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1 ISLAMI GLOBALIZATION Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy

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3 ISLAMI GLOBALIZATION Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Robert R Bianchi Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bianchi, Robert, 1945 Islamic globalization pilgrimage, capitalism, democracy, and diplomacy / Robert R. Bianchi. pages cm ISBN (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN (ebook) -- ISBN Globalization. 2. Islamic modernism 3. Muslim pilgrims and pilgrimages. 4. Finance--Religious aspects--islam. 5. Globalization--Political aspects. I. Title. JZ1318.B ' dc British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Front cover image credit: Egyptian Elections by Svitalsky Bros Copyright 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. In-house Editor: Chye Shu Wen Printed in Singapore

5 For Lenny and the memory of Fazl

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7 Acknowledgments Several of the essays in this collection have also appeared in other publications in different versions or with different titles. Below are the citations to the original sources with grateful acknowledgement of the publications and conference organizers in each case. Chapter 2 The Hajj in Everyday Life, In Everyday Life in the Muslim Middle East, 3rd Edition, Donna Lee Bowen, Evelyn A. Early, and Becky Schulthies, eds. (2013). The material appears courtesy of Indiana University Press. Chapter 3 Hajj, In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Editor in Chief: Esposito, John (2007). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. Chapter 4 Reprinted from The Hajj, In The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, Immanuel Ness and Peter Bellwood, eds. (2013). With permission from Wiley & Sons, USA. Chapter 5 Hajj, Women s Patronage of: Contemporary Practice by Robert Bianchi from Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Editor in Chief: Delong, Bas, Natana; Series Editor: Esposito, John (2013). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. Chapter 6 Travel and Travellers: Travel for Religious Purposes by Robert Bianchi from The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Editor in Chief: Esposito, John (2007). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. vii

8 viii Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Chapter 7 Capitalism and Islam by Robert Bianchi from The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Editor in Chief: Esposito, John (2007). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. Chapter 8 Reprinted from The Battle for the Soul of Islamic Finance If it Has One, Islamic Finance, September Chapter 9 Reprinted from The Revolution in Islamic Finance, The Chicago Journal of International Law, 7(1), January Chapter 10 Reprinted from Islamic Finance and the International System: Integration without Colonialism, In Integrating Islamic Finance into the Mainstream: Regulation, Standardization, and Transparency, S. Nazim Ali (ed.), Copyright (2007), with permission from Harvard Law School, Islamic Legal Studies Program, Islamic Finance Project. Chapter 11 Reprinted from Egypt s Revolutionary Elections, The Singapore Middle East Papers, Copyright (2012), with permission from Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore. Chapter 12 Reprinted from The Socioeconomic Bases of Ennahdha Power: Khaldunian and Tocquevillian Reflections on the Tunisian Elections, The Singapore Middle East Papers, Copyright (2013), with permission from National University of Singapore, Middle East Institute. Chapter 13 Reprinted from On Liberty and Human Interests in the Work of Iliya Harik, Journal of New Media Studies in MENA, Issue 2, Copyright (2013).

9 Chapter 14 Acknowledgments ix Reprinted from Leonard Binder s, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Developmental Ideologies, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 51(4), Copyright (1992), with permission from University of Chicago Press. Chapter 15 Philosophers, Lawyers, and Journalists: Arab and Turkish Ventures in Modernist Islam, Paper presented to the conference on The Arab State of Islam, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Near Eastern Studies, October Chapter 16 Reprinted from Morsi in Beijing: Implications for America s Relations with China and the Islamic World, Middle East Institute Insights, September 12, 2012, with permission from Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore. Chapter 17 Originally published in China Report, Vol. 49, No. 1. Copyright 2013 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, New Delhi. All rights reserved. Reproduced with the permission of the copyright holders and the publishers, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

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11 Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Tables xiii List of Figures xv List of Maps xvii 1. Introduction: Islamic Globalization I: Pilgrimage and Religious Travel 2. A Pilgrim s Eye View of the Hajj The Contemporary Hajj The Hajj and Human Migration Women s Participation in the Hajj Religious Travel in Islam II. Capitalism and Islamic Finance 7. Capitalism and Islam The Battle for the Soul of Islamic Finance If It Has One The Revolution in Islamic Finance Islamic Finance and the International System: Integration without Colonialism xi

12 xii Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy III. Democracy and Islamic Modernism 11. Egypt s Revolutionary Elections The Social and Economic Bases of Ennahdha Power: Khaldunian and Tocquevillian Reflections on the Tunisian Elections On Liberty and Human Interest in the Work of Iliya Harik Leonard Binder s Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Developmental Ideologies Philosophers, Lawyers, and Journalists: Arab and Turkish Ventures in Modernist Islam IV. Diplomacy and Great Power Politics 16. Morsy in Beijing: Implications for America s Relations with China and the Islamic World China Middle East Relations in Light of Obama s Pivot to the Pacific China and the United States in the Middle East and the Islamic World The Lands of Islam in a China-Led Afro-Eurasia Conclusion: Toward a New Concert of Civilizations Bibliography Index

13 List of Tables Table Table Intercorrelations between Votes for Major Parties in Party List Districts Kafr al-sheikh Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats Table Damietta Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats Table Percent Party List Votes by District Cities Table Table Table Minya Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats Sohag Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats Qena Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats Table Major Party Vote by District Table Employment in Economic Sectors and Ennahdha Vote Table Agricultural Employment and Major Party Vote Table Professional Categories and Ennahdha Vote Table Education, Illiteracy, and Ennahdha Vote Table Household Consumption and Ennahdha Vote Table Tunis Major Party Vote by Neighborhood xiii

14 xiv Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Table Table al-sejumi Major Party Vote by School Polling Station al- Umran Major Party Vote by School Polling Station Table al-menzah Major Party Vote by School Polling Station Table Sfax Madina Major Party Vote by School Polling Station Table Rainfall, Livestock Per Capita, and Ennahdha Vote Table Regional Disparities in Living Standards and Wellbeing Table Regional Disparities in Household Expenditures Table Regional Disparities in the Intake of Animal Products

15 List of Figures Figure Tacit Alliance of Islamic and Secular Liberals versus Salafis and NDP Remnants Figure Party Match-ups in Contests for Individual Seats Figure Figure Figure Figure FJP and Nur Success Rates in Contests for Individual District Seats FJP Margins of Victory in Face-offs with Nur for 70 Individual District Seats Margins of Victory in FJP and Nur Competition for 70 Individual District Seats Class and Religious Conflicts in Urban and Rural Districts Figure Power-sharing and Partition in Kafr al-sheikh Figure Figure The Ecological and Social Bases of Political Conflict in Fayyum The Seven Tunisias as Juan Linz Might See Them: North-South and East-West Cleavages Figure The Regional Distribution of Ennahdha Vote Figure Ennahdha Vote by Governorate Figure Support for Ennahdha by Employment in Economic Sectors Figure Ennahdha Vote and Cars Per Capita xv

16 xvi Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Figure Figure Tunis Large Zones: Contiguous and Overlapping Satellite View of Tunis Showing Salt Flats, Lake Tunis, and the Sea Figure Vote for Ennahdha and the Four Biggest Secular Parties in Sejumi, Umran, Madina, Bab al-bahr, and al-menzah Figure Sfax Small Zones: Separated and Scattered Figure Satellite View of Sfax Showing Madina, Bab al-bahr, Rabadh, and al-basatin Figure Competing Explanations of Ecological and Socioeconomic Influences on Political Behavior Figure Pluralism, the Division of Labor, and Globalization Figure Strategic Alternatives and Their Consequences Figure Power Sharing, Regime Building, and Global Governance

17 List of Maps Map Egypt Map Kafr al-sheikh Map Fayyum Map The City of Cairo Map The Governorates of Egypt Map Tunis Neighborhoods Map Tunisia Electoral Districts and Number of Seats Map Average Annual Rainfall Map Coastal and Interior Contrasts in Northern and Central Tunisia Map Transportation Networks in Tunisia xvii

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