8. Destroyer of the universe. h. Agni. 9. Supreme God of the Later Vedic i. Indra. A

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1 HISTORY/CIVICS Std - IX THE VEDIC PERIOD A MATCH THE FOLLOWING - A B 1. The person who wrote the Sanskrit a. Vidhatha. version of Ramayana. 2. A popular religious text, b. Maharishi Valmiki. considered sacred by the people of India. 3. A family where the head is the c. Vishnu. oldest male member. 4. The head of a village. d. Brahma. 5. Rain God. e. Patriarchal. 6. The God who occupied second f. Shiva. position in the Rig Vedic period. 7. Upholder of natural or cosmic g. Varuna. order. 8. Destroyer of the universe. h. Agni. 9. Supreme God of the Later Vedic i. Indra. age. 10. Preserver and protector of the j. Bhagwad Gita. people. 11. The earliest assembly that used to k. Gramini. perform all functions. A B B Short answer questions - 1 What is the meaning of the word Veda? Ans The term Veda has been derived from the word Vid which means knowledge. 2 Name the different categories into which the Vedic Literature is classified and also state what each Veda deals with. Ans i) The Rig Veda The hymns are dedicated by the sages to Gods. They are authentic sources of knowledge of the life of people of the time. ii) The Sama Veda These hymns were meant to be sung at the time of the sacrifice by the priests. iii) The Yajur Veda It deals with hymns recited during the performance of Yajnas. ( 1)

2 iv) The Atharva Veda This Veda deal with magic and charm. Besides the powers of ghosts and spirits, the hymns deal with gyan (knowledge), karma (action) and upasana(invocation). Some hymns deal with medicines for the treatment of various diseases. 3 Mention the three classes of Vedic literature. Describe each one. Ans The Brahmanas i) They are in prose. ii) They explain the social and religious importance of rituals and the value of sacrifice. iii) They are of great historical value. The Aryanakas i) They are known as forest books. ii) They were written for the guidance of the hermits and the students living in forests. iii) They form the concluding part of the Brahmanas. iv) Their main themes are mysticism and philosophy. The Upanishads i) They are philosophical commentaries on the Vedas. ii) Karma, Moksha Maya are explained in detail. iii) They form the foundation on which later additions to Vedic Literature rest. 4 Discuss the importance of the Epics. Ans i) The Epics serve as the main source of information on the political institutions and the social and cultural organization of the Epic Age. ii) They provide information on various Aryan Kingdoms, their armies and the weapons they used. iii) The Epics are considered as the finest literary works of the ancient period and arte acclaimed for their literary and philosophical value. iv) They reveal the high ideals of family life of the Aryans. v) The great heroes depicted in the Epics are the embodiment of high moral principles. vi) The Bhagwad Gita elaborates the Karma philosophy and the immortality of the soul. 5 Describe the clothes worn by Aryans. Ans i) The Aryans wore simple clothes. ii) They consisted of an undergarment, called Nivi or dhoti and an upper piece called Vasa or shirt. iii) An over garment was known as Adhivasa. iv) Some of the sadhus wore deer skin known as Mrigchal. 6 Mention some of the changes that came about in sacrifices and rituals? Ans i) With religious evolution of nature worship was replaced by rituals. ii) Common people performed small yajnas with an offering of milk, ghee to Gods. iii) The rich people conducted bigger sacrifices where purohits received gold. iv) Giving dakshinas were also a ritual and a pious duty. Cows were given as dakshinas. C Structured questions - a The available archaeological sources of the period include iron implements and tools and remains of pottery. With reference to the statement answer the following questions. ( 2)

3 1 Why was iron considered to be a very useful metal? Ans 1. Iron was a harder metal than copper and bronze. 2. It was cheap and available in plenty. 3. Iron deposits were found over large areas, so man could use iron to make a livelihood. 2 How did the discovery of iron influence agriculture and occupation? Agriculture 1. Iron gave the Aryans new implements like axes to clear the forest and cultivate the land. 2. Agriculture became an important occupation. 3. With the use of iron ploughs, sickles and hoes, they could bring vast tracts of land under cultivation. 4. The production of more rice, wheat, barley, vegetables and fruits improved their standard of living. Occupation 1. The use of iron gave rise to new trades by providing durable implements like saws, chisels, hammers, nails and tongs. 2. This gave rise to occupation such as weaving, spinning, carpentry, tanning and tool making. 3 What kind of information do we get from PGW and NBPW? Ans PGW 1. The PGW culture corresponds to the later Vedic period. 2. The PGW is a very fine, smooth and even-coloured pottery. 3. It was made out of well-worked, high quality clay with geometric patterns painted on it in black. 4. Floral patterns and Sun symbols are seen in some cases. 5. The pottery includes open-mouthed bowls and dishes. NBPW- 1. This pottery was glossy and shining. 2. It is believed that the use of this pottery was made by the people who dominated the economic and social life of the period. D With reference to the Society during the Vedic Age, answer the following questions - 1 Name briefly the four varnas that existed in the society and state the occupation followed by the four varnas. Ans 1. In the Early Vedic Period, the society was divided into different classes based on their profession. 2. The Brahmins performed religious rituals, the Kshatriyas participated in wars, the Vaishyas engaged in business and the Shudras served the upper classes. 3. During the Later Vedic Age, the caste system became rigid. 4. The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas enjoyed many privileges. 5. Inter-caste marriage was not prevalent. 2 Explain the four stages in the life of an Aryan. ( 3)

4 Ans 1. In the Later Vedic Period the whole lifespan of an Aryan came to be divided into four periods known as four ashramas Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa. 2. The Brahmacharya ashrama lasted upto the age of 25 years. 3. During this period the pupil was expected to acquire knowledge in the gurukul and observe strict discipline. 4. The Grihastha ashrama lasted from the age of 25 to 50 years. During this period man was supposed to marry and raise a family. 5. The Vanaprastha ashrama lasted from the age of 50 to 75 years. During this period man was expected to retire from worldly life and acquire spiritual and philosophical knowledge. 6. The last stage lasted from the age of 75 to 100 years. It was the Sanyasa ashrama. This was the period of renunciation. 3 Mention the difference in position of women in the Early Vedic period and Later Vedic Period. Ans 1. In the Rig Vedic period women were respected. 2. The institution of marriage had become sacred. 3. Daughters were given the freedom to choose their husband. 4. The system of remarriage of widows was prevalent. 5. In the Later Vedic Period, there was significant decline in the status of women. 6. Their participation in yajnas was not considered necessary. 7. They did not enjoy the right to property. 8. The freedom to choose husband was curtailed. E PICTURE STUDY - With reference to the picture given, answer the following questions - 1 Describe briefly the life of a student in a Gurukul. Ans 1. The gurukul had become the most sacred institution. 2. The gurukuls were located on the outskirts of the city and even in forests. 3. The students lived there. The guru treated the students like his own children. 4. The students were required to do household chores for his teacher. 5. He had to get up early in the morning, take a bath and chant the Vedic mantras. 6. At the competition of the education, a student used to give guru dakshina. 2 What was the main objective of education? Ans The main objective of education was to bring about physical, mental and spiritual development of the pupils. F Ans Make a brief comparative study of Early and Later Vedic society and economy. Basis of Early Vedic Age Later Vedic Age comparison ( 4)

5 Society Economics 1. Family was the basic unit. 2. Women enjoyed equal rights. 3. Rigid caste system did not prevail. 4. Gurukul system of education. 5. Food included milk, barley, fruits, vegetables and meat. 6. Worship of nature and natural phenomena prevailed. 7. There were 33 Vedic gods like Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Surya etc. 8. Absence of temples and idols. Hymns were chanted in the open. Worship of forefathers and belief in life after death prevailed. 1. In the beginning the main occupation was domestication of animals and agriculture was secondary. ( 5) 1. Joint family system prevailed. 2. Significant decline in status of women. 3. The caste system was becoming rigid. 4. Gurukul system was further enlarged. 5. Consumption of meat was reduced. Rice became staple cereal. 6. Religion became more complex. 7. New Gods like Brahma; Rama and Krishna as incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva came to be worshipped. 8. Brahmins introduced many rituals and made their position secure. Faith in superstitions and spells. New principles like penance, doctrines of Karma, Dharma and Moksha developed. 1. Agriculture became the chief

6 2. Cattle was the important source of wealth. 3. Many engaged in trade and commerce,dyeing,emnbroidery;carpentary, weaving, pottery, crafts in gold and iron were important occupations. occupation while domestication of animals also continued. 2. Land was the important source of wealth. 3. Traders guilds had come up and trade had become very important. Besides occupations of earlier period, many new occupations like physicians, musicians, and many other professions emerged. G What were some of the major changes that took place in the economy during the Later Vedic Age? Ans Major changes in the economy took place during the Later Vedic phase. 1. Importance of agriculture grew during this phase. 2. The growth of agriculture was made possible by the availability of vast tracts of fertile alluvial lands of the Ganga-Yamuna doab and the middle Ganga valley. 3. The Later Vedic texts also refer to oxen yoked to the plough, suggesting the prevalence of plough cultivation. 4. Towards the end of this period iron ploughshares and metal tools were used and a variety of crops were cultivated. H NAME THE FOLLOWING - First testament of mankind The Rig Veda Forest books The Aryanakas Head of a Jana - Rajan In charge of administration of a village - Gramini Commander of the army - Senani A person who performed religious ceremonies Purohita Assembly of the people - Samiti Assembly that performed advisory and judicial functions - Sabha The earliest assembly - Vidhata ( 6)

7 Two women teachers who were considered gifted and greatly respected Maitreyi and Gargi. The main cereal produced by the Rig Vedic people Barley. A kind of intoxicating drink - Soma A gift given by the student to the teacher Guru Dakshina The most important God to whom 250 hymns are devoted - Indra Another name given to a wealthy man in the Rig Vedic Age - Gomat A term used to measure time - Godhuli The Veda containing famous Gayatri Mantra Rig Veda The Vedic Literature in which the doctrine of Kama, Moksha and Maya documented The Upanishads. ********************************************************************** a ( 7)

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