of Hebrew and Cognate Learning in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in He completed his Ph.D. in Hebrew and Near Eastern Languages at New York University in Dr. Staats has been a professor and pastor for many years, serving at various schools and in numerous pastorates. Pastor James Davison is the professor of Greek Grammar at Winebrenner Theological Seminary and will be finishing his Doctor of Ministry degree in Jeffery Gujjarlamudi, who transcribed this work from lessons given by Dr. Staats, is a student at Winebrenner Theological Seminary and will be finishing his Masters of Divinity degree in

3 Acknowledgements I want to thank my student Jeffery Gujjarlamudi for his tremendous help in typing this work for me. His kindness in typing this project has made my notebook on Inductive Greek Grammar and Hebrews 1: 1-3 & 10: 5-18 in classic texts a tool that I can use in my classes. I also want to thank Pastor James Davison for his tremendous help in editing this book. I also would like to thank my parents for instilling in me a love of the Bible from childhood. Finally, and foremost, I want to thank my wife Janet for her unfailing encouragement, her infinite patience and kindness, and for her constant love and sharing in all of life and ministry with me. She is truly ly9ha-tw,xe. - Gary Staats 3

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS About the Author 1 Acknowledgments 2 Introduction to the Christological Greek Grammar 4 Introduction to the Hebrews 1: 1-3 & 10: A Brief Introductory Greek Grammar 6 Lesson 1 Hebrews 1: 1 34 Lesson 2 Hebrews 1: 2 37 Lesson 3 Hebrews 1: 3 41 Lesson 4 Hebrews 10: 5 49 Lesson 5 Hebrews 10: 6 53 Lesson 6 Hebrews 10: 7 55 Lesson 7 Hebrews 10: 8 58 Lesson 8 Hebrews 10: 9 61 Lesson 9 Hebrews 10: Lesson 10 Hebrews 10: Lesson 11 Hebrews 10: Lesson 12 Hebrews 10: Lesson 13 Hebrews 10: Lesson 14 Hebrews 10: Lesson 15 Hebrews 10: Lesson 16 Hebrews 10: Lesson 17 Hebrews 10:

5 Introduction to the Christological Greek Grammar In this first book of Christological Greek Grammar, the greek text of each verse is stated in full. Then the vocabulary is given followed by a discussion of each word from a full grammatical perspective. This is followed with a Christological emphasis of the text concerning the eternality, deity, work, and incarnation of Jesus Christ. The purpose of the study is to worship Jesus Christ so that He can be magnified and glorified. Note: The student should first learn the alphabet followed by the article, the nouns, and the participle from the verb ei]mi<. My Brief Introductory Greek Grammar can be studied as suggested through the text to gain a basic understanding of the Greek text of John 1: For further deductive study one can use J. Gresham Machen, New Testament Greek for Beginners in addition to my inductive Greek notes. 5

6 Introduction to the Hebrews 1: 1-3 & 10: 5-18 In this book of Hebrews 1: 1-4 & 10: 5-18 is studied from the Greek text, looking at its tremendous emphasis on the seven-fold work of Christ and His finished redemption in the covenant of our Lord Jesus Christ. A basic understanding of these theological themes is basic to a Biblical Christology and adoration of Jesus Christ. 6

7 1. Alphabet A Brief Greek Grammar a alpha a b beta b g gamma g d delta d e epsilon e z zeta z h eta ē q theta th i iota y k kappa k l lambda l m mu m n nu n c xi x o omicron o p pi p r rho r s sigma s t tau t u upsilon u f phi ph x chi ch y psi ps w omega ō 7

8 2. Article Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter Nom. o[ h[ to< Gen. tou? th?j tou? Dat. t&? t^? t&? Acc. to<n th<n to< Plural Nom. oi[ ai[ ta< Gen. tw?n tw?n tw?n Dat. toi?j tai?j toi?j Acc. tou<j ta<j ta< By learning the article the noun and adjective declensions are easily recognized. 3. The Cases, Number, Gender Nominative - Subject of a sentence Ex: The word was preached Genitive - Case of possession Ex: The Word of God (gen) Dative - to or for case of indirect object Ex: He spoke the Word to the man Accusative - Direct object Ex: He gave the gift to us. Number - Singular or Plural Gender - Masculine or Feminine or Neuter 8

9 4. Nouns Masculine - 2 nd declension Singular Nom. o[ lo<goj - the word Gen. tou? lo<gou - of the Word Dat. t&? lo<g& - to or for the word Acc. to<n lo<gon - the word Plural Nom. oi[ lo<goi - the words Gen. tw?n lo<gwn - of the words Dat. toi?j lo<goij - to or for the words Acc. tou<j lo<gouj - the words Feminine - 1 st declension Singular Nom. h[ a]rxh< - the beginning Gen. th?j a]rxh?j - of the beginning Dat. t^? a]rx^? - to or for the beginning Acc. th<n a]rxh<n - the beginning Plural Nom. ai[ a]rxai< - the beginnings Gen. tw?n a]rxw?n - of the beginnings Dat. tai?j a]rxai?j - to or for the beginnings Acc. ta<j a]rxa<j - the beginnings 9

10 Neuter - an object a thing Singular Nom. to< i[ero<n - the temple Gen. tou? i[erou? - of the temple Dat. t&? i[er&? - to or for the temple Acc. to< i[ero<n - the temple Plural Nom. ta< i[era< - the temples Gen. tw?n i[erw?n - of the temples Dat. toi?j i[eroi?j - to or for the temples Acc. ta< i[era< - the temples (Notice the nominative & accusative forms have the same ending. Also both nouns and adjectives will be declined by these endings) 3 rd Declension Noun (differs from the 1 st & 2 nd ) Singular Nom. xa<rij - grace Gen. xa<ritoj - of grace Dat. xa<riti - to or for grace Acc. xa<rita - grace Plural Nom. xa<ritej - graces Gen. xari<twn - of graces Dat. xa<risi - to or for graces Acc. xa<ritaj - graces 10

11 5. Accents A. The acute - < can occur anywhere on the last three syllables B. Circumflex -? occurs on the last two syllables C. Grave - > occurs on the last syllable D. Ultima - the last syllable E. Penult - the next to the last syllable F. Antepenult - the syllable before the penult 6. The Verbs When the final syllable has a short vowel the acute accent goes to the antepenult; if final vowel long the accent goes on the penult. Tense - Present, Future, past time Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect Mood - actual(indicative) or possible (subjunctive) Person - 1 st = I, 2 nd = you, and 3 rd = he/she/it Number - singular or plural Voice - active is subject doing action (I loose), middle is Singular reflexive (I myself loose), passive is subject being acted upon (I am being loosed). Present Active Indicative (Present Tense) Plural lu<w - I loose lu<omen - we loose lu<eij - you (sg.) loose lu<ete - you (pl.) loose lu<ei - he/she loose lu<ousi(n) - they loose 11

12 Present Middle/ Passive Indicative Singular lu<omai - I myself loose/ I am being loosed lu<^ - you yourself loose / you are being loosed lu<etai - he himself looses/ he, she, it is being loosed Plural luo<meqa - we ourselves loose/ we are being loosed lu<esqe - you yourself loose/ you are being loosed lu<ontai - they themselves loose/ they are being loosed Future Active and Middle Indicative In the future a s is added after the stem with the same endings as in the present, Ex: lu<sw I will loose, lu<somai I will loose for myself. Imperfect Views continuous action in the past time. It has a prefix augment e and imperfect endings. Ex: I was loosing Imperfect Active Indicative Singular e@luon - I was loosing e@luej - you (sg.) were loosing e@lue - he was loosing Plural e]lu<omen - we were loosing e]lu<ete - you (pl.) were e@luon - they were loosing 12

13 Imperfect Middle & Passive Indicative Singular e]luo<mhn - I myself was loosing/i was being loosed e]lu<^ - you yourself was loosing/ you (sg.) were being loosed e]lu<eto - he himself was loosing/ he/she/it was being loosed Plural e]luo<meqa - we ourselves were loosing/ we were being loosed e]lu<esqe - you yourself were loosing/ you (pl.) were being loosed e]lu<onto - they themselves were loosing/ they were being loosed Aorist Views completed action (normally in the past) and takes a prefix augment e on to stem with a suffix sa. Aorist Active Indicative Singular e@lusa - I loosed e@lusaj - you (sg.) loosed e@luse - he (she, it) loosed Plural e]lu<samen - we loosed e]lu<sate - you (pl.) loosed e@lusan - they loosed 13

14 Aorist Middle Indicative Singular e]lusa<mhn - I loosed for myself e]lu<sw - you (sg.) loosed for yourself e]lu<sato - he (she, it) loosed for himself Plural e]lusa<meqa - we loosed for ourselves e]lu<sasqe - you (pl.) loosed for yourself e]lu<santo - they loosed for themselves Aorist Passive Indicative Singular e]lu<qhn - I was loosed e]lu<qhj - you (sg.) were loosed e]lu<qh - he/she/it was loosed Plural e]lu<qhmen - we were loosed e]lu<qhte - you (pl.) were loosed e]lu<qhsan - they were loosed Future Passive Indicative The aorist indicative passive ending qh is added to the stem lu as a suffix, plus the s, Ex: luqh<somai I shall be loosed Singular luqh<somai - I will be loosed luqh<s^ - you (sg.) will be loosed luqh<setai - he (she, it) will be loosed 14

15 Plural luqhso<meqa - we will be loosed luqh<sesqe - you (pl.) will be loosed luqh<sontai - they will be loosed Perfect The Perfect normally views completed action in the past with the results continuing into the present. Ex: I have loosed. The perfect takes reduplication in the prefix followed by a k after the stem. le<luka I have loosed Perfect Active Indicative Singular le<luka - I have loosed le<lukaj - you (sg.) have loosed le<luke - he (she, it) has loosed Plural lelu<kamen - we have loosed lelu<kate - you (pl.) have loosed lelu<kasi - they have loosed Perfect Middle & Passive Indicative Singular le<lumai - I myself have loosed (middle)/ I have been loosed (passive) le<lusai - you yourself have loosed/ you (sg.) have been loosed le<lutai - he himself has loosed/ he (she, it) has been loosed 15

16 lelu<meqa - le<lusqe - le<luntai - Plural we ourselves have loosed/ we have been loosed you yourselves have loosed/ you (pl.) have been loosed they themselves have loosed/ they have been loosed Pluperfect The Pluperfect views action completed in the past with results continuing up to a certain point in the past but not into the present. Ex: I had loosed - e]lelu<kein Pluperfect Active Indicative There is a reduplication plus an augment e] in the prefix ( e]le ) with the k and ein suffix. Singular e]lelu<kein - I had loosed e]lelu<keij - you (sg.) had loosed e]lelu<kei - he (she, it) had loosed Plural e]lelu<keimen - we had loosed e]lelu<keite - you (pl.) had loosed e]lelu<keisan - they had loosed 16

17 7. Summary of stems for regular verb lu stem lu<w - I loose - Present has the stem plus ending lu<sw - I will loose - Future with s after stem lu. e@luon - I was loosing - Imperfect with e] augment prefix and on suffix after the stem e]lusa - I loosed - Aorist with augment prefix e] plus sa suffix after the stem e]lu<qhn - I was loosed - Aorist Passive with the prefix e] augment and the qhn suffix luqh<somai- I will be loosed - Future Indicative Passive with qh suffix; it is the same suffix as aorist passive with a final s after qh le<luka - I have loosed - Perfect Active with an augment prefix e] reduplication of l plus a ka suffix after the stem e]lelu<kein - I had loosed - Pluperfect with prefix e] plus reduplication and an augment e] before the reduplication plus a suffix kein ending after the stem. 17

18 8. Summary of the aktionsart or kind of action Symbols : ( ) completed, ( ) continuous action lu<w - I am loosing (Present time) lu<sw - I will loose (Future in time) P r e s e n t T i m e e@luon - I was loosing (Imperfect) continuous action in past e]lusa - I loosed (Aorist) completed action in past time le<luka - I have loosed (Perfect) completed action in past with results continuing into the present time e]lelu<kein - I had loosed (Pluperfect) completed action in the past with results continuing up to a certain time in the past but not up to the present time 18

19 9. Imperatives Present Active Imperative (mood of command) Singular lu<e - loose (you) (sg.) lue<tw - let him loose Plural lu<ete - loose (you) (pl.) lue<twsan - let them loose Present Middle/Passive Imperative Singular lu<ou - loose yourself or be loosed(sg.) lue<sqw - let him loose himself or let him be loosed Plural lue<sqe - loose yourself (pl.) or be loosed lue<sqwsan- let them loose themselves or let them be loosed 10. Infinitives Infinitives (verbal nouns) lu<ein - Present Active Infinitive - to loose (continued action) lu<esqai - Present Middle/Passive Infinitive- to loose for oneself or to be loosed lu?sai - Aorist Infinitive Active - to loose (completed action) 19

20 lu<sasqai - Aorist Infinitive Middle - to loose oneself (completed action) luqh?nai - Aorist Infinite Passive - to be loosed leluke<nai - Perfect Infinitive Active - to have loosed lelu<sqai - Perfect Infinitive Middle - to loose for oneself 11. Participles Participle (is a verbal adjective) It is helpful to learn the participle for ei]mi< - to be since its forms are attached to the stems of other words in forming a participle Present Active Participle Masculine Singular Nom. w@n - being Gen. Dat. Accus. o@ntoj o@nti o@nta Masculine Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. o@ntej o@ntwn ou#si(n) o@ntaj 20

21 Present Active Participle ( lu<wn masc./ lu<ousa fem./ lu?on neut. ) Singular Nom. lu<wn - loosing Gen. Dat. Accus. lu<ontoj lu<onti lu<onta Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. lu<ontej luo<ntwn lu<ousi lu<ontaj Present Middle/ Passive Participle Singular Nom. luo<menoj - loosing for himself/ being loosed Gen. Dat. Accus. luome<nou luome<n& luo<menon 21

22 Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. luo<menoi luome<nwn luome<noij luome<nouj Aorist Active Participle ( lu<saj masc./ lu<sasa fem./ lu?san neut. ) Singular Nom. lu<saj - having loosed (masc.) Gen. Dat. Accus. lu<santoj lu<santi lu<santa Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. lu<santej lusa<ntwn lu<sasi lu<santaj 22

23 Aorist Middle Participle ( lusa<menoj masc./ lusame<nh fem./ lusa<menon neut. ) Singular Nom. lusa<menoj - having loosed for himself Gen. Dat. Accus. lusame<nou lusame<n& lusa<menon Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. lusa<menoi lusame<nwn lusame<noij lusame<nouj Note the sa after the stem lu plus the same suffix ending as in the present participle Aorist Passive Participle ( luqei<j masc./ luqei?sa fem./ luqe<n neut. ) Singular Nom. luqei<j - having been loosed Gen. Dat. Accus. luqe<ntoj luqe<nti luqe<nta 23

24 Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. luqe<ntej luqe<ntwn luqei?si luqe<ntaj Perfect Active Participle ( lelukw<j masc./ lelukui?a fem./ leluko<j neut ) Singular Nom. lelukw<j - having loosed Gen. Dat. Accus. leluko<toj leluko<ti leluko<ta Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. leluko<tej leluko<twn leluko<si leluko<taj 24

25 Perfect Middle/Passive Participle ( lelume<noj masc./ lelume<nh fem./ lelume<non neut. ) Singular Nom. lelume<noj - having loosed for oneself/ having been loosed Gen. Dat. Accus. lelume<nou lelume<n& lelume<non Plural Nom. Gen. Dat. Accus. lelume<noi lelume<nwn lelume<noij lelume<nouj Note the accent is on the penult or the next to the last syllable (even with a short final vowel) instead of on the expected antepenult syllable (the 2 nd back from the ultima or last syllable). 25

26 12. The Subjunctives (the mood of probability or possibility) It is rendered as may loose rather than I am loosing of the indicate mood indicating a probable or possible action of reality over against that of an actual reality Ex: It is raining (indicative), It may rain (subjunctive). Present Active Subjunctive Singular lu<w - I may loose lu<^j - you (sg.) may loose lu<^ - he/she may loose Plural lu<wmen - we may loose lu<hte - you (pl.) may loose lu<wsi(n) - they may loose Note that in the subjunctive the endings have the longer h ending throughout and the long w in the 1 st and 3 rd personal plural instead of the omen,or ousi. Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive Singular lu<wmai - I may loose myself/ I may be loosed lu<^ - you may loose yourself/you (sg.) may be loosed lu<htai - he may loose himself/ he/she may be loosed 26

27 Plural luw<meqa - we may loose ourselves/we may be loosed lu<hsqe - you may loose yourselves/you (pl.) may be loosed lu<wntai - they may loose themselves/they may be loosed Note again the long w and h vowels on the suffix of the stem lu. Aorist Active Subjunctive Singular lu<sw - I might loose lu<s^j - you (sg.) might loose lu<s^ - he/she might loose Plural lu<swmen - we might loose lu<shte - you (pl.) might loose lu<swsi(n) - they might loose Note the aorist subjunctive has the same endings as the Present Subjunctive after the s suffix following the stem lu which gives it away as an aorist. 13. Summary of Nouns 1). 1 st declension (feminine) - h or a vowel in the ending. Ex: a]rxh<, a]rxh<j, do<ca, do<chj, etc. 2). 2 nd declension (masculine) - nouns have a o vowel in its ending. Ex: lo<goj, lo<gou a@nqrwpoj, a]nqrw<pou, etc. 27

28 3). 3 rd declension nouns - depart from the 1 st and 2 nd Note: Learn the article and apply the case ending to 1 st and 2 nd declension nouns 14. Summary of Verbs/Participles/Subjunctives The following chart may be helpful for the tenses: lu<w Present basic stem lu< s w Future s in suffix declension in the genitive and the following cases. Ex: xa<rij, xa<ritoj, xa<riti, etc. e@ lu on Imperfect e in prefix, on suffix e@ lu sa Aorist Active e in prefix, sa suffix e] lu< qhn Aorist Passive e in prefix, qhn suffix le< lu ka Prefect le< in prefix, ka suffix e]le lu <kein Pluperfect e]le in prefix, kein suffix Participle Learn the participle for ei]mi< in w@n, o@ntoj etc and apply these ending to the present participle and after the sa suffix in the aorist add ending for w]n, o]ntoj, etc. Ex: lu<wn, lu<ontoj, lu<saj, lu<santoj, etc. Subjunctive The longer w and h vowels are used. Ex: lu<w, lu<^j, lu<^ etc. over against the present lu<w, lu<eij, lu<ei. 28

29 Principle Parts Principle parts is the recognition of the verb in the present, future, aorist, aorist passive and perfect stems. Second aorists or perfects are used and differ in root of the stem in the aorist & perfect from the present. Thus learning these forms are essential in translation. These basic principle parts will be presented with each lesson as they occur at the end of the grammar before each lesson. 15. Personal Pronoun Singular Personal Pronouns Plural Nom. e]gw - I h[mei?j - we Gen. e]mou? - of me h[mw?n - of us Dat. e]moi< - to or for h[mi?n - to, or for us Acc. e]me< - me h[ma?j - us Singular Plural Nom. su< - you u[mei?j - you Gen. sou? - of you u[mw?n - of you Dat. soi< - to or for you u[mi?n - to,or for you Acc. se< - you u[ma?j - you Singular Plural Nom. au]to<j - he au]toi< - they Gen. au]tou? - of him au]tw?n - of them Dat. au]t&? - to him au]toi?j - to them Acc. au]to<n - him au]tou<j - them 29

30 Singular Plural Nom. au]th< - she au]tai< - they Gen. au]th?j - of her au]tw?n - of them Dat. au]t^? - to her au]tai?j - to them Acc. au]th<n - her au]ta<j - them Singular Plural Nom. au]to< - it au]ta< - they Gen. au]tou? - of it au]tw?n - of them Dat. au]t&? - to it au]toi?j - to them Acc. au]to< - it au]ta< - them The basic verbs with principal parts in John 1:1-14 are: ( ei]mi, The to be verb ) The conjugation in the Present Active Indicative Singular Plural e]imi< - I am e]sme<n - we are ei# - you (sg.) are e]ste< - you (pl.) are e]sti<(n) - He/she it is ei]si<(n) - they are The conjugation in the Imperfect Active Indicative Singular Plural h]mh<n - I was h#men - we were h#j - you (sg.) were h#te - you (pl.) were h#n - He/she it is h#san - they were 30

31 (gi<nomai - I become) Present Active gi<nomai - I become Aorist Active e]geno<mhn - I became Perfect Active ge<gona - I have become (katalamba<nw - I comprehend) Present Active katalamba<nw - I comprehend 2 nd Aorist kate<labon - I comprehended (a]poste<llw - I send) Present Active a]poste<llw - I send Aorist Active a]pe<steila - I sent Perfect Active a]pe<stalka - I have sent (e@rxomai - I come) Present Middle e@rxomai - I come 2 nd Aorist Active h#lqon - I came Perfect Active e]lh<luqa - he has come (ginw<skw - I know) Present Active ginw<skw - I know Future Middle gnw<somai - I shall know 2 nd Aorist Active e@gnwn - I knew Perfect Active e@gnwka - I have known 31

32 (kra<zw - I cry) Present Active kra<zw - I cry Aorist Active e@kraca - I cried Perfect Active ke<kraza - I have cried (lamban<w - I receive) Present Active lamba<nw - I receive Future Middle lh<myomai - I will receive 2 nd Aorist Active e@labon - I received Perfect Active ei@lhfa - I have received (o[ra<w - I see) Present Active o[ra<w - I see Future Middle o@yomai - I will see Aorist Active ei#don - I saw Perfect Active e[o<raka - I have seen 32

33 Note: The second aorists or second perfects have a stem change and do not follow the pattern as in the regular verb. Note: lu<w, lu<sw, e]lu<sa, etc where the same stem lu remains constant with the adding of prefixes and suffixes whereas in the 2 nd aorist forms there is a stem change and imperfect endings are used: lamba<nw becoming e]labon in 2 nd aorist going from lamb to lab in the stem change or ginw<skw (I know) changing the stem to e@gnwn (I knew) in the 2 nd aorist. Some basic principle parts then with stem changes in the 2 nd aorist are: le<gw (I say) ei]pon in the 2 nd aorist (I said). gi<nomai ( I become) e]geno<mhn ( I became) in 2 nd Aorist. Note the stem change from gin to gen in 2 nd aorist. The key to second aorists and perfects is the stem change unlike the regular verb which keeps its stem throughout. By learning 2 nd aorist & perfects in principle parts of verbs one can easily begin to recognize the second aorists and perfects by their continued use in the Biblical text. 33

34 1.1 Text Lesson 1: Hebrews 1: 1 Polumerw?j kai> polutro<pwj pa<lai o[ qeo>j lalh<saj toi?j patra<sin e]n toi?j profh<taij 1.2 Vocabulary polumerw?j Adverb in many parts kai> Conjunction and polutro<pwj Adverb in many ways pa<lai Adverb of old, long ago o[ Definite Article the qeo>j Noun God lale<w Verb I speak, talk, say path<r Noun father e]n Preposition (Dative) in profh<thj Noun prophet 34

35 1.3 Grammar polumerw?j polutro<pwj polumerw?j and polutro<pwj are adverbs. Notice the wj endings shows that we are looking at adverbs. We could translate the phrase: many parts and in many ways. There were many ways or many parts in which God spoke of old. He spoke through the promise, he spoke through Moses, he spoke through the prophets, as the many parts of the revelation of old. In the many ways sometimes he spoke through direct communication as with Moses, sometimes he spoke through visions for example as in Ezekiel, and so we have a variety of ways that he has spoken. pa<lai is an adverb meaning of old. o[ qeo>j lalh<saj toi?j patra<sin profh<taij o[ is a definite article. It is a nominative masculine singular. qeo>j is the 2 nd declension noun with the oj ending. It is a nominative masculine singular and means God. lalh<saj is a aorist active participle from lale<w and means having spoken. Normally an aorist participle is antecedent in action to the main verb, which is found in the next verse. So antecedently before having spoken in the Son, He spoke to the fathers in the prophets. toi?j is a definite article dative masculine plural. patra<sin is a dative masculine plural noun from path<r, which means father. We would translate this word to the fathers. This is showing the direction of God s speech no doubt looking all of the patriarchs and the early leaders of Israel through whom God had spoken. 35

36 profh<taij is a dative masculine plural from profh<thj meaning prophet. We would translate this as in the prophets. 1.4 Translation In many parts and in many ways God of old having spoken to the fathers in the prophets. 1.5 Application/Interpretation Hebrews 1:1-13 is the introductory prologue to the book of Hebrews. This great text sets forth how the God has spoken singularly in the Son today. In the past he spoke in a variety of parts and in many ways, but in these last days He has spoken singularly in the Son the Lord Jesus Christ. The text tells us seven things about the Son: He made him heir of all things, through Him the ages were made, He is the radiance of the glory, the exact stamp of the very essence of God, He bares all things by his powerful spoken word, and having made Himself final purification of sins he sat down on the right hand of the majesty on high. While God spoke through the Old Testament times in many ways, He now has spoken in these last days singularly through the Son. 36

37 2.1 Text Lesson 2: Hebrews 1: 2 e]p ] e@sxa<tou tw?n h[merw?n tou<twn e]la<lhsen h[mi?n e]n ui[&? o{n e@qhken klhrono<mon pa<ntwn, di ] ou$ kai> e]poi<hsen tou>j ai]w?naj: 2.2 Vocabulary e]pi< Preposition (Genitive) on, upon e@sxatoj Adjective last, final h[me<ra Adjective day ou$toj Demonstrative Pronoun this lale<w Verb I speak e]n Preposition (takes dat.) in ui[o<j Noun son o!j Relative Pronoun who ti<qhmi Verb I make, place 37

38 klhrono<moj Noun heir pa?j, pa?sa, pa?n Adjective all di<a Preposition (takes gen.) through poie<w Verb I make ai]w<n Noun universe 2.3 Grammar e]p ] is a preposition and means in. The iota has elided before the e; it takes the genitive case. e]sxa<tou is a genitive masculine singular with the ou ending from e@sxatoj means last. As we look at the phrase, we are looking at the last times that we have entered into as the result of the coming of the Christ the Messiah. tw?n is a definite article showing the genitive case in the plural, as we have learned with the wn ending. h[merw?n is a noun. It is a genitive feminine plural from h[me<ra meaning day. tou<twn is also an adjective. It is a demonstrative pronoun used with a genitive feminine plural noun and means these. e]la<lhsen is an aorist active indicative from lale<w, which means I speak. In the last of these days He spoke 38

39 h[mi?n is a personal pronoun dative plural and means to us. e]n is a preposition that takes the dative case. ui[&? is a dative masculine singular noun from ui[o<j means son. While he has spoken many ways in the past he is speaking singularly now and that s in the Son. o{n e@qhken klhrono<mon pa<ntwn o{n is a relative pronoun accusative masculine singular from o!j meaning whom. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number but not necessarily in case as ui[&? is in the dative case, while o{n is in the accusative case. It must agree, however, in gender and number, which it does. e@qhken is a 2 nd aorist indicative active 3 rd masculine singular from ti<qhmi and means to appoint. So the Father appointed Christ as heir of all things. klhrono<mon is a accusative masculine singular noun from klhrono<moj meaning heir. It is the direct object of e@qhken and is rendered whom he placed heir. pa<ntwn is an adjective from pa?j. It is a genitive masculine plural form and means all. di ] ou$ kai> e]poi<hsen tou>j ai]w?naj di] is a preposition with genitive meaning through. The a of the dia< has elided because of the two vowels coming together a and o and so because 39

40 of that it drops out. dia< is a preposition in the genitive case that shows agency. ou$ is a relative pronoun from o!j and means whom. kai> is the asensive use of the conjunction that would translate also. e]poi<hsen is a verb. It is an aorist indicative active 3 rd person singular from poie<w, which means I make. Notice the prefix e and the s gives it way as aorist. tou>j is a definite article with an accusative masculine plural. ai]w?naj is a accusative masculine plural noun from ai]w<n meaning ages. This phrase with the noun ages no doubt looks at the universe it represents all things of the Lord has created. So Jesus Christ is the agent through whom the universe or the ages where made; He made them and it was through him that it occurs. 2.4 Translation Upon the last of these days He spoke to us in [the Son, whom he placed heir of all things, through whom He also made the universe. 2.5 Application/Interpretation They tell us that the nearest galaxy is 30,000,000 light years away. Traveling at the speed of light 186,000 miles per second in two seconds we pass the moon, we still have 30,000,000 years of travel time to get the nearest galaxy and we are told that He made all of it. Not only that did Jesus create all but also He is the vary radiance of the glory of God. 40

41 3.1 Text Lesson 3: Hebrews 1: 3 o!j w@n a]pau<gasma th?j do<chj kai> xarakth>r th?j u[posta<sewj au]tou?, fe<rwn te ta> pa<nta t&? r[h<mati th?j duna<mewj au]tou?, kaqarismo>n tw?n a[martiw?n poihsa<menoj e]ka<qisen e]n deci%? th?j megalwsu<nhj e]n u[yhloi?j, 3.2 Vocabulary ei]mi< Verb I am a]pau<gasma Noun radiance do<ca Noun glory xarakth>r Noun exact impression u[posta<sij Noun nature, being au]to<j Personal Pronoun he fe<rw Verb I uphold 41

42 te< Particle indeed o[ Definite Article the r[h?ma Noun what is said, word, saying; thing, matter, event, happening du<namij Noun power, strength kaqarismo<j Noun purification a[marti<a Noun sin kaqi<zw Verb I sit down decio<j Adjective right megalwsu<nh Noun greatness, majesty u[yhlo<j Adjective high 3.3 Grammar o!j w@n a]pau<gasma th?j do<chj o!j is a relative pronoun nominative masculine singular meaning who. Notice the rough breathing mark indicates that we are looking at the relative pronoun. w@n is a participle present active nominative masculine singular from ei]mi< and means I am. We would translate the participle here as being. 42

43 a]pau<gasma is a nominative neuter singular noun meaning radiance. It is looking at the glory of God. The word can also mean reflection but I think radiance is really more closer to the meaning. Jesus Christ radiates the very glory of God a glory that was seen in the Hebrew Bible that filled the tent of meeting; Jesus as the God-man radiates God himself because he is fully divine. So it best translated who being the radiance of the glory. th?j is a definite article genitive feminine singular rendered of the. do<chj is a genitive feminine singular noun from do<ca means glory. who being the radiance of the glory kai> xarakth>r th?j u[posta<sewj au]tou? xarakth>r is a nominative masculine singular noun and means exact impression or stamp or seal. So Jesus Christ is the exact stamp of the very essence of God. u[posta<sewj is a genitive feminine singular noun from u[posta<sij, meaning substance in essence. au]tou? is a personal pronoun masculine genitive singular. The ou? is the ending or suffix giving it away as a genitive masculine singular. In the nominative masculine singular, it is au]to<j. fe<rwn te ta> pa<nta t&? r[h<mati th?j du<namewj au]tou? fe<rwn is a present active participle nominative masculine singular from fe<rw, meaning I hold or I bear. Jesus is bearing all of history along by His spoken word. 43

44 r[h<mati is a 3 rd declension noun. It is a dative neuter singular noun from the nominative r[h?ma and means word. All he has to do is speak and he bears all things along. He is the king of Creation. duna<mewj is a genitive feminine singular noun from du<namij and means powers. kaqarismo>n is a accusative masculine singular noun from kaqarismo<j and its meaning is purification. tw?n is a definite article showing the genitive case in the plural as we have learned with the wn ending. a[martiw?n is a genitive feminine plural from a[marti<a meaning sins. poihsa<menoj is a aorist middle participle nominative masculine singular from poie<w meaning I make or to do. It is a contract verb. Notice the sa introducing the aorist stem and the menoj ending showing as an aorist middle participle. It looks at a completed action and Jesus is the one doing it since the middle involves him in the action; so He Himself having made final removal or purification of sins on our behalf sat down on the right side of God the Father. I am reminded on the great day of atonement the high priest go into the Holy of Holies and sacrifice one goat and the second goat would removes the sins. Both goats would look symbolically at a purification of sins for a year pointing to Jesus Christ, outside the camp who is the only One who can ever take away sins, being the lamb slain before the foundation of the world. He in time took upon flesh as fully God and fully man without sin and was able to make a sacrifice that would take away and purify us from our sins forever, fulfilling the great day atonement and the symbolism of the two goats. Having Himself made that 44

45 purification of sins on our behalf once for all (aorist). He sat down on the right side of the majesty on high. e]ka<qisen e]n deci%? th?j megalwsu<nhj e]n u[yhloi?j e]ka<qisen is a aorist active indicative 3 rd person singular from kaqi<zw meaning I sit. deci%? is an adjective. It is a dative feminine singular and decio<j means right. megalwsu<nhj is a genitive feminine singular from megalwsu<nh meaning majesty. u[yhloi?j is an adjective. It is a dative masculine plural from u[yhlo<j and may be rendered in high places = heaven. 3.4 Translation Who being the radiance of the glory and the exact stamp of his essence, bearing along things by the Word of His power having made purification of sins he sat down on the right hand of the majesty on high. 3.5 Application/Interpretation Jesus as heir is as the One who creates the world; Jesus as the radiation of the glory of God is the exact stamp of His very essence; Jesus is the One who speaks and carries along all things spoken by His Word and He is the One, having made himself purification of sins who is now seated at the right hand of the majestic greatness of God the Father in the heavenly places. All of this is wonderful when we think of our Lord Jesus Christ in of these wonderful seven things spoken of concerning Him. Jesus Christ has certainly won the victory for us. 45

46 I remember in high school playing basketball. If we won a basketball game, the cheerleaders will form a big V in the gymnasium and the captain of the basketball team would lead us through the big V and everybody would cheer over the victory that has been achieved that night. I think of Jesus as the Captain, the Pioneer, of our salvation as the writer of Hebrews will later develop in chapter 2. He has cut the way through the thicket of death itself and leads us as the pathfinder of our salvation through the big V that He Himself has stamped on the pages of history. Having made a final purification of sins, He, who is the very image of God who is fully divine, has gone now to the right hand of the father and reigns in the place of honor and will some return as the King of Kings the Lord of Lords. One can only sing the words of great hymn: All hail the power of Jesus name! Let angels prostrate fall; 46

47 Overview As we think through the book of Hebrews after that great introduction to the writer of Hebrews Christ is greater than angels in the first two chapters. We do not hold to angels in higher regard than Jesus Christ because He is greater than angels. He is greater than angels because of a number of reasons. He is greater than angels because he is the Son that they must worship some day; He is greater than angels because they are just created beings but He is the king who is God the creator; He is greater than angels because the angels do not sit at God s right hand side until enemies are made the foot stool of His feet. They are simply ministering spirits send forth to minister to those that are heirs of salvation. He then shows that Christ is greater than angels because while He became a little lower than the angels in order that he might suffer death on our behalf, He is now crowned with the glory and honor above the angels, having become the perfect path finder of our salvation through suffering. We are now united with Christ in victory over death so that the death no longer has that fearful aspect that it had before the resurrection of Christ. So we worship Christ not the angels. He is greater than Moses in chapter 3 because Moses was the servant in his house, but Christ is the head over His house. Christ creates the people of God, Moses just serves in the house. He is greater than Aaron in chapters 4: 14-5:7 because he is a great high priest who was appointed by his Father as a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek. Because He is from the order of Melchizedek, He represents an eternal priest illustrated by the resurrection. Other priests come and go, but He abides forever by virtue of His resurrection. He is greater than the old covenant. He has created the New Covenant that has a better priesthood based upon a better sanctuary and a better sacrifice. The book of Hebrews is also interspersed with five warning sections where the author encourages the believers to go on with Jesus Christ. As the author comes to the later part of chapter 9 and into 10, he teaches that we have a high priest who does not have to suffer often, but now has taken away sins once for all and we look for his appearing the second time to bring eternal salvation. He says in chapter 10:1-4 that the law was only a shadow for the good things to come. The image in the sacrifices of bulls and goats 47

48 could never take way sins for in them there is simply a reminder of sins or a remembrance of sins every year, since it was impossible for those sacrifices to remove sins. This leads the writer of Hebrews in chapter 10:5 and following to talk about Jesus Christ coming into the world, who has done away with the sacrificial system and by one sacrifice for every has established a permanent new covenant, taking away and removing sins once for all. And then having done so, He is now seated at the right hand of God the Father waiting until he put all enemies under his feet. Hebrews 10: 5-18 describes the effects of Christ death and resurrection in establishing the new covenant. 48

49 4.1 Text Lesson 4: Hebrews 10: 5 Dio> ei]serxo<menoj ei]j to>n ko<smon le<gei, Qusi<an kai> prosfora>n ou]x h]qe<lhsaj, sw?ma de> kathrti<sw moi: 4.2 Vocabulary dio< Conjunction wherefore ei]se<rxomai Verb I come in ko<smoj Noun world qusi<a Noun sacrifice prosfora< Noun an offering ou]x Negative Particle not qe<lw Verb I wish, I desire sw?ma Noun body katarti<zw Verb I prepare e]gw< Personal Pronoun I 49

50 4.3 Grammar ei]serxo<menoj is a participle present middle nominative masculine singular from ei]se<rxomai and it pictures the incarnation of Jesus coming into the world. ei]j takes the accusative case and is translated into. to>n is an accusative masculine singular article the. ko<smon is a accusative masculine singular noun from ko<smoj meaning world. le<gei is a present active indicative verb 3 rd person singular from le<gw, rendered he says. qusi<an is a accusative feminine singular noun from qusi<a meaning sacrifice. prosfora>n is a accusative feminine singular noun from prosfora< and means offering. Note both of these feminine nouns end with an in the accusative singular. h]qe<lhsaj is a aorist active indicative 2 nd person singular verb from qe<lw meaning to desire. sw?ma is a 3 rd declension noun nominative singular meaning body. Its genitive form is sw<matoj. kathrti<sw is a aorist middle indicative verb from katarti<zw translated you prepared. h is showing the augment of the aorist the s is 50

51 indicating an aorist with the w ending showing a 2 nd person singular. The form in lu<w is e@lusw. moi is a personal pronoun dative singular of the 1 st person verb from e]gw< and means for me. 4.4 Translation Wherefore coming into the world He says sacrifices and offerings you have not desired but a body you have prepared for me. 4.5 Application/Interpretation It is significant that the Septuagint has translated the Hebrew my ears you have cut (the Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew scripture around the 200 B. C.) with this phrase a body you have prepared for me. It is my understanding that in the Hebrew the imagery is that either of a slave with pierced ears serving his referred to in Exodus chapter 21. There an awl is put in the ear of a servant indicating he is a permanent slave. The text of Psalm 40 and the phrase can simply mean that the Psalmist ears are open to God s Torah. It is very significant that in Psalm 40, the Psalmist has just experienced a great deliverance. He is now saying that God doesn t want simply religious rituals; He wants the ears of the Psalmist to be obedient to His will or he wants him as a servant to serve Him. The Septuagint might have given more of a dynamic translation of the Hebrew namely if one ears are open to hear the Lord and to do his will than one s body is prepared by the Lord for use and one gives his body to serve the Lord. Since my ears are open then I can dedicate my body you prepared to serve you, seems to be the idea behind the Septuagint translation. What is beautiful here though is that Jesus Christ by coming into the world is making a statement that the Lord is taking away the sacrifices and offerings, the temple sacrificial system has been done away with by the incarnation body that the Father has prepared for the Son and Jesus now is in 51

52 his coming, making a statement that the sacrificial system has now been fulfilled. As we go on I might say the use of this text by the writer of Hebrew is what we might call darash where a commentary will be made concerning the sacrifice of Christ that is replacing the religious rituals, of the Hebrew temple system. David the psalmist was saying you don t want the religious ritual you want my body to serve you. The New Testament application by the writer of Hebrews is that Jesus Christ by coming into the world makes a definitive statement against the sacrificial system that was always only a shadow that has been replaced by the reality. 52

53 5.1 Text Lesson 5: Hebrews 10: 6 o[lokautw<mata kai> peri> a[marti<aj ou]k eu]do<khsaj. 5.2 Vocabulary o[lokautw?ma Noun whole burnt offering peri< Preposition about, concerning a[marti<a Noun sin eu]doke<w Verb I approve 5.3 Grammar o[lokautw<mata is a accusative neuter plural noun and is translated burnt offerings. peri> is a preposition that takes the genitive case meaning concerning. a[marti<aj is a genitive feminine singular noun from a[marti<a, and means sin. ou]k is a negative particle not. eu]do<khsaj is a aorist active indicative verb from eu]doke<w and 53

54 means I take pleasure. It is a contract verb and is lengthened to h before the s and the sa indicating the aorist stem. We would translate this as you did not take pleasure in, or desired. 5.4 Translation whole burnt offerings and offerings concerning sins you have not desired. 5.5 Application/Interpretation The Lord does not take pleasure in whole burnt offerings or offerings concerning sin because this has been replaced by Christ s offering, so don t go back to the temple sacrifices, the writer of Hebrews is saying, but go on with Christ. 54

55 6.1 Text Lesson 6: Hebrews 10: 7 to<te ei#pon, ]Idou> h!kw, e]n kefali<di bibli<ou ge<graptai peri> e]mou?, tou? poih?sai, o[ qeo<<j, to> qe<lhma< sou. 6.2 Vocabulary to<te Adverb then le<gw Verb I say i]dou< Interjection Behold! Look! h!kw Verb I have come kefali<j Noun a roll, volume, division of a book bi<blion Noun a written volume, roll, or book gra<fw Verb I write e]gw< Personal Pronoun I qeo<j Noun God 55

56 qe<lhma Noun will su< Personal Pronoun you 6.3 Grammar to<te is a adverb means then. ei#pon is a aorist active indicative 1 st person singular verb from le<gw, I said. i]dou> is a particle rendered behold! h!kw is a present active indicative 1 st person singular verb from h!kw I have come. kefali<di is a dative feminine singular noun from kefali<j translated book or scroll. bibli<ou is a genitive masculine singular from bi<blion meaning book. ge<graptai is a perfect passive indicative 3 rd person singular verb from the root gra<fw rendered it is written. Notice the reduplication in the g and in the e indicating the perfect tense. e]mou? is a personal pronoun genitive masculine singular 1 st person from e]gw< and means I. We would translate this genitive form as (concerning) me. tou? is a genitive use of the article masculine singular with the infinitive. 56

57 poih?sai is a aorist active infinitive verb from poie<w meaning to do showing purpose. I have come to do your will, the son of God is saying by His incarnation. Notice the sai gives it away as the aorist infinitive after the pattern of lu?sai to loose, following the lu<w paradigm. o[ is a nominative masculine singular article means the. qeo<j is a nominative masculine singular noun, God. to> is a accusative neuter singular use of the article the. qe<lhma is a accusative neuter singular noun third declension from qe<lhma meaning will. sou is a 2 nd personal pronoun genitive singular showing possession the will of you. 6.4 Translation Then I said, Behold! I have come in the scroll of the book written concerning me to do your will O God. 6.5 Application/Interpretation Historically or contextually I am wondering if the psalmist was not saying I have come to do your will O God by loving you with all my heart, soul, and mind; applied to Jesus Christ His love for the Father is to carry out the father s plan of redemption when He freely lays down his life as a sacrifice for our sins. 57

58 7.1 Text Lesson 7: Hebrews 10: 8 a]nw<teron le<gwn o!ti Qusi<aj kai> prosfora>j kai> o[lokautw<mata kai> peri> a[marti<aj ou]k h]qe<lhsaj ou]de> eu]do<khsaj, ai!tinej kata< no<mon prosfe<rontai, 7.2 Vocabulary a]nw<teron Adverb above, before o[lokau<twma Noun burnt offering o!stij Indefinite Relative Pronoun who, which, whoever, anyone, someone kata< Preposition (accus.) according to no<moj Noun law prosfe<rw Verb I offer 7.3 Grammar a]nw<teron is a adverb meaning above (of a previous statement). 58

59 le<gwn is a present active participle nominative masculine singular from le<gw translated saying. o!ti is a conjunction introducing a direct discourse in the words that follow. It is as though Christ is speaking in the incarnation saying that sacrifice and offering you have not desired. qusi<aj is a accusative feminine plural noun from qusi<a rendered sacrifices. prosfora>j is a accusative feminine plural from prosfora< and means offerings. o[lokautw<mata is a accusative neuter plural from o[lokautw?ma translated whole burnt offerings. peri> is a preposition that takes the genitive case and means concerning. a[marti<aj is a genitive feminine singular noun from a[marti<a and means sin. h]qe<lhsaj is a aorist active indicative 2 nd person singular verb from qe<lw, to desire. ou]de> is a conjunction rendered nor. eu]do<khsaj is a aorist active indicative 2 nd person singular verb from eu]doke<w translated having taken pleasure. In Rabbinic exegesis there is peshat, which was your literal interpretation meaning blow and then there is remes, which means a hint in the text there is then darash, which is commentary, and then there is sod, which was the mystical meaning in the text. If we could put these together we have Pa Ra Di Se an acronym for 59

60 Paradise, meaning Garden. I believe here we see a commentary in use where having quoted the text; that sacrifices, whole burnt offerings, and offerings concerning sins you have not desired or taken pleasure in the commentary begins on these words applying it to the removal of the O.T sacrificial system. ai!tinej is a indefinite relative pronoun. It is a nominative feminine plural from o!stij rendered which. kata> is a preposition with an accusative in the accusative here translated according to. no<mon is a accusative masculine singular noun from no<moj meaning law. prosfe<rontai is a present passive indicative 3 rd person plural from prosfe<rw means to offer. 7.4 Translation First he said that sacrifices and offerings you did not desire nor have taken pleasure in which are being offered according to the law. 7.5 Application/Interpretation The sacrifices and offerings, which are being offered according to the law, refer to the sacrificial system of that day in which the temple no doubt was still standing and sacrifices were being offered according to the law of Moses. 60

61 8.1 Text Lesson 8: Hebrews 10: 9 to<te ei@rhken, ]Idou> h!kw tou? poih?sai to> qe<lhma< sou. a]nairei? to> prw?ton i!na to> deu<teron sth<s^. 8.2 Vocabulary a]naire<w Verb I annul h!kw Verb I have come prw?ton Adverb first i!na Conjunction in order that deu<teroj Adjective second i!sthmi Verb I stand 8.3 Grammar ei@rhken is a perfect active indicative 3 rd person singular verb from le<gw; we would translate it as he has said. Notice the k and the unique form of this verb in the perfect: le<gw, ei@rhka in the perfect. poih?sai is a aorist active infinitive from poie<w, to do. 61

62 a]nairei? is a present active indicative 3 rd person singular verb from a]naire<w means I take away. It is a contract verb with the form a]naire<ei > a]nairei? He takes away. prw?ton is an adjective. It is a accusative neuter singular meaning first. i!na is a conjunction with the subjunctive showing purpose or result. deu<teron is a accusative neuter singular adjective meaning second. sth<s^ is a aorist active subjunctive 3 rd person singular from i!sthmi, I establish. We would translate this [that] he might stand or establish. 8.4 Translation Then He said, behold I come to do your will. He is abolishing the first in order that the second might stand. 8.5 Application/Interpretation The second has to do with the body of Jesus Christ, which He is willing to offer as a sacrifice to do away with the sacrificial system. By his coming into the world to provide the sacrifice, He does away with the first sacrificial system, which was first only a shadow pointing to the reality in the sacrifice of the God-man, Jesus Christ. 62