Ch 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State. Learning Objectives. Resources

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1 BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan Class XII C Subject History Month July-Aug, 2016 Chapter-8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State No of Periods: 9 TTT- 6 WT: 3 Ch 8 Peasants, Zamindars and the State Learning Objectives Resources Activity Assignment Agrarian Relations: The Ain-i-Akbari Broad Over View a. Structure of agrarian relations in the 16 th and the 17 th centuries. b. Patterns of change over the period Story of discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain-I-Akbari Excerpt from the Ain-I Akbari Discussion: Ways in which the historians have used the text to reconstruct History Discuss developments in agrarian relations. Discuss how to supplement official documents withother sources. NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, Mind Map, SLM. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research/videos and images from the internet Study Material Map Work What are the problems in using Ain as a source for reconstructing agrarian history? How do historians deal with this situation? (Prd1) To what extent is it possible to characterize agricultural production in the 16 th century as subsistence agriculture? Give reasons for your answer. (Prd 2) Explain the role of Panchayats in the Mughal rural Indian society during 16 th -17 th centuries. (Prd3) Describe the role played by women in agricultural production. How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the 16 th and the 17 th centuries? (Prd4)

2 Period Wise Plan Period 1&2 Period 3 Examine the role played by Zamindars in Mughal India. (Prd6) 1. Peasants and Agricultural Production 1.1 Looking for Sources One of the most important chronicles was the Ain-i Akbari authored by Akbar s court historian Abu lfazl. This text meticulously recorded the arrangements made by the state to ensure cultivation, to enable the collection of revenue by the agencies of the state and to regulate the relationship between the state and rural magnates, the zamindar The central purpose of the Ain was to present a vision of Akbar s empire where social harmony was provided by a strong ruling class. 1.2 Peasants and their lands Sources of the seventeenth century refer to two kinds of peasants khud-kashta and pahi-kashta The former were residents of the village in which they held their lands. The latter were non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village, but cultivated lands elsewhere on a contractual basis. 1.3 Irrigation and technology Monsoons remained the backbone of Indian agriculture. But there were crops which required additional water. Artificial systems of irrigation had to be devised for this. In northern India the state undertook digging of new canals (nahr, nala) and also repaired old ones like the Shahnahr in the Punjab during Shah Jahan s reign. 1.4 An abundance of crops Agriculture was organised around two major seasonal cycles, the kharif (autumn) and the rabi(spring. The Mughal state also encouraged peasants to cultivate cash crops as they brought in more revenue. Crops such as cotton and sugarcane were jins-i kamil par excellence. Pg The Village Community 2.1 Caste and the rural milieu Despite the abundance of cultivable land, certain caste groups were assigned menial tasks and thus relegated topoverty. There was a direct correlation between caste, poverty and social status at the lower strata of society Panchayats and headmen 2.2 Panchayats and headmen The panchayat was headed by a headman knownas muqaddam or mandal chosen through the consensus of the village elders.

3 Period 4 Period 5 The chief function of the headman was to supervise the preparation of village accounts, assisted by theaccountant or patwari of the panchayat. One important function of the panchayat was to ensure that caste boundaries among the various communities inhabiting the village wereupheld. In addition to the village panchayat each casteor jati in the village had its own jati panchayat. Pg Village artisans Village artisans potters, blacksmiths, carpenters, barbers, even goldsmiths provided specialized services in return for which they were compensated by villagers by a variety of means. The distinction between artisans and peasants in village society was a fluid one, as many groups performed the tasks of both. 2.4 A Little Republic 3 Women in Agrarian Society Women were considered an important resource in agrarian society also because they were child bearers in a society dependent on labour. The household was headed by a male. Thus women were kept under strict control by the male members of the family and the community. Amongst the landed gentry, women had the right to inherit property. Instances from the Punjab show that women, including widows, actively participated in the rural land market as sellers of property inherited by them. Pg Forests and Tribes 4.1 Beyond settled villages Forest dwellers were termed jangli. The term described those whose livelihood came from the gathering of forest produce, hunting and shifting agriculture. These activities were largely season specific. 4.2 Inroads into forests External forces entered the forest in different ways. For instance, the state required elephants for the army. So thepeshkash levied from forest people often included a supply of elephants. Social factors wrought changes in the lives of forest dwellers. Like the big men of the village community, tribes also had their chieftains. Pg

4 Period 6 Period 7 5. The Zamindars The zamindars held extensive personal landstermed milkiyat, meaning property. Milkiyat landswere cultivated for the private use of zamindars. Zamindars also derived their power from the fact that they could often collect revenue on behalf of the state, a service for which they were compensated financially. Control over military resources was another source of power. Zamindars spearheaded the colonisation of agricultural land, and helped in settling cultivators by providing them with the means of cultivation. 6.Land Revenue System This apparatus included the office (daftar) of the diwan who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire. Thus revenue officials and record keepers penetrated the agricultural domain and became a decisive agent in shaping agrarian relations. The jama was the amount assessed, as opposed to hasil, the amount collected. Both cultivated and cultivable lands were measured in each province. The Ain compiled the aggregates ofsuch lands during Akbar s rule. Pg The Flow of Silver An expanding trade brought in huge amounts of silver bullion into Asia to pay for goods procured from India, and a large part of that bullion gravitated towardsindia This facilitated an unprecedented expansion of minting of coins and the circulation of money in the economy as well as the ability of themughal state to extract taxes and revenue in cash. 8 The Ain-i Akbari of Abu l FazlAllami The Ain- i Akbari was the culmination of a large historical, administrative project of classification undertaken by Abu lfazl at the order of Emperor Akbar. It was completed in The Ain gives detailed accounts of the organization of the court, administration and army, the sources of revenue and the physical layout of the provinces of Akbar s empire and the literary, cultural and religious traditions of the people. Pg

5 Period 8 Discussion of Question Answers from the book and Extra Marks/Map Work Period 9 Class Test

6 BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan Class XII C Subject History Month August, 2016 Chapter-9 Kings and Chronicles No of Periods: 9 TTT- 6 WT: 3 Chapter-9 Kings and Chronicles Learning Objectives Resources Activities Assignment The Mughal court: Reconstructing history through Chronicles. Broad Over view a. Structure of agrarian relations in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. b. Discussion of the Mughal courts and politics. Story of Discovery: Account of the production of court chronicles and their subsequent translation and transmission Excerpt: from the Akbarnama and the Padhshahnama Discussion: The ways in which historians have used the text to reconstruct political histories. Familiarise the learner with the major landmarks in political history. Show how chronicles and other sources are usedto reconstruct the histories of political institutions NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, Mind Map, SLM. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research. Study Material Map work Describe the process of manuscript production in the Mughal court.(prd2) In what ways did the daily routine and special festivities associated with the Mughal court conveyed a sense of the power of the emperor?(prd5) Assess the role played by women of the imperial household in the Mughal Empire.(Prd6) Discuss the major features of the Mughal administration. How did the centre control the province?(prd7)

7 Period Wise Plan Period 1-2 Period 3 Discuss with examples the distinct features of the Mughal Nobility.(Prd7) Analyze Akbar s religious policy.(prd8) 1. The Mughal and Their Empire The name Mughal derives from Mongol. They referred to themselves as Timurids, as descendants of the Turkish ruler Timur on the paternal side. The empire was carved out of a number of regional states of India through conquests and political alliances between the Mughals and local chieftains. The founder of the empire, Zahiruddin Babur. Jalaluddin Akbar ( ) the greatest of all the Mughal emperors, for he not only expanded but also consolidated his empire. 2. The Production of Chronicles 2.1 From Turkish to Persian Mughal court chronicles were written in Persian. It was Akbar who consciously set out to make Persian the leading language of the Mughal court. Even when Persian was not directly used, its vocabulary and idiom heavily influenced the language of official records in Rajasthani and Marathi and even Tamil. Mughal chronicles such as the Akbar Nama were written in Persian, others, like Babur s memoirs, were translated from the Turkish into the Persian Babur Nama. 2.2 The making of manuscripts The centre of manuscript production was the imperial kitabkhana. The creation of a manuscript involved a number of people performing a variety of tasks. Paper makers were needed to prepare the folios of the manuscript, scribes or calligraphers to copy the text, gilders toilluminate the pages, painters to illustrate scenes from the text, bookbinders to gather the individual folios and set them within ornamental covers. Pg The Painted Image Paintings served not only to enhance the beauty of a book, but were believed to possess special powers of communicating ideas about the kingdom The historian Abu l Fazl described painting as a

8 magical art : in his view it had the power to make inanimate objects look as if they possessed life. Muslim rulers in many Asian regions during centuries of empire building regularly commissioned artists to paint their portraits and scenes of life in their kingdoms. Period 4 The Akbar Nama and the Badshah Nama Beginning in 1589, Abu l Fazl worked on the Akbar Nama for thirteen years. The Akbar Nama is divided into three books of which the first two are chronicles. The third book is the Ain-i Akbari. The Akbar Nama was written to provide a detailed description of Akbar s reign in the traditional diachronic sense of recording politically significant events across time. Edited versions of the Akbar Nama and Badshah Nama were first published by the Asiatic Society in the nineteenth century Pg The Ideal Kingdom: A divine light Abu l Fazl placed Mughal kingship as the highest station in the hierarchy of objects receiving light emanating from God. Paintings that accompanied the narrative of the chronicles transmitted these ideas in a way that left a lasting impression on the minds of viewers. A unifying force Abu l Fazl describes the ideal of sulh-i kul (absolute peace) as the cornerstone of enlightened rule. In sulh-i kul all religions and schools of thought had freedom of expression but on condition that they did not undermine the authority of the state or fight among themselves. The ideal of sulh-i kul was implemented through state policies. All Mughal emperors gave grants to support the building and maintenance of places of worship. 5.3 Just sovereignty as social contract Abu l Fazl defined sovereignty as a social contract: the emperor protects the four essences of his subjects, namely, life (jan), property (mal), honour (namus) and faith (din), and in return demands obedience and a share of resources. Pg

9 Period 5 Period 6 6. Capitals and Courts 6.1 Capital cities The capital cities of the Mughals frequently shifted during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Babur took over the Lodi capital of Agra. The Mughal emperors entered into a close relationship with sufis of the Chishti silsila. In 1648 the court, army and household moved from Agra to the newly completed imperial capital, Shahjahanabad. 6.2 The Mughal court Chronicles lay down with great precision the rules defining status amongst the Mughal elites. The place accorded to a courtier by the ruler was a sign of his importance in the eyes of the emperor. Once the emperor sat on the throne, no one was permitted to move from his position or to leave without permission. The forms of salutation to the ruler indicated the person s status in the hierarchy: deeper prostration represented higher status. Pg Titles and gifts Grand titles were adopted by the Mughal emperors at the time of coronation or after a victory over an enemy. The granting of titles to men of merit was an important aspect of Mughal polity. The title Mirza Raja was accorded by Aurangzeb to his two highest-ranking nobles, Jai Singh and Jaswant Singh. Other awards included the robe of honour (khilat), a garment once worn by the emperor and imbued with his benediction. A courtier never approached the emperor empty handed: he offered either a small sum of money (nazr ) or a large amount (peshkash). 7. The Imperial Household The term harem is frequently used to refer to the domestic world of the Mughals. The Mughal household consisted of the emperor s wives and concubines, his near and distant relatives and female servants and slaves. In the Mughal household a distinction was maintained between wives who came from royal families (begams), and other wives (aghas) who were not of

10 noble birth. Apart from wives, numerous male and female slaves populated the Mughal household. The tasks they performed varied from the most mundane to those requiring skill, tact and intelligence. Period 7 Period 8 Pg The Imperial Officials The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups. This ensured that no faction was large enough to challenge the authority of the state. In Akbar s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were present from the earliest phase of carving out a political dominion. Two ruling groups of Indian origin entered the imperial service from 1560 onwards: the Rajput s and the Indian Muslims (Shaikhzadas. Nobles stationed at the court (tainat-i rakab) were a reserve force to be deputed to a province or military campaign. 8.2 information and empire 8.3 Beyond the centre: provincial administration 9. Beyond the Frontiers The Safavids and Qandahar The Ottomans: pilgrimage and trade Jesuits at the Mughal court Pg Questioning Formal Religion Akbar s quest for religious knowledge led to interfaith debates in the ibadat khana at Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jains, Parsis and Christians. Akbar and Abu l Fazl created a philosophy of light and used it to shape the image of the king and ideology of the state. Pg. 251 Map Discussion of Question Answers from the book and Extra Marks Period 9 Class Test

11 BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan Class XII C Subject History Month Aug, 2016 Chapter-10 Colonialism and Countryside No of Periods: 9 TTT- 6 WT: 3 Chapter-10 Colonialism and Countryside Colonialism and Rural society: Evidence from official reports. Broad overview a. Life of Zamindars, Peasants and artisans in the late 18 th century b. East India Company: revenue settlements and surveys c. Changes over the 19 th century Story of official Records: An account of why official investigations into rural societies were undertaken and types of records and reports produced. Excerpts: From Firmingher s Fifth Report, Account of Frances Buchanan-Hamilton and Deccan Riot Report. Discussion :What official records tell us and do not tell us and how they have been used by the historians Learning Objectives Discuss how colonialism affected zamindars, peasants and artisans. Understand the problems and limits of using official sources for understanding the lives of people. Resources Class Work NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, Mind Map, SLM. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research. Study Material How did Zamindars manage to retain control over their zamindaris? (Prd1) Why was Jotedars a powerful figure in many parts of rural Bengal? (Prd ) How did the American Civil war affect the lives of ryots in India? Critically examine the Fifth Report. (Prd 3) In what way was the livelihood of Paharias different from that of the Santhals? (Prd 4)

12 How did the American Civil War affect the lives of ryots in India?(Prd 6) Period 1 Period 2 1. Bengal and the Zamindars 1.1 An auction in Burdwan The problem of unpaid revenue By the 1770s, the rural economy in Bengal was in crisis, with recurrent famines and declining agricultural output. Officials felt that agriculture, trade and the revenue resources of the state could be developed by securing rights of property and permanently fixing the rates of revenue demand. If the revenue demand of the state was permanently fixed, then the Company could look forward to a regular flow of revenue, while entrepreneurs could feel sure of earning a profit from their investment. 1.2 The problem of unpaid revenue 1.3 Why zamindars defaulted on payments First: the initial demands were very high. Second: this high demand was imposed in the 1790s, a time when the prices of agricultural produce were depressed, making it difficult for the ryots to pay their dues to the zamindar. The Company had recognised the zamindars as important, but it wanted to control and regulate them, subdue their authority and restrict their autonomy. Pg The rise of the jotedars Class of rich peasants known as jotedars had acquired vast areas of land. They controlled local trade as well as moneylending, exercising immense power over the poorer cultivators of the region. Within the villages, the power of jotedars was more effective than that of zamindars. Unlike zamindars who often lived in urban areas, jotedars were located in the villages and exercised direct control over a considerable section of poor villagers. The zamindars resist The Zamindars devised ways of surviving the pressures. New contexts produced new strategies. Fictitious sale was one such strategy. When people from outside the zamindari bought an estate at an auction, they could not always take possession. At times their agents would be attacked by lathyals of the former zamindar. Sometimes even the ryots resisted the entry of outsiders. They felt bound to their own zamindar through a sense of

13 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5 loyalty and perceived him as a figure of authority and themselves as his proja (subjects). Pg The Fifth Report It was the fifth of a series of reports on the administration and activities of the East India Company in India. Often referred to as the Fifth Report. The Fifth Report was a report produced by a Select Committee. It became the basis of intense parliamentary debates on the nature of the East India Company s rule in India. 2. The Hoe and the Plough 2.1 In the hills of Rajmahal Pg The Santhals: Pioneer settlers As the Company consolidated its power and expanded its commerce, it looked for natural resources it could control and exploit. Buchanan, undoubtedly an extraordinary observer, he obsessively observed the stones and rocks and the different strata and layers of soil. When Buchanan wrote about a landscape, he most often described not just what he saw, what the landscape was like, but also how it could be transformed and made more productive what crops could be cultivated, which trees cut down, and which ones grown. 2.3 The accounts of Buchanan Pg A Revolt in the Countryside, The Bombay Deccan Through the nineteenth century, peasants in various parts of India rose in revolt against moneylenders and grain dealers. One such revolt occurred in 1875 in the Deccan 3.1 Account books are burnt. 3.2 A new revenue system The revenue system that was introduced in the Bombay Deccan came to be known as the ryotwari system. Unlike the Bengal system, the revenue was directly settled with the ryot. The average income from different types of soil was estimated, the revenue-paying capacity of the ryot was assessed and a proportion of it fixed as the share of the state. Pg Period Revenue demand and peasant debt 3.4 The cotton boom Pg

14 Period 7 Period 8 Credit dries up The experience of injustice The refusal of moneylenders to extend loans enraged the ryots. Moneylending was certainly widespread before colonial rule and moneylenders were often powerful. In one of the many cases investigated by the Deccan Riots Commission, the moneylender had charged over Rs 2,000 as interest on a loan of Rs 100. In petition after petition, ryots complained of the injustice of such exactions and the violation of custom. In 1859 the British passed a Limitation Law that stated that the loan bonds signed between moneylenders and ryots would have validity for only three years. Deeds and bonds appeared as symbols of the new oppressive syste. The Deccan Riots Commission The Government of Bombay to set up a commission of enquiry to investigate into the causes of the riots. The commission produced a report that was presented to the British Parliament in The commission held enquiries in the districts where the riots spread, recorded statements of ryots, sahukars and eyewitnesses, compiled statistical data on revenue rates, prices and interest rates in different regions Pg Discussion of Question Answers from the book and Extra Marks Period 9 Class Test

15 BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan Class XII C Subject History Month Aug-Oct, 2016 Chapter-61 The Rebel and the Raj No of Periods: 9 TTT- 6 WT: 3 Chapter-61 The Rebel and the Raj Objectives Resources Activities Assignment Broad Overview: (a) The events of (b) How these events were recorded and narrated. Focus: Lucknow Excerpts: Pictures of Extracts from contemporary accounts. Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened. Discuss how the events of 1857 are being reinterpreted. Familiarize the students with how the mutiny began. Discuss how visual material can be used by historians. Understand the drawbacks of the revolt and analyse why it failed. NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, Mind Map, SLM. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research/videos and images from the internet Study Material Map Work Discuss the evidence that indicate planning and coordination on the part of the rebels.(prd 1) Why did mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt? (Prd 2)

16 Rumours and prophecies played a part in moving people to action. Explain. (Prd 3) Why was revolt particularly widespread in Awadh? What prompted peasants, taluqdars and zamindars to join the rebellion? (Prd4) The dispossession of taluqdars meant the breakdown of the entire social order. Discuss.(Prd4) What do visual representation tell us about the revolt of 1857? How do historians analyse these representations?(prd7) Period 1 1. The pattern of the rebellion 1.1 How the mutinies began The sepoys began their action with a signal: in many places it was the firing of the evening gun or the sounding of the bugle When ordinary people began joining the revolt, the targets of attack widened. The mutiny in the sepoy s ranks quickly became a rebellion. There was a general defiance of all kinds of authority and hierarchy Lines of communication The similarity in the pattern of the revolt in different places lay partly in its planning and coordination. It is clear that there was communication between the sepoy lines of various cantonments. Charles Ball, who wrote one of the earliest histories of the uprising, noted that panchayats were a nightly occurrence in the Kanpur sepoy lines. Some of the decisions were taken collectively. The fact that the sepoys lived in lines and shared a common lifestyle and many of them came from the same caste, they would have decided their own future. The sepoys were the makers of their own rebellion. Pg

17 Leaders and followers Period 2 One of the first acts of the sepoys of Meerut was to rush to Delhi and appeal to the old Mughal emperor to accept the leadership of the revolt. In Kanpur, the sepoys and the people of the town declared Nana Sahib, the successor to Peshwa Baji Rao II, as their leader. In Jhansi, the rani was forced by the popular pressure around her to assume the leadership of the uprising. Kunwar Singh, a local zamindar in Arrah in Bihar. In Awadh, the populace in Lucknow celebrated the fall of British rule by hailing Birjis Qadr, the young son of the Nawab, as their leader. In Lucknow, there were many religious leaders and selfstyled prophets who preached the destruction of British rule. Shah Mal mobilised the villagers of pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh; Gonoo, a tribal cultivator of Singhbhum in Chotanagpur, became a rebel leader of the Kol tribals of the region. Rumours and prophecies The sepoys told Bahadur Shah about bullets coated with the fat of cows and pigs and that biting those bullets would corrupt their caste and religion. The British tried to explain to the sepoys that this was not the case but the rumour that the new cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs spread like wildfire. There was the rumour that the British government had hatched a gigantic conspiracy to destroy the caste and religion of Hindus and Muslims and had mixed the bone dust of cows and pigs into the flour that was sold in the market. There was fear and suspicion that the British wanted to convert Indians to Christianity. Pg Period 3 Why did people believe in the rumours? The rumours in 1857 begin to make sense when seen in the

18 context of the policies the British pursued from the late 1820s Governor General Lord William Bentinck, the British adopted policies aimed at reforming Indian society by introducing Western education Western ideas and Western institutions. The British established laws to abolish customs like sati (1829) and to permit the remarriage of Hindu widows. On a variety of pleas, like misgovernment and the refusal to recognize adoption, the British annexed Awadh, Jhansi and Satara. The British introduced their own system of administration, their own laws and their own methods of land settlement and land revenue collection. It seemed to the people that all that they cherished and held sacred was being destroyed and replaced by a system that was more impersonal, alien and oppressive. Pg. 295 Period 4 2. Awadh in Revolt In 1856, the kingdom was formally annexed to the British Empire. The Subsidiary Alliance had been imposed on Awadh in Deprived of his armed forces, the Nawab became increasingly dependent on the British to maintain law and order within the kingdom. He could no longer assert control over the rebellious chiefs and taluqdars. Lord Dalhousie s annexations created disaffection in all the areas and principalities especially in the kingdom of Awadh.Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was dethroned and exiled to Calcutta on the plea that the region was being misgoverned 2.1 A cherry that will drop into our mouth one day 2.2 The life was gone out of the body 2.3 Firangi raj and the end of a world In Awadh, more than anywhere else, the revolt became an expression of popular resistance to an alien order. The annexation displaced not just the Nawab.It also dispossessed the taluqdars of the region.

19 The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars. Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were disarmed and their forts destroyed. The Summary Settlement of 1856, undermined the authority of the taluqdars it declared that the taluqdars were interlopers with no permanent stakes in land: they had established their hold over land through force and fraud. The dispossession of taluqdars meant the breakdown of an entire social order. The ties of loyalty and patronage that had bound the peasant to the taluqdar were disrupted. The relationship of the sepoys with their superior white officers underwent a significant change. The officers developed a sense of superiority and started treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors. Pg Period 5 3 What the Rebels Wanted 3.1 The vision of unity The rebel proclamations in 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population, irrespective of their caste and creed. The proclamation that was issued under the name of Bahadur Shah appealed to the people to join the fight under the standards of both Muhammad and Mahavir. 3.2Against the symbols of oppression Every aspect of British rule was attacked and the firangi accused of destroying a way of life that was familiar and cherished. The rebels wanted to restore that world. 3.3The search for alternative power Once British rule had collapsed, the rebels in places like Delhi, Lucknow and Kanpur tried to establish some kind of structure of authority and administration. In most cases these structures could not survive the British onslaught. Pg

20 Period 6 4. Repression Before sending out troops to reconquer North India, the British passed a series of laws to help them quell the insurgency. By a number of Acts, passed in May and June 1857 the ordinary processes of law and trial were suspended and it was put out that rebellion would have only one punishment death. The British began the task of suppressing the revolt. The British mounted a two-pronged attack. One force moved from Calcutta into North India and the other from the Punjab to reconquer Delhi The British used military power on a gigantic scale. In large parts of Uttar Pradesh, where big landholders and peasants had offered united resistance, the British promised to give back to the big landholders their estates. Pg Period 7 5. Images of the Revolt 5.1 Celebrating the saviours British pictures offer a variety of images that were meant to provoke a range of different emotions and reactions. Some of them commemorate the British heroes who saved the English and repressed the rebels. Relief of Lucknow, painted by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859, is an example of this type. In Memoriam painted by Joseph Noel Paton two years after the mutiny.one can see English women and children huddled in a circle, looking helpless and innocent, seemingly waiting for the inevitable dishonour, violence and death. 5.2 English women and the honour of Britain 5.3 Vengeance and retribution 5.4 The performance of terror 5.5 No time for Clemency Pg Nationalist imageries Pg. 313 Period 8 Extra Marks/Map Work

21 Period 9 Class Test