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4 THE CELTIC YEAR The Celtic Year traditionally (though open to debate!) starts with the celebration of Samhain (pronounced 'sow'inn' and the word for November in some Gaelic languages) which is a celebration of the end of the harvest season in Gaelic culture. It was also the time of year when the veils between this world and the Otherworld were believed to be at their thinnest: when the spirits of the dead could most readily mingle with the living once again. Later, when the festival was adopted by Christians, they celebrated it as All Hallows' Eve, followed by All Saints Day, though it still retained elements of remembering and honoring the dead (not forgetting the festival of Harvest Thanksgiving which tends to be a moveable feast these days)

5 THE CELTIC YEAR In Ireland the year was divided into two periods of six months by the feasts of Beltane (May 1) and Samhain ( November 1), and each of these periods was equally divided by the feasts of Imbolc (February 1st or 2nd), and Lughnasadh (August 1)

6 WINTER SOLSTICE In pre-historic times, winter was a very difficult time for people in the northern latitudes. The growing season had ended and the tribe had to live off of stored food and whatever animals they could catch. The people would be troubled as the life-giving sun sank lower in the sky each noon. They feared that it would eventually disappear and leave them in permanent darkness and extreme cold. After the winter solstice, they would have reason to celebrate as they saw the sun rising and strengthening once more. Although many months of cold weather remained before spring, they took heart that the return of the warm season was inevitable.

7 A COSMIC CLOCK Astronomical events, which during ancient times controlled the mating of animals, sowing of crops and metering of winter reserves between harvests, show how various cultural mythologies and traditions have arisen. This is attested by physical remains in the layouts of late Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites such as Stonehenge in Britain and Newgrange in Ireland. The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (New Grange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge).

8 A 5,000 YEAR OLD ROOF The Druids (Celtic priests) would cut the mistletoe that grew on the oak tree and give it as a blessing. Oaks were seen as sacred and the winter fruit of the mistletoe was a symbol of life in the dark winter months. It was also the Druids who began the tradition of the yule log. The Celts thought that the sun stood still for twelve days in the middle of winter and during this time a log was lit to conquer the darkness, banish evil spirits and bring luck for the coming year.

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10 ! Brú na Bóinne, which means the palace or the mansion of the Boyne, refers to the area within the bend of the River Boyne which contains one of the world s most important prehistoric landscapes.! The archaeological landscape within Brú na Bóinne is dominated by the three well-known large passage tombs, Knowth, Newgrange and Dowth, built some 5,000 years ago in the Neolithic or Late Stone Age. An additional ninety monuments have been recorded in the area giving rise to one of the most significant archaeological complexes in terms of scale and density of monuments and the material evidence that accompanies them. The Brú na Bóinne tombs, in particular Knowth, contain the largest assemblage of megalithic art in Western Europe. )

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13 Pope Julius I chose December 25th as the date to celebrate Jesus birth to "Christianize" the many pagan festivals and merrymaking that occurred during this time of year. Why did Christianity become involved with the festivities during the winter solstice period? Most probably as an attempt to divert the attention from the "partying" and merrymaking to a more Christian tone. The rebirth of life that was celebrated by the pagans was converted to a symbolism of Christ s birth. The turning point to longer days at the winter solstice where more light would come became the hope that was induced by the birth of Jesus Christ. )

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15 'You will be with child and give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus. He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David, and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever; his kingdom will never end. 'Luke 1:31-33) There were safer places more comfortable places palaces and wealthy places Yet you chose a daughter of the soil Who would have otherwise lived a good and honest life grown and harvested crops cooked and washed and cared for others and been forgotten to be your temporary home to be exalted for all time) )

16 ! My soul glorifies the Lord and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior, for he has been mindful of the humble state of his servant. From now on all generations will call me blessed) When does an ordinary life Become extraordinary An mundane day Become revolutionary A moment in time Change history? When God enters in Forgives sin Allows us to Begin again When we repeat Those words of Mary May it be to me As you say )

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