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1 Chapter 1 : What is the Shia-Sunni divide? Feb 12, Â Chronology: A History of the Shiite-Sunni Split The division of Islam into Sunni and Shiite branches goes far back in Muslim history to the aftermath of the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Read a. Shia view of Ali and Succession to Muhammad Shia Muslims believe that just as a prophet is appointed by God alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. Hadith of Warning Muhammad invited people to Islam in secret for three years before he started inviting them publicly. In the fourth year of Islam, when Muhammad was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam [28] he gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony. At the banquet, he was about to invite them to Islam when Abu Lahab interrupted him, after which everyone left the banquet. The Prophet ordered Ali to invite the 40 people again. The second time, Muhammad announced Islam to them and invited them to join. I praise Allah, and I seek His guidance. I believe in Him and I put my trust in Him. I bear witness that there is no god except Allah; He has no partners; and I am His messenger. Allah has commanded me to invite you to His religion by saying: And warn thy nearest kinsfolk. I, therefore, warn you, and call upon you to testify that there is no god but Allah, and that I am His messenger. O ye sons of Abdul Muttalib, no one ever came to you before with anything better than what I have brought to you. By accepting it, your welfare will be assured in this world and in the Hereafter. Who among you will support me in carrying out this momentous duty? Who will share the burden of this work with me? Who will respond to my call? Who will become my vicegerent, my deputy and my wazir? Muhammad told him to sit down, saying, "Wait! Perhaps someone older than you might respond to my call. Once again, Ali was the only one to respond, and again, Muhammad told him to wait. Muhammad then asked the members of Banu Hashim a third time. Ali was still the only volunteer. Muhammad "drew [Ali] close, pressed him to his heart, and said to the assembly: Listen to him and obey his commands. Let all listen to his words, and obey him. While returning from the Hajj pilgrimage, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered all the Muslims who were with him and gave a long sermon. Reflect on the Quran and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear verses and do not follow its ambiguous parts, for by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its warnings and its mysteries, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself, [and lifted his arm,] the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his master Mawla [a], then Ali is his master Mawla ; and he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, the executor of my will Wasiyyi, whose appointment as your guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic. Umar was reportedly the first to give the oath of allegiance to Ali. Ali did not accept the caliphate of Abu Bakr and refused to pledge allegiance to him. This is indicated in both Sunni and Shia sahih and authentic Hadith. Ibn Qutaybah, a 9th-century Sunni Islamic scholar narrates of Ali: I am the servant of God and the brother of the Messenger of God. I am thus more worthy of this office than you. You have seized this office from the Ansar using your tribal relationship to the Prophet as an argument against them. Would you then seize this office from us, the ahl al-bayt by force? Did you not claim before the Ansar that you were more worthy than they of the caliphate because Muhammad came from among you but Muhammad was never from AbuBakr family â and thus they gave you leadership and surrendered command? I now contend against you with the same argumentâ It is we who are more worthy of the Messenger of God, living or dead. Give us our due right if you truly have faith in God, or else bear the charge of wilfully doing wrong Umar, I will not yield to your commands: I shall not pledge loyalty to him. Fatimah did not at all pledge allegiance or acknowledge or accept the caliphate of Abu Bakr. As a result, he had to struggle to maintain his power against the groups who betrayed him after giving allegiance to his succession, or those who wished to take his position. This dispute eventually led to the First Fitna, which was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against Ali ibn Abi Talib, caused by the assassination of his political predecessor, Uthman ibn Affan. Hasan ibn Ali Upon the death of Ali, his elder son Hasan became leader of the Muslims of Kufa, and after a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Hasan agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims upon certain conditions: Page 1

2 Chapter 2 : History of Shia Islam - Wikipedia Sunni Shia Split and Conflict History After the death of Prophet Muhammad (Sallalahu Alaihi Wassalam), Muslims came under the rule of a caliphate system and stayed united under the initial four caliphs for a period of about 30 years. When prostrating during ritual prayer salat, Shias place their forehead onto a piece of naturally occurring material, most often a clay tablet mohr, soil turbah at times from Karbala, the place where Hussein ibn Ali was martyred, instead of directly onto prayer rug. Twelvers believe that Mutah was permitted until Umar forbade it during his rule. A Misyar marriage differs from a conventional Islamic marriage in that the man does not have financial responsibility of the woman by her own free will. The man can divorce the woman whenever he wants to in a Misyar marriage. Islam and clothing Both Sunni and Shia women wear the hijab. Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black and yellow as do some Sunni women in the Persian Gulf. Some Shia religious leaders also wear a black robe. Mainstream Shia and Sunni women wear the hijab differently. Some Sunni scholars emphasize covering of all body including the face in public whereas some scholars exclude the face from hijab. Shias believe that the hijab must cover around the perimeter of the face and up to the chin. Given names[ edit ] Shia are sometimes recognizable by their names, which are often derived from the names of Ahl al-bayt. In particular, the names Fatima, Zaynab, Ali, Abbas, Hussein, and Hassan are disproportionately common among Shias, though they may also be used by Sunnis. The Umayyads were overthrown in by a new dynasty, the Abbasids. As-Saffah assumed both the temporal and religious mantle of Caliph himself. He continued the Umayyad dynastic practice of succession, and his brother al-mansur succeeded him in Shia sources further claim that by the orders of the tenth Abassid caliph, al-mutawakkil, the tomb of the third Imam, Hussein ibn Ali in Karbala, was completely demolished, [56] and Shias were sometimes beheaded in groups, buried alive, or even placed alive within the walls of government buildings still under construction. In time, these immigrants adopted the Arabic language and Arab identity, but their origin has been used to "unfairly cast them as lackeys of Iran". The Sunni hegemony did not undercut the Shia presence in Iran. The writers of the Shia Four Books were Iranian, as were many other great scholars. According to Morteza Motahhari: Yavuz Sultan Selim who delivered a devastating blow to the Shia Safavids and Ismail I in the Battle of Chaldiran, a battle of historical significance. Pre-Safavid[ edit ] The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterizes the religious history of Iran during this period. There were some exceptions to this general domination which emerged in the form of the Zaidis of Tabaristan, the Buwayhid, the rule of the Sultan Muhammad Khudabandah r. Nevertheless, apart from this domination there existed, firstly, throughout these nine centuries, Shia inclinations among many Sunnis of this land and, secondly, Twelver and Zaidi Shiism had prevalence in some parts of Iran. In many other areas the population of Shias and Sunni was mixed. The first Zaidi state was established in Daylaman and Tabaristan northern Iran in by the Alavids ; [63] it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Samanids in Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan north-western Iran and survived under Hasanid leaders until This spread of Shiism to the inner circles of the government enabled the Shia to withstand those who opposed them by relying upon the power of the caliphate. Twelvers came to Iran from Arab regions in the course of four stages. First, through the Asharis tribe [ clarification needed ] at the end of the 7th and during the 8th century. Second through the pupils of Sabzevar, and especially those of Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, who were from Rey and Sabzawar and resided in those cities. Third, through the school of Hillah under the leadership of Al-Hilli and his son Fakhr al-muhaqqiqin. Fourth, through the scholars of Jabal Amel residing in that region, or in Iraq, during the 16th and 17th centuries who later migrated to Iran. When the Ismailis divided into two sects, Nizaris established their base in northern Persia. Hassan-i Sabbah conquered fortresses and captured Alamut in Nizaris used this fortress until the Mongols finally seized and destroyed it in After the Mongols and the fall of the Abbasids, the Sunni Ulama suffered greatly. In addition to the destruction of the caliphate there was no official Sunni school of law. Many libraries and madrasahs were destroyed and Sunni scholars migrated to other Islamic areas such as Anatolia and Egypt. In contrast, most Shia were largely unaffected as their center was not in Iran at this time. For the first time, the Shia could openly convert other Page 2

3 Muslims to their movement. Several local Shia dynasties like the Marashi and Sarbadars were established during this time. In Egypt the Fatimid government ruled. After the Mongol invasion Shiims and Sufism once again formed a close association in many ways. Some of the Ismailis whose power had broken by the Mongols, went underground and appeared later within Sufi orders or as new branches of already existing orders. In Twelve-Imam Shiism, from the 13th to the 16th century, Sufism began to grow within official Shiite circles. More important in the long run than these sects were the Sufi orders which spread in Persia at this time and aided in the preparing the ground for the Shiite movement of Safavids. Two of these orders are of particular significance in this question of the relation of Shiism and Sufism: The Nimatullahi order and Nurbakhshi order. He thus had to enforce official Shiism violently, putting to death those who opposed him. Under this pressure, Safavid subjects either converted or pretended to convert, but it is safe to say that the majority of the population was probably genuinely Shia by the end of the Safavid period in the 18th century, and most Iranians today are Shia, although there is still a Sunni minority. This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two-and-a-half centuries, after which it partly returned to Najaf. This gap continued until the 20th century. Levant[ edit ] Rashid ad-din Sinan the Grand Master of the Ismaili Shia at Masyaf successfully deterred Saladin, not to assault the minor territories under the control of their sect. Shias claim that despite these advances, many Shias in Syria continued to be killed during this period for their faith. There were many between and These clashes revolved around the public cursing of the first three caliphs by Shias and the praising of them by Sunnis. To put a stop to the violence, public demonstrations were banned in on the three most sensitive days: Intercommunal violence resurfaced in â 36 and again in when many thousands of Sunni and Shias defied the ban on public demonstrations and took to the streets. History records 10 such Taarajs also known as Taraj-e-Shia between the 15th and 19th centuries in,,,,,,,,, during which the Shia habitations were plundered, people slaughtered, libraries burnt and their sacred sites desecrated. Shias in Kashmir in subsequent years had to pass through the most atrocious period of their history. Iranâ Saudi Arabia proxy conflict In addition to Iran, Iraq has emerged as a major Shia government when the Twelvers achieved political dominance in under American occupation. The two communities have often remained separate, mingling regularly only during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. In some countries like Iraq, Syria, Kuwait and Bahrain, communities have mingled and intermarried. Some Shia have complained of mistreatment in countries dominated by Sunnis, especially in Saudi Arabia, [78] while some Sunnis have complained of discrimination in the Twelver-dominated states of Iraq and Iran. Historically, the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public sphere, while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally. This has been described as unity of traditionalists in the face of the twin threats of "secularism and colonialism. Finally, his efforts and contacting with scholars such as Mahmud Shaltut. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : BBC iwonder - Sunnis and Shias: What's the story? Sunni Islam and Shia Islam are the two major denominations of Islam. They chose sides following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in AD A dispute over succession to Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world, which led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. The historical split occurred years ago, following the death of Muhammad in Medina, in modern day Saudi Arabia. Muslims who wanted to select his successor, or Caliph, by following the traditional Arab custom Sunna formed into a group known as Sunnis. Others insisted the Prophet had designated his cousin and son-in-law Ali as his legitimate heir. While the main responsibility of Sunni Caliphs was to maintain law and order in the Muslim realm, as descendants of the Prophet, Shia Imams spiritual leaders also provided religious guidance and were considered infallible. Recent tensions in the Middle East and Asia have been interpreted in some sections of the media as religious conflict between Sunnis and Shias. Although Muslims in the UK have been part of a united community with a shared experience of immigration, the relationship between these groups has recently been in the spotlight in Britain too. In the UK 3. Shared beliefs This content uses functionality that is not supported by your current browser. Consider upgrading your browser. Sunnis and Shias have much in common from a theological perspective. The cause of recent conflicts lies mostly elsewhere. For example, there are festivals which Sunnis and Shias do not celebrate in the same way, such as Ashura. For Shias, Ashura is a day of mourning which commemorates the martyrdom of the Imam al-husayn. This is considered to be the defining event in Shia history. For centuries, there were only occasional instances where religious intolerance on both sides led to conflict. From faith to politics Since the late 20th Century, complex political problems have been turned into sectarian issues by the parties involved, particularly in parts of the Middle East and Asia. This spreading influence has caused concern to the Sunni rulers of Arab countries with Shia minorities, such as Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. The war between Iran and Iraq was one of the bloodiest of the century, with an estimated one million Iranians and up to half-a-million Iraqis dying in the conflict. What role does politics play? How much do you think politics has influenced religious conflict around the world? The Middle East Power, influence and economic interests You selected Religion continues to play a role in leadership and power struggles across the region. Europe and the West This is not confined to the Muslim world alone You selected Europe and the West Monarchs and other political leaders have exploited differences between Catholics and Protestants or Anglicans and Catholics since the 16th Century. Page 4

5 Chapter 4 : Shiaâ Sunni relations - Wikipedia Shia-Sunni A brief History is a misleading history not the correct one. Please give the history in its proper perspective. The importance of Ahlulbait is recorded in Quran which needs support from history. However, signs of discord and disunity started to surface under the rule of the third caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan RA. This disunity eventually led to multiple rebellions that led to the unfortunate assassination of Caliph Uthman, and multiple battles under the reign of Caliph Ali Ibn Abu-Talib. Another unfortunate consequence of these rebellions was the split of a segment of Muslims in two separate sects from the mainstream Islam. The circumstances leading to the split of both are unrelated to each other. As facts differ between what has been narrated by Shia and Sunni historians, the facts in this article are based on facts as documented by Muslim Sunni historians. Click here to download the book: Ibn Taymiyyah and many others attribute the roots of the Shia movement to a person named Abdullah Ibn Saba. At the time, the Muslim rule had expanded to include areas in and around Makkah and Madinah present day Saudi-Arabia, Alexandria present day Egypt, Damascus present day Syria, Kufah present day central Iraq, and Basrah present day southern Iraq. Besides, expansions were also continuing in other parts of the Arab world, present day Russian states, Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, and other regions. As these ongoing expansions were bringing their own challenges, Caliph Uthman appointed only those governors whom he saw fit to keep the Muslims united and to maintain law and order in the new territories. Muawiyah Ibn Sufiyan was appointed governor of Syria by Caliph Umar and for the others, he felt the need to appoint only those in critical positions whom he could trust to maintain law and order within the Muslim territories. In this pursuit, he also started to turn Muslims against the first two Caliphs Abu Bakr, and Umar by reminding Muslims how Ali Ibn Abu-Talib had not initially accepted the rule of Caliph Abu Bakr after his selection by the prominent companions of the prophet. That meeting between the prominent companions eventually resulted in the appointment of Abu Bakr as the first caliph of the Muslims. Historians also note that during those discussions, Ali was never mentioned as a candidate. However, as is confirmed by many accounts, Ali Ibn Abu-Talib was satisfied with the appointment of Abu Bakr and later pledged his allegiance to him putting the matter of brief disagreement between them to rest. Abdullah Ibn Saba, however, had sought to reignite those flames by reminding everyone of that incident from approximately 20 years earlier and used that as an excuse to sow discord and disunity between Muslims. This is explained further later in the article. Despite these threats, Talhah and Zubair immediately barricaded themselves and declined to accept the position regardless of the consequences. As Muslims in Madinah wanted to avoid more bloodshed, they convinced Ali to accept the reigns of the caliphate. He did so by misinterpreting Quranic verses and other false reports and ahadith sayings of the prophet. As mentioned earlier, while Abdullah Ibn Saba continued to profess his immense love for Ali Ibn Abu-Talib including attributing divinity to him, Ali never approved of his evil thinking. In fact, later during his reign as a caliph, Ali repeatedly warned Ibn Saba from attributing any divinity to him Ali as they were contradictory to the basic tenets of Islam. As a result, Caliph Ali ordered his imprisonment and later executed him for his crimes. The only present day group that comes close to attributing such claims are the Alawites in Syria. Sunni scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah therefore consider them to be out of the fold of Islam. Breaking away of the Shia from the Sunni Although Abdullah Ibn Saba had visited many cities to get people to rally behind his cause of denigrating the three caliphs and to remove Caliph Uthman from power in an effort to replace Uthman with Caliph Ali, his support was strongest in Kufah. This is why during the time when Ali Ibn Abu-Talib was the caliph and was experiencing his own issues with ruling over Syria, he moved the center of his caliphate from Madinah to Kufah where he had considerable support. This is one of the primary reasons that Shias Shiites have a strong presence in present day Iraq, especially in and around the cities of Kufa and Karbala. According to Sunni historians, Mukhtar had started his rebellious movement to avenge the death of Hussein Ibn Ali son of Ali Ibn Abu-Talib but did so by falsifying a lot of facts and in the process killed many from those who supported the Banu Umayyah caliphate which followed the caliphate of the first four caliphs and who were primarily Sunnis in later years. Recently, in, the Iranians produced a Persian TV series called Mokhtarnameh Page 5

6 to commemorate his life. Page 6

7 Chapter 5 : Sunni - Shia: Brief History - IslamiCity The Sunna and Shi'a in History and millions of other books are available for Amazon Kindle. Learn more Enter your mobile number or address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Messenger Tensions between Sunnis and Shias have been flaring up, with several incidents of violence reported in recent months: Earlier in June, the Islamic State claimed responsibility for two attacks that claimed at least 12 lives in Iran. Iran is a Shia Muslim majority state often in tension with Sunni states and extremist groups like the Islamic State or al-qaeda. As a scholar of Islam and a public educator, I often field questions about Sunnis, Shias and the sects of Islam. What exactly is the Shia-Sunni divide? And what is its history? The differences are related more to historical events, ideological heritage and issues of leadership. The first and central difference emerged after the death of Prophet Muhammad in A. This group held that Ali was appointed by the prophet to be the political and spiritual leader of the fledgling Muslim community. Abu Bakr became the first caliph and Ali became the fourth caliph. Aisha was defeated, but the roots of division were deepened. For the Shias, this battle, known as the Battle of Karbala, holds enormous historical and religious significance. For the Shia community, Hussein became a martyr. The day of the battle is commemorated every year on the Day of Ashura. Leadership disagreements Over time, Islam continued to expand and develop into evermore complex and overlapping societies that spanned from Europe to sub-saharan Africa, North Africa to Asia. This development demanded more codified forms of religious and political leadership. Sunnis and Shias adopted different approaches to these issues. Sunni Muslims trusted the secular leadership of the caliphs during the Ummayad based in Damascus from A. Their theological foundations came from the four religious schools of Islamic jurisprudence that emerged over the seventh and eighth centuries. To this day, these schools help Sunni Muslims decide on issues such as worship, criminal law, gender and family, banking and finance, and even bioethical and environmental concerns. Today, Sunnis comprise about percent of the global Muslim population. In the absence of the leadership of direct descendants, Shias appoint representatives to rule in their place often called ayatollahs. Shias are a minority of the global Muslim population, although they have strong communities in Iraq, Pakistan, Albania, Yemen, Lebanon and Iran. There are also different sects within Shia Islam. Differences masked during Hajj Other disputes that continue to exacerbate the divide include issues of theology, practice and geopolitics. Hadith are the reports of the words and deeds of the prophet and considered an authoritative source of revelation, second only to the Quran. They provide a biographical sketch of the prophet, context to Quranic verses, and are used by Muslims in the application of Islamic law to daily life. Shias and Sunnis differ over prayer as well. All Sunni Muslims believe they are required to pray five times a day, but Shias can condense those into three. Al Jazeera English, CC BY-SA During the Hajj â the pilgrimage to Mecca, held annually and obligatory for all Muslims once in a lifetime â it may seem that these differences are masked, as both Sunnis and Shias gather in the holy city for rituals that reenact the holiest narratives of their faith. And yet, with Saudi authorities overseeing the Hajj, there have been tensions with Shia governments such as Iran over claims of discrimination. And when it comes to leadership, the Shia have a more hierarchical structure of political and religious authority invested in formally trained clergy whose religious authority is transnational. There is no such structure in Sunni Islam. The greatest splits today, however, come down to politics. Although the majority of Sunni and Shia are able to live peacefully together, the current global political landscape has brought polarization and sectarianism to new levels. Shia-Sunni conflicts are raging in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Pakistan and the divide is growing deeper across the Muslim world. This historical schism continues to permeate the daily lives of Muslims around the world. Page 7

8 Chapter 6 : Shi'a Islam Origins, Shi'a Islam History, Shi'a Islam Beliefs In early Islamic history, the Shia were a movement - literally "Shiat Ali" or the "Party of Ali". Starting point[ edit ] Shiism began for the first time with a reference made to the partisans of Ali the first leader of the Ahl al-bayt Household of the prophet. A distinguished absentee of this gathering was Ali the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet. There were some people who on view of some statement made by Muhammad in his lifetime believed that Ali should have taken the position, not only as a temporal head Caliph but also as spiritual head Imam. According to Jafri, however, the origin of shiite is not merely the result of political partisanship concerning the leadership of Ummah. I do not compromise my faith by cheating, nor do I give contemptible men any say in my command. I will never confirm Muawiya as governor of Syria, not even for two days. At the same time, however, he did not recognize Abu Bakr and refused to pay him homage for six months. However, while Sunnis believe that both have come to an end with the death of Muhammad, Shiites believe that whereas legislation ended, the function of guiding and "explaining divine law continued through the line of Imams. Rasul sees and hears the angel in awakness and sleep. Nabi hears the angel and sees him while asleep, but does not see him while awake though hears the speech. Imam muhaddith is the one who hears the angel in awakness while does not see him in awakness or sleep. Since The Sunnite concept of the "true caliphate" itself defines it as a "succession of the Prophet in every respect except his prophethood". Madelung further asks "If God really wanted to indicate that he should not be succeeded by any of his family, why did He not let his grandsons and other kin die like his sons? And that "the progeny belongs to the male Ali and not to the female Fatimah ". Al-kadhim argued that God in these verses had ascribed Jesus to the descendants of the prophets through Mary ; "similarly, we have been ascribed to the descendants of the Prophet through our mother Fatimah," Said al-kadhim. Al-Kadhim, thus, recited the verse of Mubahala arguing that "None claims that the Prophet made someone enter under the cloak when he challenged the Christians to a contest of prayer to God mubahala except Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Husayn. So in the verse: This group was called the Shiite. Husayn should have acknowledged reality, they say, and bowed to history. But he refused these and even addressed his companions telling them to leave him as he proceed toward Kufa. Why was he still heading for Kufa? He points out that Husayn "was aware of the fact that a victory achieved through military strength and might is always temporal, because another stronger power can in course of time bring it down in ruins. The forces of this reaction had already moved into motion with the rise of Muawiya, but the succession of Yazid was a clear sign that the reactionary forces had mobilized themselves and had now re-emerged with full vigor. To him it needed a shaking and jolting of hearts and feelings. This, he decided, could only be achieved through sacrifice and sufferings. It also explains why Husayn took with him his women and children, though advised by Ibn Abbas that should he insist on his project, at least he should not take his family with him. It would make the Muslims think of the whole affair and would awaken their consciousness. Chapter 7 : Sunni Shia Split and Conflict â Islamic History Events blog.quintoapp.com The Shia sect of Islam has found itself persecuted throughout history as a result of its divergence from the majority Sunni. Modern Shia majority nations include Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Azerbaijan. Chapter 8 : Shia Islam - Wikipedia Iran is a Shia Muslim majority state often in tension with Sunni states and extremist groups like the Islamic State or al-qaeda. Chapter 9 : Shiite History & Beliefs blog.quintoapp.com Page 8

9 Feb 12, Â The division between Islam's Shiite minority and the Sunni majority is deepening across the Middle East. The split occurred soon after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, nearly 1, years ago. Page 9

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