A BRIEF HISTORY Of ANTI-SEMITISM

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1 A BRIEF HISTORY Of ANTI-SEMITISM Definition of Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism means discrimination against Jews as individuals and as a group. Anti-Semitism is based on stereotypes and myths that target Jews as a group of people, their religious practices and beliefs, and the Jewish State of Israel. It did not begin in the Nazi era, nor did it end with the close of World War II in Its continuing across history speaks to the power of scapegoating a group that is defined as the other. Biblical Times During the hundreds of years before Christ, the Hebrews (the early Jewish people) experienced bad treatment because they refused to adopt the religion of the area that they lived in. This refusal to worship idols was seen as stubborn and was hated by many in ancient times. Judaism was the 1st Monotheistic Faith!

2 Anti-Judaism After the creation of Christianity, a new anti-judaism started happening. At first, Christianity was seen as simply another Jewish sect (group), since Jesus and the Disciples were Jewish and preached a form of Judaism. In the year 70 A.D., the Romans destroyed the Jewish State, and most Jews were scattered throughout the ancient world. During the first few hundred years after the crucifixion of Jesus by the Romans, people who practiced both Judaism and Christianity co-existed sometimes peacefully, sometimes with hatred as they sought to practice their religions in the same lands. With the conversion of the Roman emperors to Christianity, Christianity became the sole established religion of the Roman Empire, and the early church fathers sought to establish Christianity as the main religion. The refusal of Jews to accept Jesus as the Messiah (son of god) was viewed as a threat to the Roman rulers and to Christianity. Depiction of Jesus Christ shown to the Right The Middle Ages During the next three centuries ( A.D.) a new pattern of discrimination against Jews occurred: Jews were forbidden to marry Christians (399 A.D.), were prohibited from holding positions in government (439 A.D.) and were prevented from appearing as witnesses against Christians in court (531 A.D). As Jews were officially being mistreated, certain bizarre fantasies about Jews arose in Northern Europe that set the tone for the anti-semitism of the 1900 s. It was alleged that Jews had horns and tails and engaged in ritual murder of Christians.

3 (Nazi Anti-Semitic Propaganda from The Nazi Era A.D) <<< Notice how the Jewish man is depicted in a racist manner with his nose depicted as huge. He is also depicted as sitting on top of the skulls of innocent Germans. This is meant to scare people into thinking that Jewish people were evil and out to get them when they were actually not. A hateful mob in 1800 s Russia attacks an innocent Jewish Man In 1095 A.D, Pope Urban II made a general appeal to the Christians of Europe to take up the cross and sword and fight to take back over Jerusalem from Muslims (another monotheistic religion we will learn about). This was the beginning of what was to be known as the Crusades. The religious excitement that drove men, and later even children, on the Crusades was to have direct consequences for Jews. The Crusader army, which more closely resembled a mob, swept through Jewish communities looting, raping and killing Jews as they went.

4 Thus the pogrom which is the organized massacre of a targeted group of people was born. During the middle of the 1300 s, the Bubonic Plague spread throughout Europe, killing an estimated one-third of the population. Fear, superstition and ignorance lead to the need to find someone to blame, and the Jews were an easy scapegoat because of the myths and stereotypes that were already believed about them. Even though Jews were also dying from the plague, they were accused of poisoning wells and spreading the disease. In Germany and Austria it is estimated that 100,000 Jews were burned alive for this. Martin Luther, the founder of the 1500 s protestant reformation, wrote a pamphlet in 1545 entitled The Jews and Their Lies, claiming that Jews thirsted for Christian blood and urging the slaying of the Jews. Jews were not allowed to own land and a new set of stereotypes evolved around the Jews as money-hungry and greedy. Jews were also kicked out from England in 1290, France in 1394, and Spain in 1492.

5 Modern Anti-Semitism Racism and anti-semitism were also caused by the creation of ideas and theories of racial superiority and inferiority. Following World War I, Germany was a deeply troubled country. Having lost the war, its citizens felt humiliated by the defeat. Adolph Hitler was an angry leader, and obedience to authority was a strong cultural norm in Germany. Hitler called upon remembered myths of the blood libel from the Middle Ages to evoke fear that the Jews would poison what he referred to as the superior white German race. Therefore, according to Hitler s ideas, all Jews and their genetic pool must be killed. An angry Adolf Hitler urges Nazi s in Germany to feel anger and disgust against Jewish people. >>> Jewish victims of the holocaust are depicted above. In the camps they were treated so badly that it is difficult to find the words to express.

6 Anti-Semitism Today After the Holocaust, after the world witnessed the horrors of Auschwitz (a concentration camp), anti-semitism became far less accepted. Seeing what anti-semitism could lead to made peoples and nations ashamed of openly expressing anti-semitism. Anti-Semitism did not completely disappear, but the events of World War II significantly slowed its expression. As the decades passed, as memories faded and criticism of the Jewish State of Israel mounted, many of these inhibitions weakened. In recent years, there has been a concerning increase of anti-semitism around the world. Some is directly connected to Israel accusing Israel of age-old anti-semitic charges, such as blood libels and using evil power to control the world. Questions 1) Describe anti-semitism IN YOUR OWN WORDS. 2) Describe two things that Jewish people were accused of that are discussed in this article. 3) What is the title of the book that Martin Luther wrote about the Jews? 4) Describe 2 negative things that happened to Jewish people historically.