Were the Mongols an or?

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2 Were the Mongols an or?

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6 The 7000 mile route spanned China, Central Asia, Northern India, and the Roman Empire. It connected the Yellow River Valley to the Mediterranean Sea Central Asian herders ran caravans linking trade between China and urban areas in Mesopotamia.

7 : Nomadic tribes from the steppe who herd sheep, goats, yaks, cattle, horses : Ruler who unified nomadic tribes under his leadership Conquered Northern Song Dynasty Expanded west as far as Russia and Persia Kublai Khan established Yuan Dynasty in China

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9 If you were setting out on a career of conquest, aiming to create a massive empire, which of the following would be an absolute necessity? Which would be least important? Explain. A larger army than that of the people you are planning to attack A better trained, more obedient army than that of your opponents Charismatic (inspired, forceful) leadership Ideological (religious or other) support for aggression A stronger economy or more wealth than your opponents have Technological superiority in military hardware Safe, fast supply lines to your homeland Current, detailed intelligence about your opponents First-rate communications within your own army Something not on this list --what?

10 The Mongols made no technological breakthroughs, founded no new religions, and contributed little to art so why are we talking about them? The Mongols created a single economic system where the known world pivoted around Inner Eurasia for several centuries New methods of warfare Unparalleled cultural diffusion by uniting trade from Venice to Beijing Demographic change via the plague and major population shifts

11 Part 1 Questions: 1.What can you infer about the economy, ideology, and technology of the Mongols from the descriptions given? 2.Which of the Mongols characteristics that are described would make them likely to set out on a career of conquest? 3.Which of their characteristics would be helpful to them during their career of conquest?

12 Part 2 Questions: 1. What characteristics of Chinggis shown by the documents would have been particularly helpful to him in his career of conquest? If you had to choose three characteristics as the most helpful, which would they be? 2. What characteristics of Chinggis shown by the documents would have been particularly helpful to him in governing his empire? If you had to choose three characteristics as most helpful, which would they be? 3. Which of the items of information above about Chinggis s character has questionable accuracy? Why? 4. Why do you think that there are variations in the descriptions of what Chinggis was like? 5. In what ways could Mongol ideas about women s position in society help the Mongols career of conquest? 6. Would you agree with Chinggis s idea that severity is good, because it leads to stable government? Why or why not? Did the idea apply more in Chinggis s time and place than today? Why or why not? 7. Which of the accounts above do you consider most reliable, and why?

13 1. Categorize the documents Sort the documents by common characteristics Consider the source, description of the subject, time period Provide a brief quote / phrase from the text that supports your interpretation 2. Construct a thesis statement that accounts for all of the documents.

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15 Mongol nomad who united the steppe tribes Disciplined and efficient military command structure Those who resisted Mongol conquest were slaughtered in retribution Aristocrats were killed Craftspersons, miners, and skilled labor were recruited to run the empire Unskilled laborers were used for forced labor or as military fodder in battle

16 Much of their success was a result of the military techniques these steppe nomads had practiced for centuries Expert horseman and bowman Extremely fast and mobile military force The central Asian bow was more powerful and could shoot farther than the bows of their enemies Early example of : people who resisted Mongol rule were slaughtered to generate fear and incite others to surrender.

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18 The Feint: A small Mongol force attacks the enemy, but then quickly retreats, drawing the enemy forces into a trap. Brief attack then retreat Mongol Scouts Scouts draw the enemy to an ambush Then attack again from the front Attack from the flank Hidden Mongol Forces

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20 : Adopted weapons, armor, tactics and soldiers from other civilizations they encountered (including Chinese, Persians, and Europeans) Shamanistic but religiously tolerant and often adopted cultural practices of conquered peoples : Rewarded positions of leadership to the capable Ended the Confucian examination system Allowed foreigners to administer the gov t Limited the power of the scholar-gentry in China

21 As empires expand, new people were drawn into their conquerors economies and trade networks. : The conquest of Chinggis Khan brought peace and commercial unification along the Silk Road The flow of ideas, religion, technological innovations, and resources brought tremendous wealth and grandeur to the Yuan Empire Marco Polo travels to China and attends the court of Kublai Khan Negative Effect: The Black Death spread along trade routes in the 14 th century and began in Tang China

22 How are conquests similar to those of? How is rule similar to in China s Warring States period?

23 Following the death of Chinggis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into regional khanates Lasted 200 years and provided stability along Silk Road Over time people in all khanates rebelled and Mongol rule came to end

24 of the Golden Horde conquers Russia Destroyed Kiev Prompted Russian princes to improve military organization and centralize leadership Sparked fears in European over possible Mongol invasion Effectively isolates Russia from Western Europe during the 14 th century, setting it on a different trajectory for development

25 (a grandson of Chinggis) took charge of the southwest portion of the empire Led Mongol forces against Abbasid s Sacked Baghdad and killed the caliph (and 200k residents) Hulegu converted to Islam and begins religious persecution of Jews and Christians Expansion westward is met with resistance by Muslim Mamluks and Christian Crusaders

26 Following a civil war over succession in Karakorum, goes to and established the Yuan Dynasty (1271) in China, reunifying the fragments of the Song Confucians were at odds with many of the practices of the Yuan Empire : Eliminated the examination system to limit the power of Chinese scholars : Religious tolerance was extended to Buddhists and Doaists : Status of merchants increases and Mongol women refuse to bind feet

27 What are the similarities and differences between the and the?

28 Mongol rule alienated many Chinese and a series of failures trigger the dynastic cycle and caused the Yuan to lose the Mandate of Heaven Failed invasions (Japan), flooding, migration, and plague caused a sharp decline in population and sparked unrest In 1368, Li Zicheng led a revolt which overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and led to the formation of the Ming Dynasty