2. Read page 107: Find 3 reasons that Pope Urban II called for the Crusades:

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1 The Crusades: Worksheet for p What were the Crusades? Causes of the Crusades: 1. What 3 religions trace their origins to Jerusalem? Complete the chart below to name each religious group and describe its connection to Jerusalem: Judaism (Jews) Islam (Muslims) Jerusalem is the site of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus 2. Read page 107: Find 3 reasons that Pope Urban II called for the Crusades: a. b. c. 3. How did the pope get people to join the Crusades? The pope offered people incentives or things to encourage people to join the army of the Crusades. Read the explanation below and find at least 3 ways Pope Urban II encouraged people to fight. The pope made a famous speech at a place called Claremont in France. He said any man who fought in the Crusades would be given a plenary indulgence. An indulgence was a special blessing that would save the sinner from some punishment for his sins in the afterlife. In other words, soldiers who fought in the Crusades would earn rewards in

2 heaven for killing their enemies. He also said citizens who fought would not have to pay taxes. Serfs (poor people who served a master) would be freed to fight, and prisoners would be released from prison if they promised to fight for Jerusalem. I Incentives to fight in the Crusades The First Crusade ( ) 4. What was the goal of the armies of the First Crusade which set out in 1096? 5. Create a timeline describing the progress of the armies of the First Crusade. Where did they go and what happened there? 6. The Crusaders had to fight to take over walled cities. They laid siege to the city of Antioch for nine months. What did they do to take control of Antioch?

3 7. Look at the pictures on What were some of the weapons used by the Crusaders? 8. The textbook describes the Crusaders as merciless or cruel and unforgiving fighters. Read an excerpt from a text that was written by an actual crusader to describe the siege of Jerusalem. Highlight words and phrases that describe merciless fighting: Taken from Gesta Francorum (The Deeds of the Franks): The defenders fled along the walls and through the city, and our men pursued them killing and cutting them down as far as Solomon's Temple, where there was such a massacre that our men were wading ankle deep in blood... Then the crusaders rushed around the whole city, seizing gold and silver, horses and mules, and looting the housing that were full of costly things. Then, rejoicing and weeping from excess of happiness, they all came to worship and give thanks at the sepulchre of our saviour Jesus. Next morning, they went cautiously up the temple roof and attacked the Saracens, both men and women [who had taken refuge there], cutting off their heads with drawn swords... Our leaders then gave orders that all the Saracen corpses should be

4 thrown outside the city because of the stench, for almost the whole city was full of dead bodies... such a slaughter of pagans had never been seen or heard of, for they were burned in pyres like pyramids, and none save God alone knows how many they were. 9. After capturing Jerusalem, how were the captured lands divided? Look at the map below to identify the 4 states that were created out of the conquered lands. List the names of the Crusader states: If a kingdom is run by a king, who do you think runs a principality? What was the largest country in the Crusader states? Draw a conclusion: If you were a Muslim ruler and you had lost all this land to the Christian Europeans, what would you do?

5 Later Crusades: p What caused the start of the later Crusades in 1144? 2. On the chart below list the causes and effects of the later Crusades: 3. If the First Crusade began in 1096 and the Fourth Crusade ended in 1204, how many years did the Crusades last? 4. The goal of the Crusades was for Christians to recapture the Holy Land. Did they achieve their goal? 5. What were 2 lasting problems caused by the Crusades? 6. What were 2 good things that happened as a result of the Crusades?

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