A wind, bringing willow-cotton, sweetens the shop, And as each of them drains his cup, I say to him in parting,

Transcription

1 A wind, bringing willow-cotton, sweetens the shop, And a girl from Wu, pouring wine, urges me to share it With my comrades of the city who are here to see me off; And as each of them drains his cup, I say to him in parting, Oh, go and ask this river running to the east If it can travel farther than a friend's love!

2 LI PO (701-62) T'ang dynasty

3 Yongle Encyclopedia Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) first Encyclopedia Leishu category books Encyclopedia Commissioned by Yongle Emperor ) Third emperor of the Ming Dynasty 2,169 scholars finished it in 1408 Included more than 8000 texts; 22,937 manuscript rolls Agriculture, drama, history, religion, medicine, literature, etc. Chinese classical texts: Four Books and Five Classics

4 Lost 3.5 % only survives 1860 Anglo-French invasion of Beijing

5 Ming Dynasty ( ) The first post-mongol (Yuan dynasty: Kublai Khan (r )) Relative social and state stability Zheng He ( ) Encountered European expansion: Portuguese & the Dutch Influx of crops, plants, and animals into China

6 Forbidden City Zijin Cheng Constructed 1406 to 1420

7 MMW 13 Lecture 7, April 23

8 Tuesday & Thursday Next week Loss: Aristotle s book of comedy Loss: LIFE (the Plague)

9 Today s Lecture India and the Indian Ocean Basin The Song Modernity & (briefly) the Ming in East Asia Korea; Japan

10 July Summer session 1

11 DEI Course

12

13 4pm (?)

14 Global interconnectivity before 1500 Southernization 14 th Century: 1. Silk Road (Central Asia-Mesopotamia) 2. Baltic-Mediterranean Sea ( Genoa, Padua, Florence, Venice) 3. (Mediterrean) Trans-Sahran caravan traffic (gold; slaves) 4. Swahili cities (east Africa), Arabian peninsula, Persian Gulf to China. 5. Indian Ocean

15 After 1500 Transatlantic

16 After 1500 Transpacific

17 India and the Indian Ocean Basin

18 Post-Gupta India ( C.E) Southernization Unknown.jpeg

19 A collage Collage of micro-cultures, (mini) cultures that had their own autonomy and yet intermingled with others.

20 Civilization of India (and China) more advanced than Europe India faced a series of invasions: Islamization (from Central Asia) European colonialism (18 th century)

21 Chola Empire 300s BCE-1279 CE

22 Southern Kingdoms: Hindu states Chola Kingdom ( ) expanded because of sea trade, dominated South China Sea and Arabian Sea. Gave considerable autonomy to local rulers. Traded with the Chinese. spread the cultic aspects of the Hindu religion

23 Arab Trade with Subcontinent

24 India s regional divide Unlike China, no centralized imperial power. North-South divide North: unstable Rajputs ( kings sons ) A Hindu warrior caste Chivalry, courage culture South: stable, though highly fragmented. dependent on the sea

25

26 Hoysala Empire ( )

27 Flowering of architecture, art and religion Folklore: Sala fights a lion Agrarian economy, which the state relied on through taxation Sagar artificial reservoir Exported spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, rhino horn, salt, gold, rhino horn, perfumes, camphor, sandalwood, etc.

28 Siraf

29 Aden, Yemen

30 Nanjing

31 Chennakesava temple at Somanathapura Narasimha III (r )

32 Sculptural details

33

34 Supreme God Krishna

35 Nexus City, market and temple nexus Pattana (Towns) Halebidu: Capital of Hosayala Empire Locals Jews, Persians, Arabs, Armenians

36 Vijayanagar ( ) Deccan Plateau Harihara and Bukka: later converted to Hinduism and promoted the religion as a unifying factor. Vijayanag City of Victory Centralized: Rajya (Provinces) Hampi: Village; temple

37 I. Society and caste

38 Village as a political unit

39 Caste and Political Society Caste System: social stratification found in the Vedic period :1500 B.C.E B.C.E. system as social classes or caste (Varna) based on hereditary groups (bloodline or kinship ties), divided into sub-categories Jāti: birth in the form of occupational segregation (thousand versions) Varna Brahmins: highest priestly class Kshatriyas: ruling military elite Vaishyas: agriculture and cattle-rearing; landowners, traders even money lenders Shudras: lowest and largest caste group, service workers, unskilled workers, even slaves Endogamy: marriage in a certain group (self-segregation through marriage)

40 Dalits (The untouchables) Outside of the caste system 167 million Dalits in today s India

41 Caste Function Division of labor, especially for foreigners and migrants established codes of conduct for behavior which helped people order their work and their relationships with others in the same or other classes. Subcasts (jati): worker s guilds. Merchants and manufactures organized powerful guilds.

42 M. N. Srinivas ( ) NOT RIGID! Caste in Modern India and other essays (1962)

43 Caste System

44 Gender patriarchal system was prevalent but women enjoyed a position of respect and reverence Religious institution: gift giving, public active participation in temple life

45 Hindu Temples Economic centers. Organized agricultural activities. Provided schooling delivered tax receipts to the Hindu rulers and did other community activities.

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47 Sati

48 Kerala: Southwestern India Practiced Polyandry, a marriage of one woman to several husbands.

49 II. Economy 1) Agricultural production: with the increase in agricultural yields, people began to trade more and manufacture goods (rather than produce food). 2) Network of sea-lanes and port-cities: a) Innovation in maritime technology b) Trade brought water management systems for irrigation (in the south)

50 Oceanic Trade Dhows and Junks Emporia:

51 Manufacturing: cloths, textiles, pottery, leather goods, and jewelry

52 Agriculture & irrigation Southern India: arid land without rivers like the Indus or the Ganges. Dams, reservoirs, canals, wells and tunnels. Reservoir: Artificial lakes (250 square miles). Therefore: Rise of agricultural goods and population!!!

53 Urbanization By 1500 the subcontinent had a population of 105 million. 1) Internal Trade: a) Rise of cities led to an increase in b) trade: caravan and sea routes (coastal towns like Calicut and Quilon flourished). 2) Maritime trade:

54 Lucknow

55 Rajput dynastic orders Emerged in political importance in the 7 th century Landowners and patrilineal clans in central and northern India Descendent of warrior ruling class, but in reality varied in class status

56 Islam and the Indian subcontinent Mahmud ( ) ruler of a Turkish dynasty based at Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan 1001 the first of numerous invasions of modern day Pakistan 1041 Kashmir 1025 Hindu, Buddhist and Jain kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, and Ujjain, but left them as vassal states

57 Delhi Sultanate ( ) Five dynastic rules, Turkish origins based in Delhi (northern India) Tughlaq Dynasty ( ) an era of temple destruction and desecration Indo-Islamic Architecture:

58 Sultanate of Delhi ( )

59 Islam Appeal: egalitarianism & pragmatic (to improve their economic situation). Sufism (& Hinduism) a) Mysticism: Divine as self. b) Spiritual Authority: Pir and Guru Cross-fertilized sects The Bhakti Movement: Southern India. a) Cult of love and devotion. b) Fused with Islamic values (as moved to the north) c) Shiva, Vishnu and Allah were all manifestations of a single deity.

60 Shi i Islam

61 Sikhism Guru Nanak ( )

62 Make a note India s contribution, in terms of religion, in terms of economics, in terms of trade, CANNOT be detached from

63 Buddhism 624 BCE Nepal; formerly parts of India (Lumbini)

64

65 Tang Dynasty ( ) The Silk Road revived Chinese maritime presence Southernization

66 Xuanzang (d. 664)

67 What role did Tang China play in the Eurasian world? 1) Technological advancements: woodblock printing text 2)The Mongols adopt their advanced urban civilization and spread it across Eurasia. 3) Cosmopolitanism: cross-fertilization of cultures and religions.

68 Song ( Restored unity in China and made China the richest, most populous civilization Economic cultivation through Agricultural production 1279 conquered by Kublia Khan

69 Tang-Song China Legacy 1) Revival of centralized imperial order. 2) Spread of religions and ideas. 3) Expansive market-based economy (not agricultural) 4) Major technological and industrial advancements.

70 Song State bureaucracy Political order: emperors legitimized sovereignty upon long-established bureaucratic structures Middle Kingdom : emperor ruling as the son of Heaven, an intermediary between the divine world and earthly spheres of human existence. Middle kingdom as the highest form of civilization Since Han, an extensive system of bureaucracy of Confucian scholars administrated all aspects of society, except the miltiary

71 Meritocracy: Merit-based Examination and civil service Candidates all male, competed for positions based on performance and not connection to carry out responsibility of governance Imperial Examination: very tough! Benefits: 1. Centralized the state 2. Created political stability, promoted Good governance, but not necessarily democratic in the modern sense

72 Compass Textile machinery (spinning wheel) Gunpowder (Navy) Printing

73 Song Economic Accomplishments Banknotes Developed revolutionary new military technology: Gunpowder Deployment of compass Movable printing press (Northern Song Dynasty ( )

74 What did the Song NOT do? 1) Major economic and technological advancements did not lead to revolutionize Chinese society? Because it was already self-sufficient. 2) Technology to sail the seas: lacked incentive to sail the world. 3) Despite commercial expansion, kept merchants out of major industries. 4) Peaceful relations with neighboring nomadic societies: big mistake! Mongols

75 Late Medieval Korea

76 Kingdom of Goryeo ( ) Wang Geon ( ) Goryeo capitulated to the Mongols

77 Yi Song-gye ( ) Founder of the Choson (Yi) dynasty, longest imperial dynasty ( ) Hanyang (Seoul) Centralized state and promoted agricultural economy and society. Defended Japanese (1500s) and Chinese (1600s) invasions Isolationist policy ( the Hermit Kingdom )

78 Late Medieval Japan

79 Mongol failure 1274 & to 600 vessels, 40,000 soldiers Divine wind : Typhoon

80

81 Kamikaze

82 Kamakura period ( ) centralized Muromachi ( ) decentralized, erosion of imperial governance, a shift in the exercise of power within the established ruling circles Relative economic prosperity: population boom (10 million)

83 Shogunate Military rule or dictator 12 th century competing bands of feudal lords Barbarian-subduing generalissimo

84 Noh Supernatural beings transformed into human form as heroes (telling a story)

85