Arabic for Nerds two. A Grammar Compendium. 450 Questions and Answers. by Gerald Drißner

Transcription

1 Arabic for Nerds two A Grammar Compendium ا ع را بب UNDERSTANDING 450 Questions and Answers by Gerald Drißner

2 Gerald Drißner (Drissner), born 1977 in a mountain village in Austria, is an economist and awardwinning journalist. He lived in the Middle East and North Africa for more than ten years, where he has intensively studied Arabic. Gerald Drißner is the author of Arabic for Nerds 1 (Fill the Gaps: 270 Questions about Arabic Grammar; 2015) and Islam for Nerds (500 Questions and Answers; 2016). IMPRINT/IMPRESSUM Arabic for Nerds 2 1 st edition, August 2018 (281018) Copyright 2018 by Gerald Drißner (Drissner) Cover design, layout: 2018 by Gerald Drißner Publisher: Internet: Address: ISBN-13: ISBN-13: pochemuchka (Gerald Drißner) mail@gerald-drissner.com Postfach , D Berlin, Germany (paperback) (hardcover) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic (such as Internet websites), mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the author and publisher. Das Werk, einschließlich seiner Teile, ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Autors unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für die elektronische oder sonstige Vervielfältigung, Übersetzung, Verbreitung und öffentliche Zugänglichmachung.

3 Arabic for Nerds two 0. Introduction...1 PART ONE: THE BASICS CHAPTER 1: THE DAWN OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 1. How old is Arabic grammar? What is Classical Arabic? Who wrote the first Arabic dictionary? What does the Arabic word for dictionary (قام وس) mean? What prompted the first grammarian to write down rules? Why do we use the word ن ح و for grammar? How did the inventor of the dots guide his calligrapher? Who invented the vowels and markers which we use today? Are there consonants which do not go well with each other? Who wrote the first book about Arabic grammar? What does the name Sībawayhi mean? What is the first sentence of Sībawayhi's grammar? What was the aim of the first Arabic grammarians? Which are the two most famous Arabic grammar schools? How do we know that a scholar belongs to the Kūfa school? What role did the Bedouins play in creating Arabic grammar? What does a wasp have to do with Arabic grammar? What came first: noun or verb? How can you tell that a word in Arabic is of foreign origin? What does أ ك ل ون ي ال ب راغ يث mean? How did the scribes of the Qur'an set the rules for the Hamza? Did prophet Muhammad pronounce the ه م زة (glottal stop)?...22 CHAPTER 2: DECODING ARABIC GRAMMAR إ ع راب What you need to know about 23. What is the formula (steps) to analyze a word in Arabic? How much do English and Arabic grammar differ? What gender should we use for Arabic grammar terms? How many kinds of words does Arabic know?...29

4 27. Are there particles in Arabic? What does إ ع راب mean? ? إ ع راب 29. Which signs are used for 30. Does every ا س م and ف ع ل get the full spectrum of case endings? How do you put a case marker on an indeclinable word? Can you use letters to mark cases? What is a governor or operator (عام ل ) in Arabic grammar? Can we have more than one عام ل in a sentence? What does ت ق د ير mean? Which verb forms hide the subject?...45 (فاع ل ) Can a word be the subject.س د م س د 37. The cryptic term 48...?(خ ب ر ) and serve as the predicate Misleading signs the need for virtual case markers 38. What do you do when you can't put case markers on words? Why is the Aleph the weakest letter in Arabic? Can you put case or mood markers on weak letters? Why can an extra (additional) preposition be annoying?...65 In any case the same indeclinable words 42. Which kinds of words are entirely indeclinable? Are there indeclinable verbs in Arabic?...69 The relationship of words cases 44. What do case markers express? Do verbs take cases in Arabic? ?(ت ن و ين ) 46. What is the underlying concept of nunation 47. What does nunation (ت ن و ين ) actually express? Does an indefinite, م ن ص وب word always need a final Aleph?...77 م ب ت د أ e.g.,,ه م زة 49. How do you mark the case in words ending in 79...?ش ي ء or 50. What is the function of the subject? ?(م ر ف وع ) 51. When does a noun have to be in the nominative case 82...?م ر ف وع of a nominal sentence to be م ب ت د أ 52. What causes the 53. What is the purpose of an object in Arabic? When does a noun have to be in case? م ن ص وبthe 55. When does a noun have to be in the case? م ج ر ور

5 56. Does it matter whether we use a verbal or nominal sentence? Can you have two subjects in only one sentence?...86 Shaping the verb 87...?ف ع ل ناق ص 58. What is a 59. Why do we sometimes find an extra ن at the end of verbs? ?ك ت ب ت for I wrote and not ك ت ب ت 60. Why do we say 61. Does an Arabic verb indicate time? What does ال م ضار ع mean? What is the connection between verbs and diptotes? Why is there no to be in the Arabic present tense? ?س ك ون 65. Which imperative of a regular verb doesn't end in a Sentences or clauses which do the jobs of single words 66. Having (or not having) a position in إ ع راب - What does it mean? How is it possible that a sentence does the job of a word? Can a sentence supply the place of the predicate? ?ج م لة إ ن شا ئ ي ة 69. What is a 70. Can a whole sentence take on the job of an object? ?ظ ن 71. Can a sentence function as an object of 72. Can a sentence function as the third object of certain verbs? ?حال 73. Can a sentence take the position of a ?(ص فة ) 74. Can a sentence function as an adjective 75. Why does it matter in Arabic whether a noun is truly indefinite? ?(ال م س ت ث ن ى) 76. Can a sentence supply the place of the excluded ? إ ضافة 77. Can you place a sentence as the second part of a 78. Why do adverbs of place make sentences sometimes complex? Can a nominal sentence take on the task of a verb? م ج ز وم 80. What is the tricky thing if a sentence follows another sentence? إ ع راب Neutral clauses outside the scope of ? إ ع راب 81. Does the independent clause have a position in 82. How should we deal with a parenthesis in Arabic grammar? ? أ ن 83. What is the weirdest function of the particle 84. How should we treat the content of an oath in Arabic? What's the judgment on the 2 nd part of a conditional sentence? ?(ج م لة الص لة ) 86. How do grammarians treat the relative clause

6 PART TWO: LETTERS, FORMS, AND WORDS CHAPTER 3: SECRETS OF LETTERS AND FORMS 87. What does the vowel on the second root letter tell us? In which position will you never find an Aleph? Why is there an Aleph at the end of third-person plural verbs? Why is there sometimes an Aleph instead of و or ي in verbs? The verb.يدعون What does it mean? What happens when ن and ب collide? What is the Hāʾ of silence? What is the energetic form of a verb? ?ح ي What form is.(ح ي ع ل ى الص الة ) prayer! 95. Come to 96. Give! (.(هات What form is that? ?ة have a (خ ل يفة ) 97. Why does the Arabic word for Caliph ?عال م 98. What is the plural of the word 99. Can feminine words form a sound masculine plural? ضافة ) Linking two nouns possession and belonging (ا إ ل 100. Why does the first part of a إ ضافة not get nunation? How do you know if a construction - إ ضافة is definite? ?بن or اب ن 102. Should you use 103. The king's sons and daughters. How do you say that in Arabic? English? What does it mean in ب ي وت ال قاه رة ال ق د يمة How do you say: a son of the king? How do you express: my (male) teachers? How do you add my or me to verbs? What happens to a weak letter if it collides with my? م ص د ر The 109. What came first: م ص د ر or verb? Is love ( (ح ب the original word for love? How do you express English adjectives ending in -able, -ive? CHAPTER 4: PRONOUNS AND PREPOSITIONS Pronouns (الض م ير ) and what we call in English pronouns 112. What turns an adjective into a predicate in Arabic?...170

7 113. What is the pronoun of the story or fact? What does a relative pronoun need? What kind of relative pronouns does Arabic know? What is a returning or fallback pronoun? The house which is big... What is the problem in Arabic? The man from Beirut How do you translate that into Arabic? How can you get rid of a relative pronoun? What are the rules for using أ ي as a relative pronoun? ?ذ ل ك in the word ل 121. What is the 122. Can the demonstrative pronoun (this) be an adjective? (ح ر ف ال ج ر ) Prepositions 123. How many kinds of prepositions does Arabic know? How many real prepositions does Arabic know? Does a preposition have a meaning of its own? Can you delete a preposition without changing the meaning? Extra letters and prepositions to emphasize the meaning 127. Can the ب strengthen a word's meaning? The preposition م ن does not always mean from. Is it true? What is the ل in the phrase ال ح م د ل ل ه (praise belongs to Allah)? ? إ ل ى and ل 130. Is there a difference between 131. What is the Lām of rejection or denial ال ج ح ود ) (الم good for? How can you use an extra/redundant ل to emphasize? Is ك a preposition? Can you use an extra ك to emphasize? Many a How do you say that in Arabic?...214? ر ب ه 136. What type of pronoun is found in ?ر ب ما in the expression ما 137. What function has the 138. What does the word أ ال signify? (ش ب ه ال ج م لة ) The quasi-sentence 139. Why do we call some parts of a sentence quasi-sentence? What is the grammatical concept of الت ع ل ق good for? Do prepositional or adverbial phrases only relate to verbs?...227

8 CHAPTER 5: TINY TRICKY WORDS 142. What functions can the word ما have? When does the word ما lose the Aleph? Can a و also mean when, with, or while...? What is the word ك ل good for? Can you? أ ل ك لsay Or is ك ل already definite? ?(ن ع ت ( adjective be used as an ك ل 147. Can 148. Some students came. Should the verb be plural in Arabic? What can the word أ ي be used for? ?(ن ع ت ( adjective as an أ ي 150. Can you place ? إ ضافة be cut off from the غ ي ر 151. Can the word ?(ن ع ت ( adjective be used as an غ ي ر 152. Can ?ح س ب 153. What kind of word is 154. What does ف ح س ب mean? ?ف ق ط 155. What kind of word is 156. What is the word إ م ا made of? What does إ م ا و إ م ا mean? What does the word أ م ا mean? (ج م لة اال س ت ف هام ( words The inquiry / question ?(ا س م ) 159. Are all question words in Arabic nouns 160. What functions may م ن have in a sentence? The question word what? Is it ما or ماذا in Arabic? ?( أ ي ن ) and where (م ت ى) 162. What kind of words are when 163. Can the word how (ك ي ف ) be a حال in Arabic? In Arabic, what do you need to express how much/many? ?ك م ع د د الط الب Arabic: 165. Why can't you say in 166. What's the difference between ه ل and أ in questions? What is the answer to a negated question in Arabic? ?ف 168. Why does a question sometimes need a CHAPTER 6: THE FOLLOWER ( (الت اب ع - WORDS THAT BLUEPRINT GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ?(تاب ع ) 169. Why is it important to identify a follower (الص فة or الن ع ت ( adjective The 170. Which words can serve as an adjective in Arabic?...277

9 279...?ص فة and ن ع ت 171. What is the difference between 172. How many types of the descriptive ( (ن ع ت does Arabic know? Does an adjective ح ق يق ي ) (ن ع ت always need full agreement? What is the most important rule for the adjective? Why is the causal description س ب ب ي ) (ن ع ت hard to understand? Can an adjective describe another adjective? (الت و ك يد ) The emphasis 177. What grammatical function do words used for emphasis have? Can you add an extra preposition to an emphasis? How can you emphasize the dual? How can you stress on totality/the inclusive? Does repetition, repetition, repetition express emphasis? How can you express that you did something yourself? Can you use ث م to emphasize? (ال ب د ل ) The apposition 184. How does the substitution (apposition) in Arabic work? How many types of an apposition (ب د ل ) does Arabic know? ?ب د ل 186. What are the four most important rules for the (ال ع ط ف ( couplers Conjunctions coordinators & ?(ع ط ف ال ب يان ) 187. What is a clarifying apposition 188. How do you express sequence in Arabic? Does the word ح ت ى always mean until? Is the word أ م only used in questions? Should you use ل ك ن or ل ك ن for but? You and Zayd went. How do you express this? How do you say: Muhammad's book and pen? CHAPTER 7: THE NUMBERS 194. How should we read numbers in Arabic? From right to left? What are the most important rules for numbers? What is important to know about compound numbers? Why are the numbers from 11 to 19 special? How do you spell and pronounce hundred in Arabic? Why do numbers from 3 to 10 need inverted agreement?...317

10 200. Why is the number 8 different from others? mistake? (five pigeons). Is there a خ م سة ح م امات How do you say some twenty or twenty odd in Arabic? The people came two by two? How do you say that in Arabic? Is it possible to place the number after a word? How do you make numerical expressions (3 to 10) definite? Can you use ك م as a substitute for a number? PART THREE: THE SENTENCE 207. Does a verbal sentence always start with a verb? CHAPTER 8: THE NOMINAL SENTENCE ?م ب ت د أ 208. Why is the subject of a nominal sentence called 209. What are the usual suspects that can work as a subject of a nominal sentence? Does every م ب ت د أ (subject) have a خ ب ر (predicate)? here? What is the subject ه ل م ن ر ج ل ف ي ال ب ي ت 211. sentence? Is that a الس اب ق ون الس اب ق ون A dog is in the house. How do you say that in Arabic? You have money. You have a lot of money. Why does a lot give us some leverage in grammar? What does word order signify? What does anacoluthon mean? Can you delete the subject of a nominal sentence? (ال خ ب ر ) The predicate 218. What is the nature of the predicate (خ ب ر ) in Arabic? Can a prepositional phrase ال ج م لة ) (ش ب ه be the predicate? When does the predicate have to be a sentence? What is a sentence with two faces? ?(راب ط ) 222. When can the predicate do without a connector ?ف 223. When do you connect the predicate with ?(ح ذ ف ال خ ب ر ) 224. When do you have to delete the predicate 225. Can a subject have more than one predicate? When are we not allowed to forward the predicate? When do you have to place the predicate before the subject? How do you put emphasis on the predicate?...379

11 ) الن واس خ) CHAPTER 9: RULE BREAKERS & GAME CHANGERS ?ناس خ 229. What is meant by the grammar term The verb كان (to be, to exist) 230. Why is كان so special? Why does كان not go along with a verbal subject? ?(ف ع ل تام ) be a full verb كان 232. Can the verb 233. Is a sentence كانwith a nominal or verbal sentence? What does كا ئ ن ا ما كان mean? ?كان 235. Can you change the word order in a sentence with 236. Can the word كان be redundant? ?كان to the predicate of و 237. Can you add ?كان in ن 238. Is it possible to delete the 239. Is it possible to delete كان without changing the meaning? كان The sisters of 240. Why are they called sisters? How many sisters does كان have? How do you know whether ع س ى is a full or incomplete verb? What is the job of the ك in the phrase ع ساك (perhaps you)? Many verbs mean to become. Do they have other meanings? Which verbs convey change or transformation? Can you add the preposition ب to the predicate of a sister? Still, to remain ?ال ي زال and ما ي زال 247. Is there a difference between ?زال 248. Are there alternatives to ?ما دام in the expression ما 249. What is the function of 250. What happens if the ما in ما دام is, in fact, a negation? Verbs of approaching ن 251. Should you use ? أ و ش ك after أ أ ن and إ ن twins: Optical ?(ال ح ر وف الن اس خة ) 252. Which particles are abrogators ? إ ن 253. Can you change the word order in a sentence with

12 427...? أ ن and إ ن 254. What is the difference between ?(ف ت حة (with أ ن 255. When do you have to use ? أ ن or إ ن 256. In which situations can you use ? إ ن ما and إ ن 257. What is the difference between 258. In what way is the expression ل ي ت ما special? ? إ ن ما and إ ن ما 259. What is the difference between 260. What is a wandering or sliding Lām? Why do we use different names for the emphatic Lām? ? أ ن and إ ن the sisters of (ت خ ف يف ) 262. Can you lighten ?كان in a sentence that starts with إ ن 263. Can you lighten ? أ ن 264. Can you lighten the particle ?ك أ ن 265. Can you lighten the particle ?ل ك ن 266. Can you lighten the particle The reported or indirect speech 267. Does the indirect speech work differently in Arabic? The negation of a nominal sentence ?ل ي س 268. What kind of word is ?ل ي س before the predicate of و 269. Can you add 465.?ل ي س 270. Why did the grammarians of Basra & Kūfa quarrel about 271. How many particles can do the job of ل ي س (as a negation)? Can you ماuse to negate a nominal sentence? )? ل ك ن or ل ب ( but is used together with ما 273. What happens if ?ال 274. Can you negate a nominal sentence with ? إن 275. Can you negate a nominal sentence with ?الت 276. Can you negate a nominal sentence with The absolute negation (the general denial) 277. What is meant by absolute negation? Why is the absolute negation grammatically interesting? Can you use the absolute negation with the dual or plural? What happens if you repeat the ال of the absolute negation? Which case marker does an adjective get after the ال of denial? There is no God but Allah. What got lost in this sentence? What ال س ي ماdoes mean?...497

13 CHAPTER 10: THE VERBAL SENTENCE 284. What is a verbal sentence? What is the usual word order in Arabic? What else can do the job of a verb? Does a verbal sentence have to start with a singular verb? Can a verb end a sentence? When do you use the verb's feminine form to start a sentence?..507 The subject of a verbal sentence 290. Is the subject of a verbal sentence always a single word? ?(فاع ل ) function as the subject م ص د ر 291. Can an interpreted 292. Which verbs tend to have an interpreted م ص د ر as a subject? The subject is always in the nominative case, isn't it? When do you have to add ب before the subject? Can you delete the subject of a verbal sentence? Are there verbs that don't need a subject? Can you delete the regent (عام ل ) of the subject? It was spring. How do you say that in Arabic? (نا ئ ب ال فاع ل ) The subject of the passive verb ?(فاع ل ) 299. Can something else step in for the subject 300. What was the function of the نا ئ ب ال فاع ل in the active voice? ?نا ئ ب ال فاع ل of the (عام ل ) 301. What is the regent 302. Which verbs are almost only used in the passive voice? ) ال م فاع يل) CHAPTER 11: THE OBJECTS 303. Is every verb capable of carrying a direct object? ز ور ه ) 304. I want to visit him. Is to visit ?م ف ع ول ب ه the ( أ ن أ 305. Can only verbs have (direct) objects in Arabic? Verbs with two (or three) objects 306. Which verbs need two objects? Why do you sometimes use أ ن after verbs? Verbs with two objects What's the nature of these objects? Verbs with two objects Can you delete one object? Why may verbs of meaning lead to complicated structures? If there is a verb of meaning, can you change the word order?...542

14 312. What happens if to see really means to see? To consider. Does this verb have two objects in Arabic? ?ه ب 314. What is the mysterious thing about the word 315. Can the verb قال have two objects? Are there verbs with three objects? Can you change the word order if there are 3 direct objects? (ال م ف ع ول ال م ط ل ق ) The absolute or inner object 318. How did the absolute object get its name? What is the purpose of the absolute object? ?(ش ك ر ) shukrun and not (ش ك ر ا) shukran 320. Why do we say ?م ص د ر govern another م ص د ر 321. Can a 322. Can you repeat the absolute object? Can you delete the absolute object and keep its idea? Which words are suitable to function as an absolute object? ?نا ئ ب م ف ع ول م ط ل ق 325. What is a so-called ج ل ه ) The purpose of the action (ال م ف ع ول أ ل ج ل ه 326. What is the so-called ?م ف ع ول أ ل 327. Can only a verb have a causative object? ج ل ه 328. Can you move the beginning? to the م ف ع ول أ ل ?حال 329. Can a causative object be mistaken for a (ال م ف ع ول ف يه ) Adverbial expression of time and place ?ظ ر ف 330. Why do we call an adverb in Arabic 331. Is the م ف ع ول ف يه the same as an adverb of time or place? ?(م ن ص وب ( case 332. Why is the adverb in the accusative ?(خ ب ر ) 333. Can an adverb of time/place be the predicate 334. What is a vague adverb? Which words can govern an adverb? Can it be required to delete the regent (عام ل ) of an adverb? Can one regent (عام ل ) govern two adverbs? Where in the sentence should you place an adverb of time? What does سار ال ي و م mean? ?(نا ئ ب ع ن الظ ر ف ( adverb 340. What can act as a substitute for an 341. Can a noun of place ال م كان ) (ا س م fill the place of an adverb? When is إذ treated as an adverb? ? إ ضافة work as the second part of a إ ذ 343. Can

15 344. Can the particle إ ذا function as an adverb? What happens if إ ذا denotes surprise? Can the word م ع function as an adverb? Does together really always mean just together? How do you say: I have money? Which part of the Arabic word for while (ب ي ن ما) is an adverb? I have never done that. How do you say that? ?ل م ا 351. What is the job of the adverb 352. Are م ن ذ and م ذ prepositions or adverbs? ?حال or a ب ي ن ما 353. We want to express while. Should we use 354. What does ي و م ي و م mean? (ال م ف ع ول م ع ه ) - the object of accompaniment و The tricky 355. Why does و not always mean and? ?م ف ع ول م ع ه starts a و 356. How do you know that 357. Can you use a م ف ع ول م ع ه in questions? (ال حال ) The state or circumstance 358. To which question does the حال give an answer? ?صاح ب ال حال 359. What is suitable as a 360. Can the حال refer to any kind of object? ?حال 361. What is the regent of the 362. What is the regent of the حال in a nominal sentence? ?حال 363. Which forms of a word can be used to work as a ?م ش ت ق can't be interpreted as a حال 364. What happens if the 365. Is the حال always indefinite? Is it correct to use the expression ل و ح د ي to translate alone? Is the status of the حال only temporary? Can the حال be a full sentence, and what would happen then? ?حال 369. Can a prepositional/adverbial phrase be understood as a 641.?حال 370. Does it matter whether a verb or a participle serves as the 371. Can you move the حال further to the front? How do you know whether a word is a حال or an adjective? ?حال 373. Can an adjective become a 374. Can a حال also express an intention? (الت م ي يز ) The specification 375. Why do we need specifications?...647

16 م 376. When do you have to specify a single word? What is the grammatical DNA of a noticeable specification? Why is the word that is placed as a ت م ي يز in the accusative? object? here the direct ع ل م ا Is the word ا ز داد ز ي د ع ل م ا ?ت م ي يز and a حال 380. What is the difference between a 381. Can you use a ت م ي يز together with a comparative? ?(ت ع ج ب ( wonder go along with surprise and ت م ي يز 382. Does the 383. Does the ت يز work with praise and blame? What will happen to a ت م ي يز if you place the word م ن before it? 662 ي ) ال ج م ل ا أ ل س ل وب ي ة ( WORDING CHAPTER 12: FINE WAYS OF (ج م لة الش ر ط ) The conditional sentence 385. What are the main ingredients of a conditional sentence? Does the first part of a conditional sentence need a verb? How many types of if are there in Arabic? What are the most common indeclinable conditional particles? Why do we need a ف in a conditional sentence? Does it matter whether you use the present or the past tense in a conditional sentence? How do you mark a past tense verb in the jussive mood? Why is the conditional particle إ ن often tricky? Why is the word إ ذا special? ? إ ن and إ ذا 394. What is the difference (in meaning) between ? إ ذ and إ ذا 395. What is the difference between ? إ ذا after (ا س م ) 396. Can you place a noun ? أ ي 397. What is the peculiar thing about the conditional particle 398. Which tense should you use with ل و in Arabic? ?ل و 399. How do you negate a sentence that starts with 400. Can the 1 st part of a conditional sentence work as an adjective?. 688 (ج م لة اال س ت ث ناء ) The exclusion 401. Why does the excluded thing take the accusative case? Does the word إ ال only mean except? ?ال م س ت ث ن ى 403. Is there only one possible case marker for the 404. What happens if the ال م س ت ث ن ى م ن ه is missing? Can you use إ ال to combine sentences? ? إ ال 406. Are there alternatives to

17 407. What does the word ب ي د mean? ?ما خ ال or ما ع دا in the expression ما 408. What function has the ( أ س ل وب اال خ ت صاص ) The particularization 409. What is a particularization in Arabic? The occupied regent ش ت غال ) (اال or: emphasis by word order case? Why is Zayd here in the accusative ه ل ز ي د ا ض ر ب ت ه 410. (الت ناز ع ) Two regents want to rule over one patient 411. What do you do if you have two verbs but only one subject? (الن داء ) The vocative 412. Why does the word after يا take the case? م ن ص وب 413. Which case marker should you use for the person called? How do you call س ع يد بن ز ي د (Said son of Zayd) correctly? Can you call someone whose name ends in a weak letter? How does a blind man call someone? What does يا أ ب ت mean? ?ال 418. Is it true that the person being called can't have 419. By which trick can you use ال in the vocative? What is the finest way to call God (Allah)? (ا إ ل غ راء ) and instigations (الت ح ذ ير ) Warnings 421. The road! The road! Which case do we use to warn people? ? إ ي ا 422. What is the purpose of the word 423. Can the object of a warning take the nominative case? (الن د بة ) Sorrow and pain 424. How do you lament in Arabic? (اال س ت غاثة ) The call for help 425. How do you call someone for help in Arabic? What was the war-cry of the time of ignorance? What is the strange additional ending اه good for? How can you turn a call for help into a call for destruction?...745

18 (ال ع ر ض ) ) and proposal الن ه ي ( Prohibition ?(ال غا ئ ب ( absent 429. How do you call upon a person who is 430. Let's! How do you say that in Arabic? Can words other than verbs also express an imperative? Can you put a negation particle ( don't ) before an imperative? How can you demand something with urgency? (ج م لة الت ع ج ب ( astonishment Surprise and 434. How can you express surprise or astonishment? Why do we use a past tense form to express astonishment? What a pretty blue! How do you say that? ? أ ف ع ل ب ه form -الت ع ج ب of in the ب 437. Can you delete the 438. How excellent Zayd was! How do you say this in Arabic? What happens if we negate an exclamation of surprise? Can you use a passive verb to express astonishment? How do you express wonder with the verb to be? (ج م لة ال م د ح و الذ م ( blame Praise and 442. Which words do you use for praise and blame? Why are ن ع م and ب ئ س regarded as verbs? How does the subject of a praise and blame-sentence look like? What does the pattern ف ع ل express? Is the verb ح ب used for praise or blame? (ج م لة ال ق س م ( vow The oath taking a 447. How can you swear by Allah in Arabic? What are the specialties of the complement of the oath? Can you use a conditional clause ر ط ) (ش with an oath? ? إ ن and ل 450. Can you express an oath by combining EPILOGUE ?ك ل عام و أ ن ت م ب خ ي ر in و What's the function of the Glossary of English grammar terms.783 Islamic Salutations after certain names 787 INDEX.788