258 Index. British Pakistanis 6, 11 14, 16, 46 7, 70, 79, 115, 123, 130, 170, 172, 181 3, 186, 227 8, brothel 148, 163

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1 Index Abdul Khaliq Ansari accession 83, 88, 98, 116, 127 activism 9, 24, 37, , 115, 120 1, 127, 129, 154 administration 24, 27 8, 32, 35, 100, 116 Afghans 162, 246 Afshar, Haleh 217, 220 2, 224 5, 228, 232, Ahmad, Fauzia 220 1, 224 5, 228, 230 Ahmad, Sadaf 136 Ahmad, Saghir 86, 136, 220 1, 224 5, 228, 230, 250 Ahmad, Salman 22, 136, 246, Ali, Nasreen 112, 115, 123, 129 Ali, Nazia 128 Ali, Shaikh Ahmed Ali, Yasmin 220, 223 4, Amanullah Khan American Muslims American Pakistanis 242 4, 247, anti-emergency movement 20 1, 25, 32 apostacy 182 appropriation 8, 28 9, 35 6, 41, 86 army see also state of emergency impurity 159 relationship to Islamists 149 sectarianism 146 Asian Women in Britain 237 Asif, Bushra 105 aspirations, educational 220, attacks 63 authorities, religious 136 7, 152, 161 Azad Kashmir 98, 105, 107 8, 111, , 122, 127, 129, 131, 169, 206 see also Kashmir Bagguley, Paul 75 Ballard, Roger 98 9, 101, 103, 111 Balochistan 206, Bari, Muhammad Abdul 65, 67 Bhopal 221, 226, 230, biraderi 97 8, 101, 116, 118, 126, Birmingham 11, 49, 68, 112, , 124 5, 174, 181, 192 Bradford 5, 11, 15, 112, 120, 122 3, 125 6, 131, 184, 186, 188, 192 3, 196 7, 221, 236 Britain government 11 12, 55, 64, 68 Muslim Population 58, 66 7, 71, 73, 197 Pakistani population 103 politicians 44, 59 61, 64, 70 1, 73 British India 50 1, 86 7, 177 British Kashmiris , 118, 121, 123, 125 9, 131 British Pakistani Women and Education 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237

2 258 Index British Pakistanis 6, 11 14, 16, 46 7, 70, 79, 115, 123, 130, 170, 172, 181 3, 186, 227 8, brothel 148, 163 census 103, 111, 114, 121, 130, 165, 169 children 21, 25 6, 30, 33, 57, 148, 172, 180 2, 187, 201 4, , , 225 6, 229, church 50, 169, 195 citizenship flexible 245, 251 2, 254 multicultural 60 class 12, 14, 23, 28 9, 36, 38, 40 1, 47, 85, 140, 158, 201 2, 205 6, 208, lower 36 7, 209 conflict 9, 54, 58, 83 4, 92 3, 95 6, 106, 108, 138, 141, 183, 247, 254 cultural identity 60, 97 8, 106 culture, popular 241, 245, culture of politics 87, 91, 93 4, 103 curriculum 147, 153, 175, 177 9, 186, 191, 194 Dahlberg, Lincoln 45 6, 77 Deobandi 50, 142 3, 153, 161 4, 172, 176, 182, 184, 190, 194 disputes 87, 90, 102, 113, 174 6, 180, 193 Dodd, Vikram 50 dreams 90, 144 education boys 13 children s 211, 235 ethnic inequalities 192, 202 gender disparities 201, 203, 211, 215 girls enrollment rates 209 institutions 85, 141, 160 mass 139 opportunities 220, 222, 228 qualifications 218, 221, 224, 230, 234 women 204, 222, 225 Eickelman, Dale 136, 139, Ellis, Pat 97, 107, 115, 124, emancipation empowerment 13 14, , 222, 224, 228, 233, 237 enemies 84, 92, 153, 155, 188 English among British Pakistanis 171 British Nationality Act in education 24, 147 in religious education 174, 187 religious leadership 183 ethnic groups 9, 23, , 206 7, 212, 220, 229 ethnic press 44 5, 50, 55, 73 4 ethnicity American Pakistanis 242 boundaries 124 inequalities 157, 220 social capital 220 teaching 23 Ewing, Katherine 136, 167, 245, 251, 253 fathers children s education 226 educating daughters 208, 210, 215, 224 Pathans 212 FOSIS (Federation of Student Islamic Societies) 56, 68 9 FRAQ (Free Riyaz and Qayyum)- Campaign GDP, percentage invested in education 202, 204 Gilroy, Paul 45 girls 13, 28, 31, 35, 125, 152, 159, 164, , 220, 222 3, 228, 235 6

3 Index 259 Government of Pakistan 56, 104 5, 191, 203 4, 206, 216 government schools 138, 203 5, Habermas, Jürgen 45 Hadith 52 3, 142, 161, 177 8, 181 Haroon, Sana 150 higher education 179 empowerment 218 women 222 Holden, Andrew 128 Holocaust Memorial Day 64 6, Hoyler, Marguerite 245, 251 HT (Hizb ut-tahrir) 56 human rights 23 Amnesty International assessment of Pakistan 21 discourse 104 European Court 75 fetishization 91 moral language 92 Hussain, Ed 51, 72 3, 77 Hussain, Yasmin 75 identity politics 28, 63, 69 imams 53, 172 in Britain 55, 172 3, 181 composition in Britain 183, 190 high profile imams in Britain 170 increase in number 147 Lal Masjid 143 needs of society 12 salaries 172, 174 status 172 training 179, 192 Indian-administered Kashmir 93, 97 Islam education 14 in Kashmir 86 lived 138 localization 61 structural mutations in urban areas 138 Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) 68 Islamic laws see shariah law Islamic schools 56, 63 Islamic texts, classical Islamists 10, 61 2, 72, 77, 104, 149, 168, 171, 181 4, 190, Israel 65, 67 8, 104 izzat 219, 222, 225 Jafri, Maqsood 87 9 Jalal, Ayesha 85, 96 Jamaat-i-Islami 34, 40, 50 1, 135 6, 161, 195 Jammu and Kashmir see also Kashmir azaad and maqbuza categories 88 citizenship status 98 jihad ban in textbooks 163 humanitarianism 104 idiom of insurgency 83 martyrdom 137 popularization tribal agencies 150 unbelievers 182 violence 54 women 152 JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) 112, 115, judiciary 8, 21, 34 Kalra, Virinder 113, 129, 131, 254 Karachi 16, 24, 26 8, 40, 95, 99, 107, 155, 162 8, 178, 208, 211, , 254 Kashmir see also Mirpur formation within Pakistan 86 geography of oppressed Muslims 88 marginality 9 Kashmiri activists 119, 121, 126

4 260 Index Kashmiri identity 10, 97, 100, 112, 115, 121, 129 Kashmiris in Britain 111, 113, , 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131 Kelly, Ruth 63, 65, 67, 70, 72 3 Khan, Zafar 115 Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 143, 155, 162, 206 Lady of Shalott 3 4, 6, 15 Lahore 19, 22, 24, 28, 31, 34 5, 39 41, 85, 99, 101, 117, 162 3, 165 7, 240, 250 Lal Masjid 10 11, 21, 135, 137 8, 140 1, 143 7, 149, , 162 3, Abdul brothers 148, 150, 157 8, 160, raid 135 lawyers movement , 31 Leonard, Karen 243 4, 254 literacy 47, LoC (Line of Control) 84, 95, 99 London anti-war demonstration 74 Mayor 66 Pakistani party political activities in 15 terrorism 49 50, 57 LUMS (Lahore University of Management Studies) 19 20, 23, 29, 32 4, social composition of student body 23 student protests 19, 24 5, 28, 39 madrasa 147, 167 British 172, 176 equivalency with other higher degrees 141, 163 female students 139, 144, government policy 143 growth of madrasa 147 Jamia Fareedia 144 5, 148, 151, 155, 165 Jamia Hafsa 144, 147, 149, 151 3, 157, 159, 164, 166 legal status 163 reform from Pakistani state 146 madrasa legal status 147 Maira, Sunaina 242, 245, 251 Malik, Jamal 136, 141, 149, 171 2, Malik, Nadeem 240, 254 Malik, Shahid 70, 78 marriage arranged 15, 126 between close relatives 241 break down 230 network connections 249 suitable partners 230 violation of rights 230 Marsden, Magnus 138, 167 martyrdom 89 90, 104, 119, 135 7, , 162 Mawdudi, Maulana 52, 54, 73 5 MCB (Muslim Council of Britain) 50 3, 55, 63 70, 75, 78, 185, 190, 195 income from the British government 65 McLoughlin, Sean 51, 126, 128, 181, 227 MI , 78 middle classes 22, 203, 208 migrants see migration migration 5, 99, 101 consciousness 101 diaspora 114 Immigration and Naturalization Act 243 from Kashmir 10 muhajir 99 shift from Mirpuri to Kashmiri 111 militants 159 ambivalence towards martyrdom 159 death 92 divided loyalties 96 harrassment of families 93

5 Index 261 MINAB (Mosque and Imam National Advisory Board) 11, 55, Mirpur (Kashmir) 5, 9 10, 83 4, 98, 103, 106, , 116, 118, 123 5, 128 history 83 Mirpuris 10, 85, 99, 111, 113, 115, 122 3, 128 Modood, Tariq 63, 123 Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) 99 mosque committees 172 biradari run 180 women members 174, 193 mosque schools 187, 195 mothers aspiration for daughters 208, 210, 229 education 207 education of daughters 215 labor 207, 212 MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 99 multiculturalism 44, 52, 59, 63, 170 attacks on 61, 63, 68, 73 culture and community 59 culture and religion 62 failure 43, 48, 57, 59 60, 68 human rights 52 multiculturalism in history 58 politicians criticisms 73 rejection of 67 8 religious pluralism and identity politics 63 Ruth Kelly 63, 67 Musharraf, Pervez 20 2, 26, 29, 146, 148 Muslim Americans 244, 246 Muslim Association of Britain (MAB) 55, 64, 68, 74, 190, 195 Muslim Brotherhood 51, 68, 74, 184, 195 Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine 171, 181 Muslim Council of Britain see MCB Muslim Identity Politics 126 Muslim League 75, 149 Muslim women 174, 217 agents of change 228 economic inactivity 192 empowerment strategies 217 myth of return 6 Najam, Adil 243 Nasr, Vali Reza 51, 75, 78, 136, 149, 168 NGO schooling 203 Pakistan, creation of 87, 99 Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) 21, 25 Azad Kashmir 127 Pakistani Americans 242, 244, 249 Pakistani government education policies 201 Pakistani universities 23 4, 40 Palestine 71, 125, 129, 189 geography of oppressed Muslims 88 partition 83, 86 7, Mahatma Gandhi and Muslims 173 Pathans (Pukhtuns) 86, 206 Piscatori, James 136, 139, 166 police 28, 30 1, 34 5, 39, 53, 55 6, 63, 66, 70, 85, 119, 135, 160, 179, 189 political mobilization 10, 46, , , PPP (Pakistan People Party) 21, 25 primary schools 186, 204, 206 8, 211 Prophet 74, 142, 144, 150, 152 3, 178, 187 Prophetic tradition 175, 178 protest Afghanistan and Iraq 48 anti-musharraf 29 Danish embassy 55 Jamia Hafsa 152 Kashmir 116, 119 leaders 22 media 8, 36 student 20, 28 virtual 20, 29, 38 9

6 262 Index PU (Punjab University) 26, 32, 34 PU students 33 4 public sector 141, 202, 204 Punjab 84 6, , 103, 107, 167, 206, 210 Punjab University see PU Qur an 104, 145, 161, 166, 174 5, 177 8, 181, 193, 195 6, Qureshi 201, 203, Rahman, ur- 51 2, 54, 79 Rai 85 6, 108 Rana 146, 168, 241 3, 254 Reagan 247 Red Mosque 21, 135 religious education 71, 139 religious leaders 70, 143, 158, , 180, 196 religious leadership 7, 10 12, 133, 135 8, 142, 167, 183 religious pluralism 63, 176 religious prejudice , 228 religious scholars 10 11, 136, 162 Republicans 244 Rural Sindh Rushdie affair 5, 48, 58 9, 75 Safina 26, 30, 33 5, 37, 124 Salafis 171, 181 3, 190 Salvatore 136, seminaries 171, 176 7, 179, 184, 186, 194 shahadat see martyrdom Shain 220 2, 228, 236 shariah law 21, 68 9, 93, 136 7, 140, 144, 147 9, 161, 165, 177, 180, 194 calls for reconstruction 161 fiqh 161 status of courts 165 Shias 91, 139, 142, 162 siblings , 226 7, Sindh 206, , 215 Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) 142, 146 sisters 24, 89, 148, 156, 188, , 212, 222, social capital 20, 220, 222, 226 7, 233, Sökefeld, Martin 9 10, 103, , 114, 116, 118, 120 2, 124, 126, Srinagar 94, 99, 101, 103, 117 SSP (Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan) 142, 146 state of emergency 19 20, 22, 149, 159, 209 Stover, Tamera 242 5, 251 Sufi Muslim Council of Britain 66 suicide bombers 48, 55, 57, 152 terror 6, 64 arrests in Britain 48 British foreign policy 65 grooming 64 and multiculturalism 57 War on Terror 48, 65, 91, 142, 146, 150 1, 240 textbooks 108, 138 9, 147, 163, 197, 204 tribal areas 142, 146, 150 1, 159, 240 UK Islamic Mission (UKIM) 51 3, 181 ulama 10 12, 136 7, 147, 152, 160, 162, 171 2, 175, 177, 186, 194, 196, 198 United States 20 1, 36 7, 64, 75, 104, 187, 190, 194, 240, 243 6, , universities 23, 28, 30 1, 33 5, 40, 63, 74, 77, 152, 171, 185, , 222 5, 227 8, 230 urban slums 205 6, 208, 211, 215 Urdu 24, 124, 152, 161, 163, 171, 177, , 184, 186

7 Index 263 violence 42, 54, 72, 85 6, 88, 90, 106 9, 197 political 6, 92, wars 47 8, 51, 65, 67, 73, 83, 91, 99, 103, 105 6, 142, 146 7, , 157, Werbner, Pnina 5, 8, 15 Western media 143, 217 Wilson, Amrit 218, 222, 229, 232 Wilson, Charlie 246 Woodward 67, 69, 78 9 World Bank, gender inquality classifications 204 Wray, Sharon , 233 Zaman, Muhammad Qasim 137, 173, 175 Zia-ul-Haq, President-General 51, 142, 144, 146, 165, 250