Mongol Eurasia and its Aftermath, Chapter 12

Transcription

1 Mongol Eurasia and its Aftermath, Chapter 12

2 The Rise of the Mongols,

3 Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia Nomads depended on: Resulting in: Hierarchy system headed by a.. Tribute Marriage Religion Religious pluralism Economy Strive for self sufficiency but..

4 The Mongol Conquests, Genghis Khan , and successors conquered all of and were threatening the Song. Unification (Great Khan in Mongolia) Golden Horde Jagadai, Central Asia Il-Khans

5 1265 Khubilai declared himself Great Khan. Yuan Empire Southern Song Annam Champa

6 Ability to conquer Horsemanship Weapons Technique Adaptation Recruit Reputation/intimidation opportunists

7 Overland Trade and the Plague Eurasia What type of knowledge was exchanged between: Europe, Middle East, China, Iran, and Japan? Diseases Spread via trade routes from Southwest China to the.

8 Mongols and Islam

9 Mongol Rivalry 1260s rivalry between the Il-Khan Mongol Empire and their Muslim subjects were tense. Why? At the same time Russia was under the Golden Horde, led by Batu who converted to Islam. What were his intentions?

10 Il-Khan Golden Horde

11 What role did Europe play in this conflict? A failed alliance Islam and the State Il-Khan State used the tax farming system. Worked at first; However: What attempts were made to fix this? depression Noble Mongols fought each other for left over revenues Golden Horde invaded Timurids emerged in the Middle East

12 Culture and Science in Islamic Juvaini Eurasia Rashid al-din, Jew who converted to Islam and advisor to Il-Khans, wrote What does this tell us about the Mongol world?

13 Astronomy calendars, epicycles, prediction of eclipses Mathematics Adapted Indian numerical system More accurate calculation of pi Passed on to.

14 Regional Responses in Western Eurasia

15 Russia and Rule from Afar Golden Horde made their capital at the mouth of Volga, ruling Russia from afar Goal: The Mongols favored Novgorod and Moscow. Why? These cities emerged as center of Russian civilization.

16 Historic controversy Some historians believe in the Mongol yoke Some believe that Kievan state was already declining before Mongol rule due to: Ivan III, the prince of Moscow, ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of.

17 New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia How did the forces of the Mongols take over Eastern Europe? International force Vienna Withdrew Diplomatic trade I m losing my religion

18 Rise of Lithuania (and Balkan kingdoms) Due to Antolia to Constantinople Islamic culture Ottomans, in eastern Anatolia in the 1300s were kept in check by the Timurids, expanded eastward in the 1400s and conquered Constantinople in 1453.

19 Mongol Domination in China

20 The Yuan Empire, Khubilia Khan practiced Chinese tradition and government. Fragmented: Song, Tanggut, and Jin were unified. Beijing Lamas Government innovations Tax farming W. Asian officials Hierarchy Decline in Confucianism Merchants and doctors elevated

21 Urban prosperity Trade and merchants flourished Corporations Literature Gentry Mandarin dialect developed Rural decline. Why? Population decline. Why?

22 Cultural and Scientific Exchange Exchange of technological, and mathematical knowledge was common between Iran ( ) and China ( ). They both enjoyed good relations and had similar policies and sponsored intellectual pursuits. Yuan imported: Il-khans imported:

23 The Fall of the Yuan Empire Problems: Zhu Yuanzhang (Chinese) brought an end to years of chaos and rebellions. Ming dynasty Rivals: Mongols, Jurchens (Jins),

24 The Early Ming Empire

25 Ming China on a Mongol Foundation Goals of Zhu Yuanzhang/Hongwu: close trade with C. Asia and Middle East Reassert Nanjing Continuation of (Yuan): Provincial Hereditary professional categories Mongol calendar

26 the Ming dispatched a series of expeditions to: Zheng He Added some luxury goods and 50 tribute countries. Why did voyages end?

27 Technology and Population Slowdown in technological innovation. Why? and moved ahead of China in technological innovation. Korea- firearms, shipping, meteorology, calendars Japan- mining, metallurgy, and household goods

28 The Ming Achievement The Ming was a period of great wealth, consumerism, cultural brilliance, literature, and luxury goods.

29 Centralization and Militarism in East Asia,

30 Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, Korea concedes in 1258 King of Koryo merges family Profited from technology (Yuan) Collapsed after the Yuan fell, replaced by Yi dynasty (after Ming). Continuation of Ming

31 Technology Moveable type, meteorological science, calendar, fertilizer reservoirs, cotton Military Patrol ships, cannons, arrow launchers, armored ships

32 Political Transformation in Japan First invasion 1272 against the decentralized Kamakura Result: Second invasion Result:

33 Kamakura shogunate destroyed by.. Ashikaga period 1338 Relatively weak, schools, increased agriculture, and artistic creativity Onin war 1477 Local rivalry More decentralized

34 The Emergence of Vietnam, Divided Chinese-influenced Annam in the north Indian-influenced Champa in the south (tribute from both) After fall of Yuan, the two Vietnams resumed war with each other Ming rule Ruled Annam early 15 th until By 1500, Annam completely defeated Champa and established a style government over all of Vietnam.

35 Conclusion In every case, the threat or reality of Mongol invasion led to: How did they deal with cultural, ethnic diversity? How was trade effected?