Islamic Gerontology, Importance of Localizing Aging Studies in Iran: A Review of Quran and Hadith

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1 Journal of Research on Religion & Health.2018;4(2): Journal Homepage: Islamic Gerontology, Importance of Localizing Aging Studies in Iran: A Review of Quran and Hadith Abdolrahim Asadollahi 1*, Farzaneh Bahadori 1, Fatemeh Eftekharian 2 1- Department of Aging Health, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. 2- Library Manager, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. * Correspondence should be addressed to Mr. Abdolrahim Asadollah; a_asadollahi@sums.as.ir Article Info Received: Des 24, 2017 Received in revised form: Feb 21, 2018 Accepted: Feb 27, 2018 Available Online: Mar 21, 2018 Keywords: Hadith Islamic gerontology Localizing sciences Quran Abstract Background and Objective: Discussion of localizing sciences in all fields of humanities is a contentious issue in Iranian academic settings and has its supporters and opponents. Among new branches of sciences developed in the 20 th century, the science of biological, psychological, and social aspects of older adults, known as gerontology, is a recent one. Like other modern sciences, this field of study has an occidental origin. In recent years, it has also found its place in academic settings in Iran. The present study aimed to discover the theoretical, Islamic, and ideological origins of gerontology in oriental and Islamic society. Method: This library-based study was an attempt to review available resources. To this end, Quranic verses, hadiths, and historical documents about the elderly were consulted. Keywords such as the elderly and old age were used to search for these resources. All ethical issues were observed in the study and the researchers declared no conflict of interests. Results: According to the available resources of Islamic jurisprudence, it seems that the current situation is appropriate for localizing gerontology through referring to Quranic resources, Islamic hadiths, ancient history of Iranian culture, and documents on Islamic jurisprudence. Conclusion: Considering the thorough and eternal nature of Islam and its dominance on human s existential structure and his real needs, it is necessary to design the curriculum of gerontology, which is a newly established discipline, based on Islamic principles and standards. Please cite this article as: Asadollahi A, Bahadori F, Eftekharian F. Islamic Gerontology, Importance of Localizing Aging Studies in Iran: A Review of Quran and Hadith. J Res Relig Health. 2018; 4(2): Summary Background and Objective: In accordance with the definition of the Department of Gerontology in the Ministry of Health, The main mission of the field of gerontology is to educate trained human personnel in various social, mental, and health dimensions, in order to use these forces and in order to provide educational and research programs. The policy advice and planning for the elderly are related to institutions and organizations. This field was reviewed in the second half of the twentieth century by approved American universities and later in Europe. It has developed into three main fields as social science or sociology of aging, biomedical gerontology and geriatrics, and psycho-gerontology. However, at present, in most of Journal of Research on Religion & Health the great academic centers of the world, this field is in the form of integrated institutions adopting a comprehensive view to the elderly and their problems. The present study aimed to discover the theoretical, Islamic, and ideological origins of gerontology in oriental and Islamic society. Method: This bibliographic review was conducted using the first-hand sources of Islam and Shi'ism and the use of related keywords such as the elderly, aging, older people, "Sheikhokha (Ar.)", "Sheikh (Ar.)", and the aging of the hadiths, narrations, quotes and texts of the Islamic jurisprudential sources. Maximum effort was made to extract texts from sources that were first mentioned and identified by early thinkers of Islam. Therefore, the consensus and relevance of the texts were mentioned and interpreted with the subject and purpose of the article. The length of the extraction of Vol. 4, No. 2, Spring 2018

2 Islamic Gerontology, Importance of Localizing Asadollahi, et al./ J Res Relig Health 2018; 4(2): texts from the main sources began in August, 2017, and until the time of writing and finalizing the manuscript in mid-december, Regarding validity and reliability of the texts (content validity), two Arabic language and literature specialists and three experts in the field of Islamic sciences were recruited in both main branches of Islam, Shi'ism and Sunnism. Results: In the field of anthropology and philosophy in Iran, old age is divided into two periods: the first one, which is known as "Mobkereh", begins at the age of sixty and lasts until the age of seventy. The second is "Motaekhereh", which begins at the age of seventy and lasts until the end of its life.(1) The "Harem", which is an old person, refers to someone who has reached the peak of weakness and disability as a result of aging.(2) In the definition of "Ardhal-al-Omr" in the commentary of al-qortabi (1273 AC.), it reads: "Ardhal-al-Omr" is the final point of life, who has reached the end of his/her life and has lasted so long that he/she has suffered dementia, mental and physical deterioration".(3) The term "Kohl" in the commentary of Al-Mounir (1990) meant: a man who has reached full-fledged development and who reaches 40 years of age or above.(4) In the explanation of the "Sheikh-al- Kabir" in the commentary of Al-Murraqi (1883 AC), it means that someone who is weakened and cannot alone feed the livestock.(5) Also, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: "show mercy to children and respect older adults to be my Companions (Al-Ashab)" (6). According to the verses, the traditions and Islamic hadiths mentioned, it is clear that God has emphasized that children should be kind to their fathers and mothers and do their best to fulfill their needs. Therefore, God has commanded that the elderly parents should be well-fed, so that Allah does not abandon the old age alone. Do not slay them from your house, do not give them bad sayings, talk with them with respect, meet them, be humble before them, and always pray for them; so that the day when it comes to you, your children will behave in the same way. At the same time, one can look at the issue from another angle, and it is essentially a matter of the worldview and attitude that Islam has towards the world and the human being. In Islam and other divine religions, human life does not end with its death, but death is in fact the end of a stage of life and the beginning of another stage (7,8). When such an attitude is presented, the elderly never feel that they have reached the end of life, and no old people needs to be young in their desire and none of them feels depressed when remembering the past. In simple terms, seniors do not suffer from depression and anxiety (9). The elderly with this worldview can enjoy their aging as a part of human life and continue to live with a calm imagination (10,11). Conclusion: Considering the thorough and eternal nature of Islam and its dominance on human s existential structure and his real needs, it is necessary to design the curriculum of gerontology, which is a newly established discipline, based on Islamic principles and standards. References 1. Ibrahim E. Al-Sanavatol Moteakherat Men-Al-Omr. Beirut: Dar-Al-Elm; p. 11, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 2. Ibn Manzhour MM. Lethanol Arab. Tehran: Ma aref Ahlal Beit (Full Text in Arabic) p. 3. Albabarti Mahmoud AM. Sharhol Enayat Alal Hedayat with Sharh Fathol Qadir. Vol. 3. Beirut: Darol Fikr; Entry 356.2, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 4. Al-Zohaili W. Tafsirol Monir. Translation by Abdolrauf Mokhles Heravi. Beirut: Darol Fekr Al- Moaser; p.293-8, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 5. Maraghi A. Tafsir Al-Maraghi. Cairo: Darol Ehya'a Torathol Arabi; Entry 34.5 & 20.7, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 6. Kulaini MY. Osul Kafi. Persian. Translation by mohammad bagherkamareie. Vol. 6. Tehran: Osweh; p.,658,158 (Full Text in Arabic) p. 7. Al Bahouti MY. Kashafol Qena'a an Matnol Eqna'a. Qom Islamic IS Centre; Entry 309.2, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 8. Al Hattab MM. Mawahebol Jalil. Beirut: Darol Fikr; entry 414/2, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 9. Asadollahi A, Rezaei P, Faraji N, Saberi LF. Does religiosity have unsuitable effect on civic engagement of older adults? A research within aged citizens in the Southwest of Iran. Journal of American Science. 2012;8 (7): Asadollahi A, Fani-Saberi L, Rezaie Abhari F, Shirinkam F. Later life civic engagement of elderly in Ahwaz-Iran. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences. 2014;1 (1): Asadollahi A, Rezaei P, Faraji N. Aging Successfully: The Impact of Spirituality on Social Participation in the Process of Living Getting Old. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;15(7): Journal of Research on Religion & Health Vol. 4, No. 2, Spring

3 مجلة البحث في الدين و الصح ة. 2(4;2018 (: موقع اجمللة على شبكة اإلنرتنت: علم الشیخوخة اإلسالمي ضرورة توطین علم الشیخوخة في إيران مع لمحة عامة عن اآليات واألحاديث 2 1 *1 عبدالرحیم اسداللهي فرزانه بهادري فاطمه افتخاريان - قسم صحة ادلسنني كلیة الصحة جامعة شرياز للعلوم الطبیة شرياز ايران. 2- علم ادلكتبات وادلعلومات الطبیة كلیة الصحة جامعة شرياز العلوم الطبیة شرياز ايران. * المراسالت موجهة إىل السید معلومات المادة الوصول: ربیعالثانی 1 وصول النص النهايی: 1 القبول: مجادیالثانی 1 النشر اإللكرتوين: األلفاظ الرئیسی ة: توطني العلوم علم الشیخوخة االسالمي القرآن واحلديث اإللكتروني: a_asadollahi@sums.as.ir عبدالرحیم اسداللهي البريد رجب 1 مجادیالثانی الملخ ص خلفیة البحث وأهدافه: إن قضیة توطني العلوم يف ادلراكز اجلامعیة االيرانیة ويف مجیع الفروع ادلرتبطة بالعمل على االنسان موضوع كان دائما موضع النقاش وكانت ىناك الكثري من وجهات النظر ادلتوافقة وادلتعارضة لو.من بني العلوم اجلديدة اليت تكونت يف أواخر القرن العشرين علم دراسة احلیاة البیولوجیة والنفسیة واالجتماعیة للمسنني أو علم الشیخوخة يف الواقع ان ىذا العلم من أحدث العلوم وان جذورهكباقي العلوم امنا نشأت يف الررب وقد تأسست يف السنوات اخأخرية خأول مرة يف جامعات إيران. تسعى ىذه الدراسة إىل بیان اخأسس النظرية واإلسالمیة واإليديولوجیة ذلذا اجملال من ادلعرفة يف اجملتمع الشرقي واإلسالمي. منهجیة البحث: اجريت ىذه الدراسة كنوع من اخلدمة ادلرجعیة للمكتبات حیث متت ادلراجعة يف البداية اىل رلموعة من اآليات القرآنیة واخأحاديث والسجالت والوثائق التارخيیة اليت تتمحور حول مسئلة الشیخوخة ومن مث مت مجع النصوص ادلتعلقة بالكلمات الرئیسیة ل"ادلسن" و"الشیخوخة" وتسجیلها. متت مراعاة مجیع ادلوارد االخالقیة يف ىذا البحث. و اضافة اىل ىذا فإن مؤلفي ادلقالة مل يشريوا اىل تضارب ادلصاحل. الكشوفات: وفقا للمصادر الفقهیة واإلسالمیة ادلوجودة يبدو أن الركائز القدميیة للثقافة االيرانیة وادلصادر الفقهیة متوفرة من اجل التوطني واإلحالة اىل ادلصادر القرآنیة والروائیة اإلسالمیة فمن الضروري أن نويل اىتماما ذلا. النتیجة: بالنظر إىل كون اإلسالم دينا كامال وخالدا وكذلك احاطة ىذا الدين باذلیكل الوجودي البشري واحتیاجاتو احلقیقیة فمن الضروري صیاغة ادلنهج الدراسي لفرع علم الشیخوخة على أساس ادلبادئ وادلعايري اإلسالمیة. يتم استناد المقالة على الترتیب التالي: Asadollahi A, Bahadori F, Eftekharian F. Islamic Gerontology, Importance of Localizing Aging Studies in Iran: A Review of Quran and Hadith. J Res Relig Health. 2018; 4(2): السنة العدد ربیع 1 رللة البحث يف الدين و الصح ة 119

4 )2(: ٸةؾبیت ٲجٯٻ: سالو ذش اسی اسالهی ضر رت ب هیسازی دا ش سالو ذی در ایراى با هر ری بر آیات احادیث 2 1 *1 عبذالرحین اسذالل ی فرزا ب ادری فاطو افتخاریاى 1- طٸٺ ؾالٲت ؾبٮٳٷسی زاٶك ٧ سٺی ثٽساقت زاٶك بٺ ٯٹ پعق ٧ ی قیطاظ قیطاظ ایطاٴ. 2-٦ تبثساضی ٸ ا ال ضؾبٶی پعق ٧ ی زاٶك ٧ سٺی ثٽساقت زاٶك بٺ ٯٹ پعق ٧ ی قیطاظ قیطاظ ایطاٴ. * هکاتبات ذ بة ثٻ آ ٢ بی جساٮطحیٱ اؾساٮٯٽی رایا اه : a_asadollahi@sums.as.ir اطالعات هقال زضیب ت: 3 زی 96 زضیب ت ٲتٵ ٶٽبیی: 2 اؾ ٷس 96 پصیط: 8 اؾ ٷس 96 ٶكط اٮ ٧ تطٸٶی ٧ ی: 1 طٸضزیٵ 97 اژگاى کلیذی: ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی ٢ طآٴ ٸ احبزیث چکیذ سابق ذف: ثحث ثٹٲیؾبظی ٯٹ زض ٲطا ٦ ع زاٶك بټی ایطاٴ زض ٦ ٯیٻی طایفټبی ٲطتج ثب ٦ بض ثط ضٸی اٶؿبٴ ٲٹيٹ ی اؾت ٦ ٻ ټٳٹاضٺ ٶ ٣ س قسٺ اؾت ٸ زیس بٺټبی ټٳؿٹ ٸ یطټٳؿٹی طاٸاٶی زاقتٻ اؾت. زض ٲیبٴ زاٶفټبی ٶٹیٵ ق ٧ ط تٻ زض اٸاذط ٢ طٴ ثیؿتٱ زاٶف ٲ بٮ ٻی حیبت ظیؿتی ضٸاٶی ٸ اجتٳب ی ا طاز ؾبٮٳٷس یب جطٸٶتٹٮٹغی زض ٸا ٢ اظ جسیستطیٵ قبذٻټبی ٯٹ اؾت. ټٳبٶٷس ٯٹ زی ط ضیكٻی ٶٹیٵ ایٵ ٯٱ زض طة ثٷیبٴ ٶٽبزٺ قسٺ ٸ ثطای ٶرؿتیٵ ثبض زض ؾب ټبی اذیط زض زاٶك بٺټبی ایطاٴ پبیٻضیعی قسٺ اؾت. ایٵ ٲ بٮ ٻ زض پی ثیبٴ ذبؾت بٺټبی ٶ طی اؾالٲی ٸ ٣ یستی ایٵ حٹظٺ اظ زاٶف زض جبٲ ٻی قط ٢ ی ٸ اؾالٲی اؾت. ر ش کار: ایٵ پػٸټف ٲ بٮ ٻیی ٲطٸضی اظٶٹ ٦ تبثربٶٻیی اؾت. زض ایٵ ٲ بٮ ٻ اثتسا ثٻ ٲجٳٹ ٻی آیبت ٢ طآٶی احبزیث ؾٹاث ١ ٸ ٲؿتٷسات تبضیری ثب ٲحٹضی ت ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٲطاج ٻ قس ٸ ٲتٹٴ ٲطتج ثب ٸاغ بٴ ٦ ٯیسی ؾبٮٳٷس ٸ ؾبٮٳٷسی طزآٸضی ٸ ثجت قس. زض ایٵ پػٸټف ټٳٻی ٲٹاضز اذال ٢ ی ض بیت قسٺ اؾت. الٸٺثطایٵ ٶٹیؿٷس بٴ ٲ ٣ بٮٻ ټیچ ٹٶٻ ت بز ٲٷب ی عاض ٶ ٧ طزٺاٶس. یافت ا: ٲ بث ١ ٲٷبث ٲٹجٹز ٣ ٽی ٸ اؾالٲی ثٻ ٶ ط ٲیضؾس ثطای ثٹٲیؾبظی ٸ اؾتٷبز ثٻ ٲٷبث ٢ طآٶی ٸ ضٸایی اؾالٲی ثؿتطټبی ٦ ٽٵ طټٷ ٩ ایطاٶی ٸ اؾٷبز ٣ ٽی طاټٱ اؾت ٸ تٹجٻ ثٻ آٶٽب يطٸضت زاضز. تیج گیری: ثب تٹجٻ ثٻ ٦ بٲ ٸ جبٸزاٶٻ ثٹزٴ اؾال ٸ احب ٻی آٴ ثط ؾبذتبض ٸجٹزی اٶؿبٴ ٸ ٶیبظټبی ح ٣ ی ٣ ی اٸ تسٸیٵ ؾط ه زضٸؼ ٲهٹة ضقتٻی جسیس ؾبٮٳٷسی ٲجتٷی ثط انٹ ٸ ٲٹاظیٵ اؾالٲی يطٸضت زاضز. است اد هقال ب ایي ص رت است: Asadollahi A, Bahadori F, Eftekharian F. Islamic Gerontology, Importance of Localizing Aging Studies in Iran: A Review of Quran and Hadith. J Res Relig Health. 2018; 4(2): هقذه ٲ بث ١ ؾط ه ت طی قسٺ اظ ضقتٻی ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی زض ٲ بٸٶت آٲٹظ ٸظاضت ثٽساقت»ٲأٲٹضیت انٯی ضقتٻی ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی تطثیت ٶیطٸی اٶؿبٶی ٲترهم آٲٹظ زیسٺ زض اث بز ٲرتٯ اجتٳب ی ضٸاٶی ٸ ثٽساقتی ثٻٲٷ ٹض 120

5 ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف... اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: ثٻ ٦ بض یطی ایٵ ٶیطٸټب زض ضاؾتبی اضائٻی ثطٶبٲٻټبی آٲٹظقی ٸ پػٸټكی ٸ ٲكبٸضٺ زض اٲط ؾیبؾت صاضی ٸ ثطٶبٲٻضیعی زض اٲٹض ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ثٻ ٶٽبزټب ٸ ؾبظٲبٴټب ٸ ٲطا ٦ ع ٲطتج ضقتٻ زض ٶیٳٻی ایٵ اؾت«. زٸ ٢ طٴ ثیؿتٱ ثٻ ٲطٸض زض ؾط ه ټبی ٲهٹة زاٶك بٺټبی ٲ تجط آٲطی ٧ ب ٸ ث سټب اضٸپب ٢ طاض ط تٻ اؾت ٸ ثب ؿتط ٸ تٹؾ ٻی ٶ طی ذٹز زض ؾٻ حٹظٺی انٯی 1 ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اجتٳب ی یب جبٲ ٻقٷبؾی ؾبٮٳٷسی 2 ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی ظیؿتی ٸ پعق ٧ ی ٸ ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی ضٸاٶی یب 3 ضٸاٴقٷبؾی ؾبٮٳٷسی ت ٧ ی ٥ قسٺ اؾت. ټط چٷس زض حب حبيط زض ثیكتط ٲطا ٦ ع زاٶك بټی ٲٽٱ جٽبٴ ایٵ ضقتٻ زض ٢ بٮت ٲؤؾؿٻټبی زض ی ٧ پبضچٻ ثب ٶ بٺ جبٲ ٶ ط ٸ ٲٷؿجٱ ثٻ زاٶف ٲ بٮ بت ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٲیٶ طز زض ایطاٴ ایٵ ضقتٻ زض زٸ ٲ ٣ ٦ بضقٷبؾی اضقس ٸ ز ٦ تطی ترههی زض ؾب ټبی اٸ تأؾیؽ ذٹز اؾت ٸ تب ایٵ تبضید زٸ زاٶك بٺ ٲ تجط ٯٹ پعق ٧ ی قیطاظ ٸ تٽطاٴ اظ ثٷیبٶ صاضاٴ ٲ بٮ بت ؾبٮٳٷسی زض ایطاٴ ثٹزٺاٶس. طح زضؼ زٸضٺی ز ٦ تطی ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی تهٹیت قسٺ اؾت ٦ ٻ ایٵ ضقتٻ زض قٹضای ؿتط ٯٹ پبیٻی پعق ٧ ی زض ٲحٹضټبی شی ٢ بث تٹجٻ اؾت: پبیجٷسی ثٻ انٹ زیٷی ٲصټجی اذال ٢ ی ٸ اضظټبی طټٷ ی جبٲ ٻ ٸ ض بیت آٴ زض ثطذٹضز ثب ٲطاج بٴ ٸ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ثٻ صاقتٵ احتطا قرهیت ؾالٲت تٹاٶٳٷسی ٸ ٲٹ ٢ یت ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٸ اضظ ٢ بئ قسٴ ثطای آٶبٴ ض بیت ح ١ اٶتربة ٸ ٲكبض ٦ ت ؾبٮٳٷس ٸ ذبٶٹازٺی ٸی زض تهٳیٱ یطی زضثبضٺی ٲطا ٢ جت یب زضٲبٴ ض بیت ح ١ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٸ ا طا یبٴ ایكبٴ زض ثطذٹضزاضی اظ زاٶف ٸ ٲٽبضت ٲٹضز ٶیبظ ثطای ٲطا ٢ جت ٲؤثط اظ ذٹز زاضا ثٹزٴ زیس ٲثجت ٸ اٲیسثرف ٶؿجت ثٻ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٸ زٸضاٴ ؾبٮٳٷسی زٸضی اظ ټط ٹٶٻ تج یى اظجٳٯٻ ٢ ٹٲی ؾٷی ٸ ض بیت اٶهب ٸ ساٮت ٸ احتطا ثٻ آظازیټبی طزی ا طاز ؾبٮٳٷس زض ثطذٹضز ٸ ٲطا ٢ جت ؾبٮٳٷساٴ. ثٻ زازٴ ٲ بث ١ اټسا ت طی قسٺ ثطای ایٵ ضقتٻ ٲكبټسٺ ٲیقٹز ٲحٹضیت ٶ بٺ ثٹٲی ثب اؾتٷبز ثٻ ٲٷبث ایطاٶی ٸ اؾالٲی ٮحب قسٺ اؾت. اظایٵضٸ قٷبذت ٲٷبث طټٷ ٩ ثٹٲی ایطاٶی ٸ اؾٷبز ٢ طآٶی ٸ ضٸایبت اؾالٲی ثطای زاٶفآٲٹذت بٴ ایٵ ضقتٻ يطٸضی ثٻ ٶ ط ٲیضؾس. ثطای ٲثب ٶٹیؿٷسٺ زض ٲ ط ی ٲٷبث ٯٳی ؾط ه زضؾی ٲبٶٷس»انٹ اذال ٢ ی ٸ ٢ بٶٹٶی زض ٲطا ٢ جت اظ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ«ثطای زاٶكجٹیبٴ تحهیالت ت ٧ ٳیٯی ایٵ ضقتٻ ؾ ی ٲی ٦ ٷس ثیكتطیٵ اؾتٷبزټبی ٯٳی ثٻ ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ تبضید ٸ طټٷ ٩ ایطاٴ ٲؿتٷسات ٢ طآٶی احبزیث ٶجٹی ٸ ٲٷبث قی ی ثبقس. ټس ایٵ ثطضؾی طزآٸضی ٸ ٲ ط ی ثطذی اظ ٲٽٱتطیٵ ضٸایبت آیبت احبزیث ٸ زیس بٺټبی ٶ طی زض ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ اؾالٲی اؾت ٦ ٻ ٲأذص ٸ ٲٷج ٲحؿٹة ٲیقٹٶس تب ثتٹاٶس زض ؾط ه ثطذی زضٸؼ ایٵ ضقتٻ ٦ بضثطز زاقتٻ ثبقس ٸ ټٳچٷیٵ اثجبت يطٸضت ٸجٹز ٸ تٹجٻ ثٻ ایٵ زؾتٻ اظ ٲٷبث اؾالٲی ٸ ایطاٶی ٶیع اظ زی ط اټسا ایٵ ٲ بٮ ٻ ثٻ حؿبة ٲیآیس. زض ی ٥ ٲثب ٲیتٹاٴ ت ٦ ٻ زض ؾط ه زضؼ»ٲؿبئ ح ٣ ٹ ٢ ی ٸ ٢ بٶٹٶی ٲطا ٢ جت اظ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ«ایٵ ٲٷبث ٦ بضثطز زاضز. ایٵ ٲٷبث طزآٸضی قسٺ ٲیتٹاٶس ٶ ٣ ٻی آ بظ حٹظٺیی اظ زاٶف ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی ثبقس ٦ ٻ ٲیتٹاٶس ثٻ ٶب ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی ت طی قٹز. ثط ټٳیٵ اؾبؼ ټس ایٵ ٲ ٣ بٮٻ ٲ ط ی ٲٽٱتطیٵ ٲٷبث ٣ ٽی ٸ اؾالٲی ٸ تأ ٦ یس ثط يطٸضت ٸجٹز ٸ تٹجٻ ثٻ آٶٽب زض ؾط ه ټبی زضٸؼ ٲطتج ثب ایٵ ضقتٻټب اؾت. ر ش کار ایٵ پػٸټف ٲ بٮ ٻیی ٲطٸضی اظٶٹ ٦ تبثربٶٻیی اؾت ٦ ٻ ثب ٲطاج ٻ ثٻ ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ اؾالٲی ٸ قی ی ٸ اؾت بزٺ اظ ٦ ٯیسٸاغٺټبی ٲطتج ٲبٶٷس ؾبٮٳٷس ؾبٮٳٷسی قیرٹذٻ قید جٹظ ٸ پیطی ٲجٳٹ ٻی احبزیث ضٸایبت ٶ ٣ ٢ ٹ ټب ٸ ٲتٹٴ زؾت اٸ اؾترطاج ٸ ٦ س صاضی قس. تال حسا ٦ ثطی نٹضت ط ت ٦ ٻ ٲتٵټب اظ ٲٷبث ی اؾترطاج طزز ٦ ٻ ثبض اٸ ش ٦ ط قسٺ اؾت ٸ ثیٵ ٯٳب ٸ نبحتٶ طاٴ ٲٷج زؾت اٸ قٷبذتٻ ٲیقٹز. ؾپؽ ٲطتج ثٹزٴ ٲتٵټب ثب ٲٹيٹ ٸ ټس ٲ ٣ بٮٻ ثطضؾی ٸ ت ؿیط قس. ٲست ظٲبٴ اؾترطاج ٲتٵټب اظ ٲٷبث اظ ٶیٳٻی ٲطزاز ٲبٺ ؾب 1395 آ بظ ٸ تب ظٲبٴ ٶ بض ٸ تسٸیٵ ٶؿرٻی ٶٽبیی ٲ ٣ بٮٻ زض اٸاذط آشضٲبٺ 1395 ٲٷبث ٲجسز جؿتجٹ ٸ ا عٸزٺ قس. ثطای ؾٽٹٮت ٦ بض ٸ ا تجبض ٲتٹٴ اظ زٸ ٲتطجٱ ظثبٴ ٸ ازثیبت طة ٸ ؾٻ ٲترهم حٹظٺی ٯٹ زیٷی ٸ آ بٺ ثٻ ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ اؾالٲی ٸ ٣ ٽی زض ټط زٸ قبذٻی انٯی ٲصټت اؾال تكی ٸ تؿٷٵ ثٽطٺ ثطزٺ قس. زض ایٵ پػٸټف تٳبٲی انٹ اذال ٢ ی ٲطتج ٦ بٲال ض بیت قسٺ اؾت. 1 ( Sociology of Aging 2 ( Geriatrics & Biogerontology 3 ( Psychogerontology

6 اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف... 1 اژ ش اسی سالو ذی در اسالم 122 یافت ا زض ٯٱ اٶؿبٴقٷبؾی ٸ ٯؿ ی زض ایطاٴ ؾبٮٳٷسی ثٻ زٸ زٸضٺ ت ٣ ؿیٱ ٲیقٹز: ی ٧ ی 2»ٲج ٧ طٺ» ٦ ٻ اظ قهت ؾبٮ ی قطٸ ٲیقٹز ٸ تب ؾٵ ټ تبز ؾبٮ ی ازاٲٻ ٲییبثس. زی طی»ٲتأذطٺ«٦ ٻ اظ ټ تبز ؾبٮ ی قطٸ ٲیقٹز ٸ تب آذط ٳط ازاٲٻ ٲییبثس )1(. زض ٢ طآٴ چٽبض ٲطتجٻ )ټٹز/ 72 اٮك طاء/ 171 نب بت/ 13 ٸ شاضیبت/ 29 ( ٦ ٯٳٻی جٹظ ثطای ظٴ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ ٸ یبئؿٻ آٲسٺ اؾت ٦ ٻ ثطای ٶٳٹٶٻ ثٻ ش ٦ ط آیبت ؾٹضٺی ټٹز ا ٦ ت ب ٲیقٹز:»و ل ق د ج آء ت ر س ل ن آ إ ب ر اى یم ب ٱل ب ش ر ی ق ال وا س ال ما ق ال س ال م ف م ا ل ب ث أ ن ج آء ب ع ج ل ح ن یذ ف ل م ا ر أ ی أ يد يه م ال ت ص ل إ ل یو ن ک ر ى م و أ و ج س م ن ه م خ یف ة ق ال وا ال ت ف إ ن ا أ ر س ل ن ا إ ل ی ق و م ل وط «الٸٺثطایٵ زض حسیث ٶجٹی ٦ ٯٳٻی جٹظ ثطای پیطظٶبٴ ٶیع ثٻ ٦ بض ض تٻ اؾت چٷبٶ ٧ ٻ اٶؽ )ضو( ضٸایت ٲی ٦ ٷس ٦ ٻ ضؾٹ ذسا )ل( زض تٹيیح آیٻی»إن ا أن ش ئ ن اى ن إن ش اء «طٲٹز:»ٲٷ ٹض پیطظٶبٶی ټؿتٷس ٦ ٻ ثط اثط پیط قسٴ زچبض ي ثیٷبیی ٸ چط ٤ چكٱ قسٶس«)2(.»ټ ط «٦ ٻ جٳ آٴ ټ ط ٲی اؾت ثٻ ٦ ؿی ا ال ٠ ٲیقٹز ٦ ٻ ثٻ ؾجت پیطی ثٻ اٸج ي ٸ ٶبتٹاٶی ضؾیسٺ ثبقس زض )3(. ت طی اضش اٮ ٳط زض ت ؿیط اٮ ٣ ط جی چٷیٵ آٲسٺ اؾت:»اضش اٮ ٳط ی ٷی ٶ ٣ ٻی ٶٽبیی ٳط ٦ ؿی ٦ ٻ ثٻ ٶ ٣ ٻی پبیبٶی ٳط ضؾیسٺ ٸ آٴ ٢ سض ٳط ٸی ٹالٶی قسٺ ٦ ٻ ثٻ ؾجت آٴ زچبض 3 ظٸا ٣ ٯی ٣ ٶساضز«. ٸ ٢ بل ٸ جؿٳی كتٻ اؾت ٸ ٲبٶٷس ٯی كتٻ ٦ ٻ ضؾٹ ذسا )ل( ثب تٹجٻ ثٻ ضٸایتی اظ اثٵ اثی )ضو( اظ ذساٸٶس زضذٹاؾت ٶٳٹزٺ اؾت تب ٸی ضا ثٻ اضش اٮ ٳط ٶطؾبٶس )4(. ٦ ٯٳٻی 4 زض ت ؿیط» ٦ ٽ» چٷیٵ ٲ ٷی قسٺ اٮٳٷیط اؾت: ٲطزی ٦ ٻ ثٻ ضقس تٳب یبض ذٹز ضؾیسٺ ٸ ٦ ؿی اؾت ٦ ٻ ثٻ ؾٵ 40 یب ثیكتط ثطؾس )5(. ذساٸٶس تجبض ٤ ٸ ت بٮی زض يٳٵ زٸ آیٻی ٹ ٠ ت ٧ ٯی تٳب طظٶساٶی ضا ٦ ٻ ٸاٮسیٵ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ زاضٶس ثب نطاحت ثیبٴ ٶٳٹزٺ اؾت. ثٻ ٶ ط ٲیضؾس تٷٽب ان الحی ٦ ٻ ثب ؾبٮٳٷس ٲٷ ج ١ ثبقس ان الح قید اؾت ٦ ٻ ٲ بز ٸاغٺی ؾبٮٳٷس زض طثی اؾت. زض ٢ طآٴ ؾٻ ثبض ایٵ ٸاغٺ ثٻ ٦ بض ض تٻ اؾت. ثطای ٲثب زض آیٻی 23 ؾٹضٺی ٢ هم:»و ل م ا و ر د م آء م د ين و ج د ع ل یو أ م ة م ن الن اس يس ق ون و و ج د م ن د و ن م ام ر أ ت ني ت ذ ود ان ق ال م ا خ ط ب ک م ا ق ال ت ا ال ن س ق ی ح ت ی يص د ر الر ع آء و أ ب ون ا ش یخ ک ب ري ټٷ بٲی ٦ ٻ ثٻ آة ٲسیٵ ضؾیس طٸټی اظ ٲطز ضا زیس ٦ ٻ )چبضپبیبٴ ذٹز ضا( آة ٲیزازٶس ٸ جسا اظ آٶٽب زٸ ظٴ ضا زیس ٦ ٻ ) ٹؾ ٷساٴ ذٹز ضا( ٦ ٷبض ٲی ٦ كیسٶس ٲٹؾی ) ( ت: ثطٶبٲٻی قٳب چیؿت )زٸ زذتط ح طت ق یت ) ( پبؾد زازٶس: ٲب )ٲٷت طیٱ ٸ( اظ آة اؾت بزٺ ٶٳی ٦ ٷیٱ تب ایٷ ٧ ٻ چٹپبٴټب ) ٹؾ ٷساٴ ذٹز ضا( ثبظ طزاٶٷس ٸ پسضٲبٴ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ اؾت«. زض تٹيیح»قید ٦ جیط«زض ت ؿیط اٮٳطا ی آٲسٺ اؾت: ی ٷی ٦ ؿی ٦ ٻ زچبض ي قسٺ اؾت ٸ ثٻ تٷٽبیی ٶٳیتٹاٶس )چبضپبیبٶف ضا( آة زټس )6(. هر ر ه ابع دست ا ل اسالهی: سالو ذی در قرآى ؾبٮٳٷسی آٴ ٢ سض زض اؾال اضظقٳٷس اؾت ٦ ٻ پؽ اظ ایٳبٴ ثٻ تٹحیس ٸ اض ٦ بٴ آٴ ثیبٴ قسٺ اؾت ٸ اظ ط ی ی ٧ ی اظ پیبٲجطاٴ ذسا ثٻ ٶب ح طت ظ ٦ طیب ) ( زض ٲٷبجبت ثب پطٸضز بض بٮٱ ثٻ آٴ تٹؾ ٲیجٹیس ٦ ٻ ایٷٽب ټٳٻ زٮی ثط اضظقٳٷس ثٹزٴ پیطی اؾت:»ذ ك ر ر ح ت ر ب ك ع ب د ه ز ك ر ي ا إ ذ نادى ر ب و ن داء خ ف ی ا قال ر ب إ ين و ى ن ال ع ظ م م ن و اش ت ع ل الر أ س ش ی با و مل أ ك ن ب د عائ ك ر ب ش ق ی اایٵ یبزى اؾت اظ ضحٳت پطٸضز بض تٹ ٶؿجت ثٻ ثٷسٺا ظ ٦ طیب زض آٴ ټٷ ب ٦ ٻ پطٸضز بض ضا زض ذٯٹت بٺ ذٹاٶس. ت پطٸضز بضا! اؾترٹاٶٱ ؾؿت قسٺ ٸ ق ٯٻی پیطى تٳب ؾط ضا طا ط تٻ اؾت ٸ ٲٵ ټط ع زض ز بى تٹ اظ اجبثت ٲحطٸ ٶٳىقس «)7(. ذساٸٶس ٲت ب ٲی طٲبیس:»و ال ت ق ف م ا ل یس ل ک ب و ع ل م إ ن الس م ع و ال ب ص ر و ال ف ؤ اد ک ل أ ولئ ک ک ان ع ن و م س ؤ وال «)8»اظ آٶچٻ ثٻ آٴ آ بټی ٶساضی پیط یٸ ٲ ٧ ٵ چطا ٦ ٻ ٹ ٸ چكٱ ٸ ز ټٳٻ ٲؿئٹٮٷس.»مث ل ت س أ ل ن يو م ئ ذ ع ن الن ع یم ؾپؽ آٴ ضٸظ ٦ ٻ زٸظخ ضا ثٷ طیس زضثبضٺی ټط ٶ ٳتى ٦ ٻ ثٻ قٳب اضظاٶى قسٺ اؾت اظ قٳب ؾؤا ذٹاټس قس«)9(. احتطا ثٻ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ زض ٢ طآٴ ٦ ٻ ی ٧ ی اظ ٲهبزی ١ آٴ ٸاٮسیٵ ؾبٮٳٷس اؾت اظ جٳٯٻ ٲٹاضزی اؾت ٦ ٻ ٶكبٴ ٲیزټس 1 ( Terminology 2 ( Mobkerah 3 ( Dementia 4 ( Kohl

7 ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف... اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: ؾبٮٳٷسی زض زیٵ اؾال اظ جبی بٺ ٸاال ٸ ٸیػٺیی ثطذٹضزاض اؾت آٶجب ٦ ٻ ذساٸٶس تجبض ٤ ٸ ت بٮی زض يٳٵ آیبت 23 ٸ 24 ؾٹضٺی اؾطا ٲی طٲبیس:»و ق ضى ر ب ك أ ال ت ع ب د وا إ ال إ ي اه و ب ال وال د ي ن إ ح سانا إ م ا ي ب ل ر ن ع ن د ك ال ك ب ر أ ح د ه ا أ و ك ال ه ا ف ال ت ق ل ذل ما أ ف و ال ت ن ه ر ه ا و ق ل ذل ما ق و ال ك ر ميا و اخ ف ض ذل ما ج ناح الذ ل م ن الر ح ة و ق ل ر ب ار ح ه ما ك ما ر ب یاين ص ر ريا پطٸضز بضت طٲبٴ زازٺ جع اٸ ضا ٶپطؾتیس ٸ ثٻ پسض ٸ ٲبزض ٶی ٧ ى ٦ ٷیس ټط بٺ ی ٧ ى اظ آٶٽب -یب ټط زٸ آٶٽب- ٶعز تٹ ثٻ ؾٵ پیطى ثطؾٷس ٦ ٳتطیٵ اټبٶتى ثٻ آٶٽب ضٸا ٲساض ٸ ثط آٶٽب طیبز ٲعٴ ٸ تبض ٮ ی ٸ ؾٷجیسٺی ثعض ٹاضاٶٻ ثٻ آٶٽب ث ٹ. ثب ټبى تٹاي ذٹیف ضا زض ثطاثطقبٴ اظ ٲحجت ٸ ٮ طٸز آٸض ٸ ث ٹ پطٸضز بضا ټٳبٴ ٹٶٻ ٦ ٻ آٶٽب ٲطا زض ٦ ٹچ ٧ ى تطثیت ٦ طزٶس ٲكٳٹ ضحٳتكبٴ ٢ طاض زٺ«)10(. زض تٹيیح ایٵ آیٻ زض ت ؿیط اٮٳطا ی آٲسٺ اؾت ٸ ٢ تی ذسا ثٻ قٳب ٶی ٧ ی ذٹاټس ٦ طز ٦ ٻ ثب پسض ٸ ٲبزضتبٴ ٶی ٥ ض تبض ثبقیس. ٣ ٽب ٶیع تأٲیٵ ٶ ٣ ٻی ایكبٴ ضا جعٸ احؿبٴ قٳطزٺاٶس )6(. ٲ بث ١ ت ؿیط الٲٻ جب جبیی ا ط ذساٸٶس ح ٧ ٱ ضا ثٻ زٸضاٴ پیطی پسض ٸ ٲبزض اذتهبل زازٺ اؾت اظ ایٵ جٽت ثٹزٺ ٦ ٻ پسض ٸ ٲبزض زض آٴ زٸضاٴ ؾرتتطیٵ حبالت ضا زاضٶس ٸ ثٻ ٦ ٳ ٥ طظٶس ثیكتط احتیبج زاضٶس ظیطا اظ اٶجب ثؿیبضی اظ ٸاججبت ظٶس ی ذٹز ٶبتٹاٶٷس ٸ ټٳیٵ ٲ ٷب ی ٧ ی اظ آٲب پسض ٸ ٲبزض اؾت ٦ ٻ ټٳٹاضٺ اظ طظٶساٴ ذٹز آضظٸ ٲی ٦ ٷٷس. ضٸظ بضی ٦ ٻ اظ طظٶس پطؾتبضی ٲی ٦ طزٶس ٸ ضٸظ بضی زی ط ٦ ٻ ٲك ٣ بت آٶبٴ ضا تحٳ ٲیٶٳٹزٶس ٸ ثبظ زض ضٸظ بضی ٦ ٻ ظحٳت تطثیت آٶبٴ ضا ثٻ زٸ ٦ كیسٶس. زض ټٳٻی ایٵ ازٸاض ٦ ٻ طظٶس اظ تأٲیٵ ٸاججبت ذٹز بجع ثٹز آٶبٴ ایٵ آضظٸ ضا زض ؾط ٲیپطٸضاٶسٶس ٦ ٻ زض ضٸظ بض پیطی اظ زؾت یطی طظٶس ثطذٹضزاض قٹٶس«)11(. ح طت ٲٹؾی ) ( پؽ اظ حبزثٻی ٢ ت ٢ ج ی بٮٱ تطؾٷب ٤ اظ قٽط ذبضج قس ٸ ت:»... ر ب ن ن م ن ال ق و م الظ ال م ني «)12»پطٸضز بضا! ٲطا اظ ایٵ ٢ ٹ بٮٱ ضټبیى ثرف«. ؾپؽ ض ت تب ثٻ قٽط ٲسیٵ ضؾیس زیس سٺیی آٲسٺاٶس ٸ ٹؾ ٷسټبیكبٴ ضا آة ٲیزټٷس. ح ٹض زٸ ظٴ زض ٹقٻیی تٹجٻ اٸ ضا جٯت ٦ طز ٶعز آٶبٴ ض ت ٸ طٲٹز:»ما خ ط ب ك ما ٲك ٧ قٳب چیؿت «گفتند:»الن س ق ي ح ت ي ص د ر الر عاء و أ ب ونا ش ی خ ك ب ري «)13»ٲب آٶٽب ضا آة ٶٳی زټیٱ تب چٹپبٴټب ټٳ ی ذبضج قٹٶس ٸ پسض ٲب پیط ٲطز ٦ ٽٷؿبٮی اؾت )ٸ ٢ بزض ثط ایٵ ٦ بضټب ٶیؿت(» ؿ ٣ ى ٮ ٽ ٳب«ٲٹؾی ) ( ثیزضٶ ٩ ا ٢ سا ٦ طز ٸ ٹؾ ٷساٴ آٴ زٸ ظٴ ثیپٷبٺ ضا ؾیطاة ٦ طز ٸ ض ت ظیط ؾبیٻ ٶكؿت ٸ زؾت ثٻ ز ب ثٯٷس ٦ طز ٸ ت:»ر ب إ ين ل ما أ ن ز ل ت إ يل م ن خ ري ف ق ري «)14»پطٸضز بضا! ټط ذیط ٸ ٶی ٧ ى ثط ٲٵ طؾتى ٲٵ ثٻ آٴ ٶیبظٲٷس «. ٹٮی ٶ ٧ كیس ٦ ٻ زذتط ق یت آٲس ٸ ت: پسض تٹ ضا ز ٹت ٦ طزٺ اؾت تب پبزا ٦ بضت ضا ثسټس. ٸ ٢ تی ٶعز ق یت ) ( آٲس زاؾتبٴ ذٹز ضا ثیبٴ ٦ طز ق یت طٲٹز:»ال ت ف ن و ت م ن ال ق و م الظ ال م ني «)15»ٶتطؼ اظ ٢ ٹ بٮٱ ٶجبت یب تى«. ؾپؽ ی ٧ ی اظ زذتطاٴ ثٻ ثیبٴ ذٹثیټبی اٸ پطزاذت ٸ اظ پسض ذٹاؾت ٦ ٻ اٸ ضا اؾترسا ٦ ٷس. ٸٮی ح طت ق یت ) ( پبزا ثبالتط ثٻ اٸ زاز ٸ اٸ ضا نبحت ذبٶٹازٺ ٸ ظٶس ی ٦ طز ٸ طٲٹز:»إ ين أ ر يد أ ن أ ن ك ح ك إ ح د ى اب ن يت ىات ني ع لى أ ن ت أ ج ر ين ث اين ح ج ج... «)16 ٲٵ ٲىذٹاټٱ ی ٧ ى اظ ایٵ زٸ زذتط ضا ثٻ ټٳؿطى تٹ زضآٸض ثٻ ایٵ قط ٦ ٻ ټكت ؾب ثطاى ٲٵ ٦ بض ٦ ٷى«. ح طت ٲٹؾی ) ( زض آٴ ضٸظ ثٻ پیبٲجطی ٶطؾیسٺ ثٹز ٸ ٯٱ یت ٶٳیزاٶؿت آٴ زٸ ظٴ ضا ٶٳیقٷبذت اظ ضٸی جٹاٶٳطزی ٸ ٦ ٳ ٥ ثٻ ٲ ٯٹ ثٻ یبضی آٴ زٸ ظٴ ثیپٷبٺ قتب ت. زض ٸا ٢ ثطای ضيبیت پطٸضز بض ثٻ ح طت ق یت ) ( آٴ پیطٲطز ثعض ٹاض ٦ ٻ اظ ضٸی ٶبچبضی زذتطاٴ ذٹز ضا ثطای آةزټی ٹؾ ٷساٴ طؾتبزٺ ثٹز ذسٲت ٦ طز ٸ ذساٸٶس ٶیع پبزا ٲٷبؾجی ثٻ پبؼ ایٵ ذسٲت ثیقبئجٻ ٷبیت طٲٹز. ایٵ زاؾتبٴ ٢ طآٶی ظیجبتطیٵ تبثٯٹ ثطای ذسٲت ذبٮهبٶٻ ٸ ثیقبئجٻ ثٻ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ اؾت. ٸايح اؾت زض جبٲ ٻیی ٦ ٻ طٸٺ یٳی اظ آٴ ضا ؾبٮٳٷساٴ تك ٧ ی ٲیزټٷس ذسٲتضؾبٶی ثٻ آٶبٴ ثسٸٴ ٶ ٱ ٸ تك ٧ یالت اٲ ٧ بٴپصیط ٶرٹاټس ثٹز. زض جبی زی ط ا ٢ سا طظٶساٴ ی ٣ ٹة ثطای ضټبیی ثطازضقبٴ ثٷیبٲیٵ اظ ظٶساٴ عیع ٲهط چٷیٵ آٲسٺ اؾت: آٶبٴ تٷس:»يا أ ي ه ا ال ع ز يز إ ن ل و أ با ش ی خا ك ب ريا ف خ ذ أ ح د نا م كان و إ ن ا ن راك م ن ال م ح س ن ني «)17»اى عیع اٸ پسض پیطى زاضز ی ٧ ى اظ ٲب ضا ثٻ جبى اٸ ث یط ٲب تٹ ضا اظ ٶی ٧ ٹ ٦ بضاٴ ٲىثیٷیٱ«آٶبٴ ذٹاؾتٷس ثب حطٲتی ٦ ٻ پیطاٴ ٶعز زی طاٴ زاضٶس آٴ ضا ٸؾیٯٻ ٢ طاض زټٷس تب ثطازضقبٴ ضا آظاز یب زی طی ضا جبی عیٵ ٸی ؾبظٶس) 10 (. سالو ذی در احادیث ر ایات 123

8 اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف... ؾبٮٳٷساٴ زض طټٷ ٩ زیٷی جبی بٺ ٸ ٲٷعٮت ٸیػٺیی زاضٶس ٸ زضثبضٺی ض بیت ح ٣ ٹ ٠ آٶبٴ طاٸاٴ ؾ بض قسٺ اؾت. پیبٲجط طاٲی اؾال ٲی طٲبیس:»ال تز ول ق د م ا ع ب د يو م الق یام ة ح ت ی يس أل ع ن أر ب ع : ع ن ع مره فیم أف ناه و ع ن ش باب و ف یم أب اله و ع ن مال و م ن أين إک ت س ب و و فیم أن ف ق و و ع ن ع ل م و ماذا ع م ل ب و ټط ع زٸ پبی اٶؿبٶی زض ٢ یبٲت اظ جب ت ٧ بٴ ٶرٹاټس ذٹضز تب ایٷ ٧ ٻ اظ چٽبض چیع اظ اٸ پطؾیسٺ قٹز: 1( اظ ٳط ٦ ٻ زض چٻ ضاټی ٷب ٶٳٹزٺ اؾت 2( اظ ٯٳف ٦ ٻ چٻ ٢ سض ثٻ آٴ ٳ ٶٳٹزٺ اؾت 3( اظ ٲبٮف ٦ ٻ اظ ٦ جب ثٻ زؾت آٸضزٺ ٸ زض چٻ ضاټی ذطچ ٶٳٹزٺ اؾت 4( ٸ اظ جؿٳف ٦ ٻ زض چٻ ضاټی پٹؾیسٺ ٶٳٹزٺ اؾت«. ضؾٹ ذسا )ل( زضثبضٺی طاٲی زاقتٵ ثعض بٴ ٲی طٲبیس:»إذا أتاک م ک رمی ق وم ف أ کر موه ټط بٺ ثعض ٨ ٢ ٹٲى ثط قٳب ٸاضز قس طاٲىا ثساضیس«)11(. ټٳچٷیٵ»ٸجٹز پیطاٴ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ ثیٵ قٳب ثب ث ا عایف ضحٳت ٸ ٮ پطٸضز بض ٸ ؿتط ٶ ٳتټبی اٮٽی ثط قٳبؾت«)18(. یب»ث الث ة الي ست خ ف ب ق ه م إال م ع ل م م ناف ق ب ني الن فاق : ذوالش یبو فی اإلسالم و اإلمام ادل قس ط و اخل ري «ؾٻ ٶ ط ټؿتٷس ٦ ٻ جع ٲٷب ٣ ى ٦ ٻ ٶ ب ٢ ف آق ٧ بض اؾت زض ح ١ آٶبٴ ثىحطٲتى ٶ ٧ ٷس: ضیف ؾ یس اؾال پیكٹاى زاز ط ٸ آٲٹظ بض ذٹثیټب«)19(. ایكبٴ ټٳچٷیٵ ٲی طٲبیس:»احتطا صاقتٵ ثٻ ٲؿٯٳبٴ ٲٹ ؾ یس ٸ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ اظ جٳٯٻ تجٯی ذساؾت ٸ اظ ٲب ٶیؿت ٦ ؿی ٦ ٻ ثعض ؿب ٲب ضا احتطا ٶ ٧ ٷس ٸ ثٻ ذطزؾب ٲب ٲٽطثبٶی ٶ ٧ ٷس«.)19( ح طت زض جبی زی ط طٲٹز:»ا رح م الص رري و و ق ر الک بري ت ک ن م ن ر ف قائى«ثٻ ٦ ٹز ٦ بٴ ضحٱ ٦ ٵ ٸ ثعض ؿبالٴ ضا احتطا ٶٳب تب اظ زٸؾتبٴ ٲٵ ثبقى«)20(. ضؾٹ طاٲی اؾال )ل( ٲی طٲبیس:»ما أکرم شاب شیخا لسن و إال قی ض الل و عند سن و من يکرمو«ټط جٹاٶى ٦ ٻ پیطى ضا ثطاى ؾٷف طاٲى زاضز ذسا ټٷ ب پیطى ٸى ی ٧ ى ضا ثیبضز ٦ ٻ ٸى ضا طاٲى زاضز«)21(. ټٳچٷیٵ:»لیس من ا من مل يوق ر الکبري و يرحم الص رري و يأمر بادلعروف و ينو عن ادلنکر«ټط ٦ ٻ ثعض ٨ تط ضا ٲحتط ٶساضز ٸ ثٻ ٦ ٹچ ٥ تط ضحٱ ٶ ٧ ٷس ٸ ثٻ ٶی ٧ ى ٸاٶساضز ٸ اظ ثسى ثبظ ٶساضز اظ ٲب ٶیؿت«)21(. اظ طٲٹزٺټبی پیبٲجط ا ٦ ط )ل( اؾت ٦ ٻ:»الش یخ فی أىلو کالن بی فی ام توپیط زض ٲیبٴ ٦ ؿبٴ ذٹز چٹٴ پیبٲجط زض اٲت ذٹیف اؾت«)21(. ټٳچٷیٵ ٲی طٲبیس:»اخلري مع أکابرکمذٹثى ټٳطاٺ ثعض بٴ قٳبؾت«)21(. پیبٲجط ا ٦ ط )ل( ٲی طٲبیس:»الربکو فی أکابرنا فمن مل يرحم صررينا و جیل کبرينا فلیس من اثط ٦ ت زض ثعض بٴ ٲبؾت ٸ ټط ٦ ؽ ثط ٦ ٹچ ٥ ٲب ضحٱ ٶ ٧ ٷس ٸ ثعض ٨ ٲب ضا ٲحتط ٶكٳبضز اظ ٲب ٶیؿت«)21(. ټٳچٷیٵ»م ن و ق ر ذا ش ی ب ة ف ی اال س الم أم ن و الل و م ن ف ز ع ي و م ال ق یام ة ټط ٦ ؽ ثعض ؿب ٲؿٯٳبٶی ضا طاٲی زاضز ٸ احتطا ٶٳبیس ذساٸٶس اٸ ضا زض ٢ یبٲت اظ ؾرتیټب ٸ ٲك ٧ الت زض أٲبٴ ٲیزاضز«)11(. یب»م ن إجالل الل و إجالل ذي الش یبو ادل سلم«احتطا ثٻ ٲؿٯٳبٴ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ احتطا ثٻ ذساٸٶس اؾت )11(. پیبٲجط ا ٦ ط )ل( ټٳچٷیٵ ٲی طٲبیس:»إن م ن إجاليل ت وق ري الش یخ م ن ا م يت«احتطا ثٻ ؾبٮرٹضزٺی اٲ ت ٲٵ احتطا ٶٽبزٴ ثٻ ٲٵ اؾت. اٲب نبز ٠ ) ٯیٻاٮؿال ( ٶیع زض ایٵ ثبضٺ ٲی طٲبیس:»ع ظ م وا ک بار ک م وص ل وا أرحام ک مثعض ؿبالٴ ذٹز ضا احتطا ٦ ٷیس ٸ نٯٻی اضحب ثٻ جبى آٸضیس«)22(. اٲب ضيب ) ( ٶیع ٲی طٲبیس:»و ق ر وا ک بار ک م و ار ح وا ص رار ک م و ص ل وا ا ر حام ک م «ثٻ ثعض ٨ تطټبیتبٴ احتطا ث صاضیس ٸ ثب ٦ ٹچ ٥ تطټب ٲٽطثبٴ ثبقیس ٸ نٯٻی ضحٱ ٶٳبییس«)23(. اٲب ٯى ) ٯیٻاٮؿال ( ٶیع ٲی طٲبیس:»و قار الش یب أح ب إل ی م ن ن ضار ة الش با بٸ ٢ بض پیطى ٶعز ٲٵ زٸؾت زاقتٷىتط اظ ٶكب جٹاٶى اؾت«)24(. یب»و ق روا ک بار ک م ي و ق رک م ص رار ک م«پیطاٶتبٴ ضا حطٲت ٶٽیس تب ٦ ٹز ٦ بٶتبٴ قٳب ضا حطٲت ٶٽٷس«)21(. ى ى اٲیطاٮٳؤٲٷبٴ ) ( ټٳچٷیٵ ٲی طٲبیس: «ت س ع ة ا ش یاء ق بیحة و م ن ت س ع ة ا ن ف س ا قب ح م نها م ن غ ري ى م : ضیق الذ ر ع م ن ال م لوک و ال ب خ ل م ن اال غ نیاء و س ر ع ة ال ر ض ب م ن ال ع ل ماء و الص با م ن ال ک هول و ال ق طیع ة م ن الر ؤوس و ال ک ذ ب م ن ال ق ضاة و الز مان ة م ن اال ط ب اء و ال ب ذاء م ن الن ساء و الط یش م ن ذ و ى الس ل طان ٶ ٻ چیع ظقت اؾت اٲب اظ ٶٻ طٸٺ ظقتتط: زضٲبٶس ى ٸ ٶبتٹاٶى اظ زٸٮتٳطزاٴ ثر اظ ثطٸتٳٷساٴ ظٸز ذكٳى اظ زاٶكٳٷساٴ حط ٦ بت ثچ بٶٻ اظ ٲیبٴؾبالٴ جسایى حب ٦ ٳبٴ اظ ٲطز زضٸ اظ ٢ بيیبٴ ثیٳبضى ٦ ٽٷٻ اظ پعق ٧ بٴ ثسظثبٶى اظ ظٶبٴ ٸ ؾرت یطى ٸ ؾتٳ طى اظ ؾال یٵ )25(. ح طت ټٳچٷیٵ ٲی طٲبیس: ثب ٦ ٹز ٦ بٴ ذبٶٹازٺات ٲٽطثبٴ ثب ٸ ثعض بٴ ذبٶٹازٺات ضا احتطا صاض )26(. اٲب ظیٵ اٮ بثسیٵ ) ( ٶیع زضثبضٺی احتطا ثٻ ثعض ٨ تط ٲی طٲبیس: ن»أ ي کون شیوخهم ب ن ز ل ة أبیک و ش ب ان ه م ب ن ز ل ة ا خو ت ک و 124

9 ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف... اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: ک» )27»تٹ ضا ثٻ ایٵ ع جائ ز ى م ب ن ز ل ة ا م ک و الص رار ب ن ز ل ة ا والد ٲ ٷی ؾ بض ٲی ٦ ٷٱ ٦ ٻ ثعض بٴ آٶبٴ ضا پسض ذٹز ٸ جٹاٶبٴ آٶبٴ ضا ثطازض ذٹز ٸ پیطظٶبٶكبٴ ضا ٲبزض ذٹز ٸ ا طاز ٦ ٹچ ٧ كبٴ ضا طظٶس ذٹز ٲحؿٹة زاضی...«. ضؾٹ ا ٦ ط )ل( زضثبضٺی احتطا ثٻ قرهیت ٦ ٽٷؿبالٴ طٲٹزٺ اؾت:»م ن إ ج ال ل الل و إ ج ال ل ذ ي الش ی ب ة ال م س ل می ٧ ى اظ نٹض ت ٧ طیٱ ٸ ت یٱ شات ا ٢ سؼ اٮٽى احتطا ٸ تجٯی ؾبٮرٹضز بٴ ٲؿٯٳبٴ اؾت«)11(. اٲب نبز ٠ ) ( ٶیع طٲٹزٺاٶس:»ل ی س م ن ا م ن مل ي و ق ر ك ب ري ن ا و مل ي ر ح م ص ر ري ن ا ٦ ؿى ٦ ٻ ثٻ ثعض ؿبالٴ ٲب احتطا ٶ صاضز ٸ ثٻ ٦ ٹز ٦ بٴ ٲب تطح ٱ ٶ ٧ ٷس اظ ٲب ٶیؿت«ټٳچٷیٵ: )28(.»ث ال ث ة ال جی ه ل ح ق ه م إ ال م ن اف ق م ع ر وف ب الن ف اق ذ و الش ی ب ة يف اإل س ال م و ح ام ل ال ق ر آن و اإل م ام ال ع اد ل ؾٻ ٦ ؽ ټؿتٷس ٦ ٻ ح ١ آٶٽب ضا ٶبزیسٺ ٶ یطز ٦ ؿى جع ٲٷب ٣ ى ٦ ٻ ثٻ ٶ ب ٠ ٲ طٸ اؾت ٦ ؿى ٦ ٻ ٲٹیف ضا زض اؾال ؾپیس ٦ طزٺ ٸ آٶ ٧ ٻ ٢ طآٴ ضا زض ثطزاضز ٸ پیكٹاى بز «)29(. ټٳچٷیٵ ضؾٹ ذسا )ل( ثٻ ټٷ ب ٸ بت زض ٸنیت ثٻ ح طت ٯی ) ( طٲٹز:»و ار ح م م ن أ ى ل ك الص ر ري و و ق ر م ن ه م ال ك ب ري زض ذبٶٹازٺی ذٹز ثٻ ٦ ٹز ٦ بٴ ٹ ٸ ٲٽطثبٴ ثب ٸ ثعض ٨ تطټب ضا احتطا ٦ ٵ«)29(. ټٳچٷیٵ طٲٹزٶس:»م ن ع ر ف ف ض ل ك ب ري ل س ن و ف و ق ر ه آم ن و الل و م ن ف ز ع ي و م ال ق ی ام ة ٦ ؿى ٦ ٻ ٶؿجت ثٻ یٯت قرم ٲؿٵ قٷبذت زاقتٻ ثبقس ٸ اٸ ضا احتطا ٦ ٷس ذسا اٸ ضا اظ ٸحكت ضٸظ ٢ یبٲت زض اٲبٴ ٲىزاضز«)30(. زض جبی زی ط آٴ ح طت احتطا ٸ ثعض ساقت ؾبٮرٹضز بٴ ضا احتطا ثٻ ذساٸٶس یل زاٶؿتٻ اؾت ٸ ٲی طٲبیس: «ب ل وا ال م ش اي خ ف إ ن م ن إ ج ال ل الل و ت ب ج ال م ش اي خپیطاٴ ضا تجٯی ٦ ٷیس ظیطا احتطا ثٻ ثعض ؿبالٴ تجٯی اظ ذساؾت«حبئع اټٳیت»تججی «حسیث ٮ ایٵ زض )31 1 ٸ»ثج» اؾت ظیطا ٲ ٷی ٮ ٹی ز ٢ ی ١ تججی الٸٺثط ت یٱ ٸ احتطا قبزضٸیی ٸ ٲٽط ٸ ٲحجت ضا ٶیع زض ثطٲی یطز ثٷبثطایٵ تطجٳٻی ز ٢ ی ١ حسیث ایٵ اؾت ٦ ٻ ثبیس ثعض ؿبالٴ ضا احتطا تٹأ ثب ٲٽطثبٶی ٸ ذٹضٸیی ٦ طز )32-34(. زض حسیث زی طی زض ثبة ثعض ساقت ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ا ٦ طا ٸ ا عاظ ثعض ؿبالٴ ٲٹجت ا عایف ضٸظی ٸ ثط ٦ ت زاٶؿتٻ اؾت:»ال ب ر ك ة م ع أ ك اب ر ك م«قسٺ»ٸجٹز پیطاٴ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ ثیٵ قٳب ثب ث ا عایف یى ضثٹثى ٸ ثؿ ٶ ٳتټبى اٮٽى اؾت«)32(. تب ٶیكبثٹضی زض ضٸيٻ اٮٹا یٵ زض ٲٹضز ثعض ساقت ادل جل س ؾبٮٳٷساٴ اظ پیبٲجط ا ٦ ط )ل( ٶ ٣ ٦ طزٺ اؾت: «ال ي و س ع إ ال ل ث ال ث ال ذ ی سن ل سن و و ذ ی العلم و لذ ی السلطان ل س لطان و«)35.)37 - بحث تیج گیری ثب تٹجٻ ثٻ آیبت ضٸایبت ٸ احبزیث اؾالٲی تٻقسٺ ٲكرم ٲی طزز اظجٳٯٻ طٲبٴټبی ؾبحت پطٸضز بض اظ ٶ ط تكطی ٸ ضټجطی ثكط ثٻ اٶت ب ظٶس ی ٸ ؾ بزت زض زٸ جٽبٴ اٲط ثٻ احؿبٴ ٸ ذٹض تبضی طظٶساٴ ٶؿجت ثٻ پسضاٴ ٸ ٲبزضاٴ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ ثط حؿت تبض ٸ ض تبض ٸ ٲ بقطت ٸ ثطآٸضزٴ حبجت ٸ ٶیبظټبی آٶبٴ زض زٸضاٴ ؾبٮٳٷسی اؾت. ثٷبثطایٵ ذساٸٶس ثطای ایٷ ٧ ٻ اٶؿبٴ زض ؾبٮٳٷسی تٷٽب ٸ ثییبٸض ٶٳبٶس ایٵ چٷیٵ ثب تأ ٦ یس زؾتٹض زازٺ اؾت ٦ ٻ ثبیس ثٻ ٸاٮسیٵ ؾبٮرٹضزٺ احؿبٴ ٶٳٹز. آٶبٴ ضا اظ ذبٶٻی ذٹز ٶطاٶیس ثٻ آٶبٴ ثس ٶ ٹییس ثب ٦ ٳب احتطا ثب آٶبٴ ؾرٵ ث ٹییس ٶیبظقبٴ ضا ثطآٸضیس زض ثطاثط آٶبٴ ذبي ٸ ٲتٹاي ثبقیس ٸ ټٳیكٻ آٶبٴ ضا ز ب ٦ ٷیس تب ضٸظی ٦ ٻ ٶٹثت ثٻ قٳب ضؾیس طظٶساٶتبٴ طټٷ ٩ ٲٽطٸضظی ثٻ ٸاٮسیٵ ؾبٮٳٷس ضا ثٻ ذٹثی آٲٹذتٻ ثبقٷس ٸ ٳ ٶٳبیٷس. اظ ت ٳ ١ زض آیبت ٲص ٦ ٹض ٸ نسض ٸ شی آٴ ٶ ٧ بت ظیط ثٻ زؾت ٲیآیس: 1. ضیكٻی احؿبٴ ثٻ ٸاٮسیٵ زض ا ت ٣ بز ثٻ ذساٸٶس ٲت ب اؾت. 2. اټٳیت ٸ جبی بٺ ثؿیبض ٸاالی احؿبٴ ثٻ ٸاٮسیٵ ٸ ت ٧ طیٱ ایكبٴ زض زٸضٺی ؾبٮٳٷسی 3. ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٲ ٽط ٮ اٮٽی ټؿتٷس. 4. حٳبیت اظ ؾبٮٳٷساٴ اضظ اٮٽی ٸ زیٷی اؾت. 5. تٹاي ٸ ذكٹ زض ثطاثط ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٶٹ ی ت ٧ طیٱ ٸ احتطا ثٻ آٶبٴ اؾت. 6. ٯت ذیط ٸ ثط ٦ ت ثطای ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ضٸ ذٹثی ثطای زٮجٹیی اظ آٶبٴ اؾت. 7. ا ٦ طا ٸ احتطا ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ثبیس زض جبٲ ٻ ثٻ طټٷ ٩ ٳٹٲی تجسی قٹز. 8. ا ٦ طا ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ٳ نبٮح ٦ بضٺی ٷبټبٴ ٸ ٷبیت ذسا ثط طظٶساٴ زض زیٵ ٲجیٵ اؾال اؾت. ثطذال ؾبیط ازیبٴ ٦ ٻ ا ط احتطاٲی ثطای ضیف ؾ یساٶكبٴ ٢ بئ اٶس ثٻ زٮی ثبال ثٹزٴ ؾٵ ٸ ي كبٴ اؾت ٶٻ ثٻ زٮی طظاٶ ی ٸ ایٷ ٧ ٻ ایٷبٴ ٦ ٹٮٻثبضی اظ تجطثیبت ټؿتٷس. ا ط چٻ ثؿیبضی اظ آزاة ٸ ( Bedjel

10 اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف زؾتٹضټبیكبٴ ضا اظ زیٵ اؾال ط تٻاٶس )10 38 ٸ 39(. زض ټٳیٵجب ٲیتٹاٴ اظ ث س زی ط ټٱ ثٻ ٲؿئٯٻ ٶ طیؿت ٸ آٴ اؾبؾب ٲؿئٯٻی جٽبٴثیٷی ٸ ٶ طقی اؾت ٦ ٻ اؾال ٶؿجت ثٻ جٽبٴ ٸ ټؿتی اٶؿبٴ زاضز. زض اؾال ٸ زی ط ازیبٴ اٮٽی حیبت آزٲی ثب ٲط ٨ اٸ پبیبٴ ٶٳییبثس ثٯ ٧ ٻ ٲط ٨ ثٻ ٸا ٢ پبیبٴ ٲطحٯٻیی اظ حیبت ٸ قطٸ ٲطحٯٻیی زی ط ٲحؿٹة ٲیقٹز )40 ٸ 41(. ٸ ٢ تی چٷیٵ ٶ طقی ٲ طح ٲیقٹز ټیچ بٺ ا طاز ؾبٮٳٷس احؿبؼ ٶٳی ٦ ٷٷس ٦ ٻ ثٻ پبیبٴ ظٶس ی ضؾیسٺاٶس ٸ ٶیبظ ٶساضٶس آضظٸی جٹاٶی ٦ ٷٷس ٸ ثٻ یبز زٸضاٴ صقتٻ اٶسٸټ یٵ قٹٶس ٸ ثٻ جبضت ؾبزٺتط زچبض ا ؿطز ی ٸ ٹقٻ یطی قٹٶس )42(. ؾبٮٳٷساٴ ثب ایٵ جٽبٴثیٷی ٲیتٹاٶٷس اظ پیطی ذٹز ثٻ ٷٹاٴ ٲطحٯٻیی اظ حیبت ثكطی ٮصت ثجطٶس ٸ ثب ذیبٮی آؾٹزٺ ٸ آضا ثٻ حیبت ذٹز ازاٲٻ زټٷس )43 ٸ 44(. زؾتطؾی ثٻ زؾتٻیی اظ ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ اؾالٲی ٸ ٲتٹٴ ٣ ٽبی اټ تؿٷٵ زقٹاض ثٹز ٸ ټٳچٷیٵ ثیكتط ایٵ ٲٷبث ثٻ ظثبٴ طثی ٸ اضزٸ ثٹز. ثب تٹجٻ ثٻ ثطضؾی ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ اؾالٲی ٸ ٲ بٮ ٻی ٲتٹٴ حسیث ٸ ٣ ٽی پیكٷٽبز ٲیقٹز ثب تٹجٻ ثٻ ٦ بٲ ٸ جبٸزاٶٻ ثٹزٴ اؾال ٸ احب ٻی آٴ ثط ؾبذتبض ٸجٹزی اٶؿبٴ ٸ ٶیبظټبی ح ٣ ی ٣ ی اٸ تسٸیٵ ٸ اضائٻی ؾط ه زضٸؼ ٲهٹة ضقتٻی جسیس ؾبٮٳٷسی ٲجتٷی ثط انٹ ٸ ٲٹاظیٵ اؾالٲی يطٸضت زاقتٻ اؾت چطا ٦ ٻ اٲطی اؾت قسٶی ٸ ٲیتٹاٴ ثب ثٽطٺ یطی ٸا ٢ ثیٷبٶٻ ٸ ٦ بضقٷبؾبٶٻ اظ ٲٷبث انی ٸ ٷی زیٷی ثٻ ایٵ ٲٽٱ ٶبئ آٲس. ټٳچٷیٵ اذتهبل ی ٧ ی اظ ٲٹاز زضؾی ثب ٷٹاٴ»ٲٷبث اؾالٲی ؾبٮٳٷسی«زض جٽت ٷبی ثیكتط ضقتٻ ٸ ثٻ ٶٹ ی ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی ب ثطزاقت. زض تطجٳٻ ٸ زؾتطؾی ثٻ ٲٷبث زؾت اٸ اؾالٲی ٸ ٯٹ حسیث ثٻٸیػٺ تطجٳٻ ٸ ت جی ١ ٲٷبث ٸ اؾٷبز طثی آیتاهلل جساٮحؿیٵ ثٽبءاٮسیٵ بٲٯی آیتاهلل حؿیٵ ایعزی ٸ حجتاالؾال ؾیساٲیٵ ٲیط الیی ٦ ٳ ٥ ټبی ثیزضی ٸ قبیؿتٻیی زاقتٷس. زض ثط طزاٴ ٲتٹٴ طثی ثٻ بضؾی ٶیع زاٶكجٹیبٴ ز ٦ تطی ظثبٴ ٸ ازثیبت طة آ ٢ بیبٴ جساٮٽبزی آٮجٹ ط ی ٸ جساٮٯ ی ذ بجی ٦ ٳ ٥ ټبی ثٳطثرف ٸ نجٹضاٶٻیی زاقتٻاٶس ٦ ٻ ٶٹیؿٷس بٴ ؾپبؾ عاضی ٲیٶٳبیٷس. تضاد ه افع ایٵ ثعض ٹاضاٴ تٳب اظ ٶٹیؿٷس بٴ ٲ ٣ بٮٻ ټیچ ٹٶٻ ت بز ٲٷب ی زضثبضٺی ایٵ پػٸټف ٶساضٶس. References 1. Ibrahim E. Al-Sanavatol Moteakherat Men-Al-Omr. Beirut: Dar-Al-Elm; p. 11, [Arabic] p. 2. Altermazi A. Al-Jameolkabir: Sonan Termazi. Refind by bashar Awad Ma'aruf. Beirut: Dar Al- Gharbol Islami; Entry 402.5, No.3296, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 3. Ibn Manzhour MM. Lethanol Arab. Tehran: Ma aref Ahlal Beit (Full Text in Arabic) p. 4. Alqortabi S. Al-Jame'a bi Ahkamol Islam, Tafsirol Qirtabi. Cairo: Darol Maktab AL-Mesri; Entry , (Full Text in Arabic) p. 5. Al-Zohaili W. Tafsirol Monir. Translation by Abdolrauf Mokhles Heravi. Beirut: Darol Fekr Al- Moaser; p.293-8, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 6. Maraghi A. Tafsir Al-Maraghi. Cairo: Darol Ehya'a Torathol Arabi; Entry 34.5 & 20.7, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 7. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsire Noor.Quran.sore Maryam. Aye 2-4. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 8. Quran. sore Asra.Aye 36. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 9. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsire Noor.Quran.soure Altakasor.aye 8. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 10. Javadi Amoli A. Mafatih Al-Hayat. 5th ed. Qom: Asra p , (Full Text in persian) p. 11. Kulaini MY. Osul Kafi. Persian. Translation by mohammad bagherkamareie. Vol. 6. Tehran: Osweh; p., 658,158 (Full Text in Arabic) p. 12. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsir-e-Noor. Quran. soure Qesas. Aye 21. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 13. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsir-e-Noor. Quran. soure Qesas. Aye 23. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 14. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsir-e-Noor. Quran. soure Qesas. Aye 24. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 15. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsir-e-Noor. Quran. soure Qesas. Aye 25. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 16. Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsir-e-Noor. Quran. soure Qesas. Aye 27. (Full Text in Arabic) p. هحذ دیت پژ ش پیش ادات قذردا ی

11 ؾبٮٳٷسقٷبؾی اؾالٲی يطٸضت ثٹٲیؾبظی زاٶف... اؾساٮٯٽی ٸ ټٳ ٧ بضاٴ/ پػٸټف زض زیٵ ٸ ؾالٲت 4)2( 1397: Makarem-e-Shirazi. Tafsir-e-Noor. Quran. soure Yousef. Aye 78. (Full Text in Arabic) p. 18. Tajoddin Shoeiri M. Jameol Akhbar. Tehran: Razi; p.242, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 19. Mohaddethi J. Akhlaq Moasherat. 5th ed. Qom: Boustan Kitab; p.297, (Full Text in persian) p. 20. Kulaini MY. Osul Kafi. Persian translation by mohammad bagherkamareie. Vol.2. Tehran: Osweh; p.316, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 21. Amedi A. Ghorarol Hekam Dorarol Kalem. Qom: Haozeh Entry 1069 & 324, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 22. Payandeh A. Nahjol Fasahah. Tehran: Javidan; (Full Text in persian) 23. Ibn Babawayh M. Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha. Persian translation by hamidreza mostafid. Vol. 2. Tehran: Sadough; p. 265, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 24. Amedi A. Ghorarol Hekam Dorarol Kalem. Qom: Haozeh p. 308, (Full Text in persian) p. 25. Maghrebi N. Da'aem Al - Islam. Cairo: Da'eratol Ma'aref; p. 63, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 26. Mofid M. Al-Amali. Mashhad: Astan Qods Razavi; p.232, (Full Text in persian) p. 27. Babvei Qomi (Sheix Sadouq) M. Man La Yahzharol Faqih. Vol. 2. 3rd ed. Qom: Hozah Pub. Co; p.625, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 28. Majlesi MB. Bahar Al-Anvar. Vol. 72. Qom: Darol Kitabol Islami; p.138 & entry 52, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 29. Majlesi MB. Bahar Al-Anvar. Vol. 75. Qom: Darol Kitabol Islami; p. 136, 9, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 30. Hor Ameli MH. Tafsil Vasayel Al-Shia Ela Tahsil Masael Al-Shariat. Vol. 12. Qom: Ahle Beit; p.98, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 31. Albabarti Mahmoud AM. Sharhol Enayat Alal Hedayat with Sharh Fathol Qadir. Vol. 3. Beirut: Darol Fikr; Entry 356.2, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 32. Al-Farfur A. Fatava va Qazaya Feqhiah Moaserah. Damascus: Dar Al-Dameshq; p , (Full Text in Arabic) p. 33. Fattal Neishabouri MH. Rozataol Waezhin v Bathirol Mottaezin. Persian translation by mahmoud mahdavi damghani. Vol. 2. Qom Nashr Iran; p. 147, (Full Text in persian) p. 34. Ibn Majah HA. Sonan Ibn Al-Majah. Refind by Bashar Awad Ma aruf. Beirut: Dar-Aljeel; p , No.233, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 35. Abdullah NA. Moajan Al-Baseet. Mashhad: Razavi University; p. 63, (Full Text in persian) p. 36. Al-Ragheb Al-Isfahani HM. Al-Mofradat Fi Gharib Al-Quran. Persian translation by hossein khodaparast. Tehran Navid Islam; Al-Ajuz intery, (Full Text in persian) p. 37. Taher Qazvini AA. Compact Interpretation of the Quran Explainer. Tehran: Kalam; p. 475, (Full Text in persian) p. 38. Tabatabaie MH. Almizan. Persian. Translation by Mohammad Bagher Musavi Hamedani. Qom: Hozeh; p. 136, (Full Text in persian) p. 39. Ansari ramli SM. Nahayatol Mohtaj Ela Sharhol Menhaj. Beirut: Dar Al-Kotobol Elmiat; 1993 Entry 193.3, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 40. Al Bahouti MY. Kashafol Qena'a an Matnol Eqna'a. Qom Islamic IS Centre; Entry 309.2, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 41. Al Hattab MM. Mawahebol Jalil. Beirut: Darol Fikr; entry 414/2, (Full Text in Arabic) p. 42. Asadollahi A, Rezaei P, Faraji N, Saberi LF. Does religiosity have unsuitable effect on civic engagement of older adults? A research within aged citizens in the Southwest of Iran. Journal of American Science. 2012;8 (7): Asadollahi A, Fani-Saberi L, Rezaie Abhari F, Shirinkam F. Later life civic engagement of elderly in Ahwaz-Iran. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences. 2014;1 (1): Asadollahi A, Rezaei P, Faraji N. Aging Successfully: The Impact of Spirituality on Social Participation in the Process of Living Getting Old. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;15(7):

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