1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE TRUSTS - TTD
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1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE TRUSTS - TTD Religious and Charitable Trusts are found in all countries of the world. They play an important role in the promotion of religion, culture, education, medical relief and advancement of welfare to the general public. Among the Hindu religious institutions, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) is considered to be the biggest religious institution in India. The TTD, as it is popularly known, is much more than a normal religious body today. It has acquired an iconic stature by virtue of its multifarious activities ranging from charitable activities for the public weal and providing amenities for the common pilgrims to being at the forefront of propagation of an eclectic non-denominational faith. So much so, it is looked upon as a role model. The TTD is posited on the twin fulcrums of faith and finance. 1.2 TIRUMALA, TIRUPATI Tirumala and Tirupati in Chittoor district of the state of Andhra Pradesh are considered to be the most sacred and world renowned pilgrim centres. The sacred place on the seven hills where the temple of Lord Venkateswara is existing is known as Tirumala and the town at the foot of the hills is known as Tirupati. The abode of the Hill Shrine of Lord Venkateswara is the most famous and sacred of all places on the earth. Lord Vishnu manifested Himself as Lord Venkateswara in the shrine. Venkatadri Samam Sthanam Bramhande Nasthi Kinchanaha means Tirumala is the holiest place in the universe. 1 Tirupati town is easily accessible by road and train and is about 144 kilometres from Chennai by road. Renigunta junction (on the way to Tirupati) is on the Chennai-Mumbai section of the southern railway. There is also a railway station Tirupati-East which is next to Renigunta junction. For those who prefer to go by air, Tirupati boasts of an airport linking it to major cities like Chennai and Bangalore. The flight from Hyderabad to Tirupati takes about one hour and thirty minutes and from Tirupati to Chennai it takes half-an-hour. The airport is at a distance of 12 kilometres from Tirupati town. There are five well-known paths leading to Tirumala, of which, two routes start at Alipiri of Tirupati, the stepped path-way, seven miles long and the motor 1
2 road, twelve miles long. The third route is from Srinivasa Mangapuram which starts at Srivari Mettu, the stepped path-way. The fourth, starts from the Mamandur Railway station and the fifth passes by Nagapatla which are only pathways through forest. Many pilgrims still prefer to walk up the hill by ancient path way of Alipiri and perform their pilgrimage. It would take about four hours to cover a distance of about seven miles to reach the top. Temples of Narasimha Swami and Sri Ramanuja are on this route used by the pedestrians to Tirumala. There are two towers on this route, the one at the foot of hills is called the Alipiri Gopuram and the second one at the top is the Gali Gopuram. The latter can be seen even from a great distance. The ghat road of 12 miles which was opened for traffic in 1944 is pucca surface road built and maintained by TTD. From Tirupati railway station, it takes about an hour s drive by this route to reach the temple at Tirumala. After 20 years, the second Ghat Road was opened for traffic in Geographical basis of Tirumala Hills The group of hills lying in the shape of a coil called the Tirumala hills, forms a feature of the region of South India. It lies between the 13 th and 14 th degrees of North latitude and East longitude 79 degrees. The Tirumala range has seven principal peaks, each of them sacred and each of them bearing a separate name accounted for by a fable. Near one of them namely Seshachalam, stands the Tirumala temple and the whole range is often called after this principal peak. The Eastern Ghats, which from the northern extremity of the state, run close to the coast, turn into the interior after passing the river Krishna, and then break up into a number of parallel ranges of hills, of which, in the region south of the Krishna and extending southwards to the latitude of Madras, say roughly 13 th degree of north latitude, three parallel ranges are distinguishable. The range nearest the coast runs more or less straight in one single range. The second range is an irregular group starting from the Krishna well below Kurnool and runs down in a semicircle into the Cuddapah District scattering about in a cluster, one group of which is called Seshachalam hills; the main range however runs southwards till it makes a further approach to the coast, coming down as far as Ponneri, a few miles north of Madras. The third range, more irregular and much lower in point of height, proceeds 2
3 northwards from the foot of the Mysore plateau and scatters itself through Ananthapur and Kurnool districts. The central group is what is called Nallamalais in the Kurnool District and as it proceeds southwards from there, it becomes more definitely something like a single range, and meets the Eastern range round about the group of hills at Tirupati, Kalahasti, etc. These hills therefore form a feature of the frontier half a degree to the north of Madras, extending the whole length from the Mysore plateau and stretching eastwards to almost near the coast at Ponneri, and thus constitute a prominent feature of the southern extremity of Andhra Pradesh. The Hill is but a part of then mountain range designated as the Eastern Ghats. It may be taken to start from the Anamalais in the extreme south and to traverse the Coimbatore District, the eastern frontier of Mysore territory, through Salem and the present North Arcot District, before entering the Chittoor District at Palamaner. It takes a direction somewhat east of north upto the Talakona Water Falls, where there is a deflection towards the east till it reaches Tirumala. To the east of Tirumala it ends in a gap. The length of this bit of Eastern Ghats is about 12 miles between Talakona and Tirumala, as the crow flies. The actual forest path along the crest of the Hill may be about 20 miles. This portion seems to have been considred very holy from time immemorial. As evidence of this, we see even today that the Kona (water course) commencing from the Talakona falls on the extreme west is called the Papavinasanam Kona. The water course of the Eastern end is also called the Papavinasam Kona. The Talakona Falls and the Vagu seem to be the natural result of the wrench which the Hill was subject to by the sharp turn from north to east. The level of the hill on the north is about 3,583 feet, east and south about 3,800 feet. The waterfall itself which is perennial is about 200 feet. The level country to the west of the hill, is about 1,800 to 2000 feet above sea level. The valley contains luxuriant ever green forests and presents good natural scenery. The hill has a sharp slope towards the plains. There is an ancient Siddheswara shrine on the plains, close to the hill on the west. This waterfall, being the first one on the hill, is known as the Talakona falls. This constituted the ancient border between the Tamil country in the South and Vadugu, by which name the modern Kannada and Telugu speaking region, to its north, was then known. Vengadam or the Tirumala hill was prominent out pose of 3
4 this border. The Puranas compare the central range, mentioned above, to a huge recumbent serpant, and locate the Mallikarjuna temple of Srisailam on its tail, the Narasimha temple of Ahobilam on its back, the Sri Venkateswara Temple of Tirumala on the back of the hood, and the Kalahastisvara temple of Kalahasti at the opening of the mouth. Tirupati and Tiruchanur are located in a big circular plain surrounded by a chain of hills on all sides. The Tirumala hills form the northern part of this chain and the town of Tirupati is about two miles to the south of these hills. The hill on which the temple of Sri Venkateswara stands, popularly known as Venkatachala, is low and surrounded by many hills of a higher altitude, as is the case with the hill on which is located the Mallikarjuna temple of Srisailam. There are five well-known paths leading to the temple. Of them, two routes start from the town of Tirupati, the stepped pathway, seven miles long, and the motor road, twelve miles long. The third route is from Chandragiri. The fourth starts from the Mamandur Railway Station and the fifth passes by Nagapatla. Intimately associated with the temple of Tirumala are two konas on the Hill. One is called the Papavinasam (obviously the eastern one) and the other, the Avachari vanka. The former drains the part of the Hill which may be said to be to the north of the temple and the latter the part to the south, rather south east, of it. Both are important on account of the many sacred Tirthams thereon Topography of Tirumala The physical geography of Tirumala like its social economy, typifies the interaction of the Tamil and Telugu culture of South India. The dominant topographical feature of Tirumala is the secluded hill top on which the temple is built. As a matter of fact this has been referred to in the following words used in Silappadhikaram : Venkatadamernnum enguyar malaiyath thuchimimisai This notion that the Lord was named as Uchchiyilninran (He who stands on summit) appears to have persisted as a legacy of the tradition till the middle of the 13 th century. The realization that the temple was actually on a much lower level that its surroundings became more general in later days. 3 4
5 1. 3 ANTIQUITY OF THE TIRUMALA TEMPLE The shrine of Lord Venkateswara is the most sacred temple in India. The traditions concerning the temple are found in twelve puranas and upa- puranas. The earliest mention of the shrine was made in Tolkappiam, a work of the second century B.C. Out of the twelve Alwars of the Srivaishnavas, ten saints hymns glorifying the Lord of Tirumala. Lord Sri Venkateswara is all pervading Lord of the entire universe. The worship in the temples at Tirupati and Tirumala follows the Vaikhanasa Agama. While the temple of Tirumala belongs to the Hindus, it has a special appeal for Srivaishnavas. The great Acharyas like Tirumala Nambi, Ananthacharyulu, Ramanujacharyulu had been closely associated with the worship on the hill Historical Importance of Tirumala Temple The great dynasties of rulers of the southern peninsula have paid in the past rich homage to this ancient shrine. The Pallavas of Kancheepuram (Ninth century A.D.), Cholas of Tanjore (a century later), Pandyas of Madurai and the Kings and Chiefs of Vijayanagar (14 th and 15 th century) vide with one another in endowing this temple with rich offerings and benefactions. However, it was during the Vijayanagar dynasty that the number of benefactions increased. The statues of Sri Krishna Devaraya and his consorts are found installed at the portals of the temple in memory of the great services rendered to this temple by illustrious ruler. After the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the other nobles and chieftains of the empire continued paying their homage and gifts to the temple annually. The Venkateswara temple, situated at Tirumala at an altitude of about 950 meters, has a unique history and position in the Hindu tradition. One can find a plethora of references to the temple in ancient texts. The earliest mention of the shrine was in Tolkappiam, a Tamil literary work of the 2 nd century B.C. Of the 12 primary Alwars (saints who laid the foundations of the Srivaishnavite tradition), 10 have sung pasurams or poems, in praise of the Lord of the Seven Hills, as the presiding deity is commonly known. 5
6 1.3.2 Sri Tirumala Temple and its Layout The main temple is a master-piece of Dravidian architecture with its Gopura or main tower facing the east. The Vimana gopura or sanctum sanctorum called Anand Nilayam (abode of joy) is entirely gold plated. The temple consists of three prakarams or enclosures. The first is the Sampangi Pradakshinam which is the outer-most enclosure. The statue of Krishna Devaraya and his wife can be seen near the outer gate. There is also a copper statue of Todarmal, Minister of Akbar and his wife in this enclosure. The Dhwajasthambham, a pillar covered with gold plate is there. In front of it, is the Balipeetam. The second enclosure is the Vimana Pradakshinam. The kitchen, Bangarubavi, Yagasala, the Kalyanamandapam and the rooms where the vahanams and parimala etc., are kept, are in this enclosure. There are also shrines of Vakula Malika, Yoga Narasimha, Varadaraja, Ramanuja, Viswaksena and Garuda in this enclosure. The innermost enclosure is called the Vaikunta Pradakshinam which is always kept closed and is opened only on the Vaikunta Ekadasi day, the 11 th day in the bright lunar fortnight of the month of Dhanurmasam (December-January). The doors of the gate leading into the sanctum sanctorum are covered with gold plates and therefore the gate is called Bangaru Vakili or golden gate. On entering the sanctum sanctorum, the pilgrim can have the most inspiring and impressive view of the main deity of Lord Venkateswara which ensures bliss, peace and eternal happiness. 1.4 LORD VENKATESWARA The temple of Sri Venkateswara is situated at Tirumala, surrounded by a cluster of seven beautiful greenery covered hills, known as Seshachalam or Venkatachalam. The presiding deity of Tirumala Temple, Lord Venkateswara, who has millions of devotees all across the globe, has emerged as an epicentre of faith. 4 Venkatesa Samo Devo Nabutho Nabavisyath means Lord Venkateswara is the greatest God at all times. 5 Every pilgrim strongly believes that a visit to Srivari Temple at Tirumala and glimpse of Lord Venkateswara atleast once in a life time will be get him heavenly bliss and salvation. Call Him by any name, Lord Balaji or Venkateswara, Govinda or Srinivasa the presiding deity of Tirumala is said to be the ultimate spiritual and devotional destination of Hindus. The sastras, puranas and Venkatachala Mahatyam and Alwar hymns unequivocally declare that in the present kaliyuga one can attain mukthi only by worshipping Lord Venkateswara. According to mythology it is widely believed that Lord Maha Vishnu directly descended to the 6
7 Tirumala Hills from His heavenly abode of Vaikuntam before His manifestation as the Lord of Seven Hills. It is a temple, attracting more pilgrims than any other temple in India, and is held in veneration by more devotees than even Lourdes of France and the celebrated cathedrals of Spain and Portugal. During Garuda Seva day of Srivari Brahmotsavams more than five lakh devotees visit the shrine and during peak days like Brahmotsavams, New years day, Vaikunta Ekadasi and Radhasapthami more than one lakh devotees per day have a darshan of the Lord. On an average, 70,000 pilgrims visit the Tirumala Temple every day to pay their homage. This temple is unique in the whole of India and had been a place of worship common to all sects and creeds of Hindus for centuries together and had been a powerful unifying force by its non-sectarian appeal. There is no other pilgrim centre, which pulsates with life throughout the year and round the clock. Tirumala has a national character. It is an integrating force with men and women from all corners presenting a colourful cultural mosaic. 1.5 SPURT IN THE FINANCES OF THE TTD The number of pilgrims visiting the Tirumala temple has been steadily growing over the years. Devotees from all parts of the country and from several other countries throng the temple for the darshan of the Lord. The number of the pilgrims that visited the temple rose from a mere 2.26 lakh in to lakh in and to lakh in S.No. Table-1.1 Pilgrims visiting the Tirumala Temple and Hundi Collections: Year Number of pilgrims (in lakhs) Hundi collections Total Receipts (Rs. In crores) Total Expenditure Source : TTD Budgets ; amounts in current prices. 7
8 Along with the increase in the number of pilgrims, the TTD receipts and expenditures on both revenue and capital accounts too had registered an amazing increase. The total revenue increased from a meagre Rs.0.33 crores in to Rs crores in and to Rs crores in The expenditure too has grown exponentially to a record level of Rs crores in from a mere Rs.0.41 crores in The Hundi offerings made by the pilgrims also increased from Rs.0.12 crores in to about 225 crores by MANAGEMENT OF TTD FINANCES The finances of the TTD have reached a critical stage wherein escalating expenditures cannot be sustained unless systematic efforts are made to rationalize expenditures and prudently manage resources which are activity specific. More than the mobilization, it is the management of these resources, consistent with the sound principles of finance that needs to be addressed. Management of the temple funds historically predicated mobilization of the revenues through grants and donations, matching with the utilization of the revenues for the projected outcomes. The tenets of public financial management of adequacy and elasticity apply to the TTD resources as well. The continued reliance on Hundi collections and donations cannot be a sustainable solution to the fiscal imbalance incipient in the TTD. The fiscal management of the TTD needs to be improved so as to diversify the sources of the receipts, and to exploit them, in a manner consistent with the sentiments and expectations of the common pilgrim. The principles of horizontal and vertical equity apply to mobilization of the temple revenues. The principle of equity finds its application in the pricing of services such as Arjitham, darshan and sale of prasadams. The concepts of flexibility, elasticity and buoyancy are relevant to kanuka offerings as well as to finances of trust funds. Further, the principles of (equity, economy) efficiency and effectiveness, are relevant to the temple expenditures on both revenue and capital accounts. Resources garnered from the pilgrims, are to be held in trust and should be used with due diligence. Extravagance and wasteful as well as ostentatious expenditure needs to be avoided. All luxuries are to be avoided altogether, comforts to be provided sparingly and necessities to be fully addressed by the TTD as well as any religious trust. There should be a proper system of financial management and 8
9 control in the form of budgetary and audit controls. The temple rituals and supplies to the temples and the pilgrim amenities, especially for the common pilgrim should constitute the first charge. Provision of necessities for common pilgrim, rather than catering to luxuries for the affluent, should guide the policy of the TTD. This would preserve and safeguard the character of the institution. The ultimate objective of the financial management of the TTD is to promote the well being of the pilgrims and the devotees. The well being of the common pilgrim should receive priority in all expenditure plans. The TTD has, however, not built up any such mechanism and the social controls or processes involving the community which is a fundamental weakness. 1.7 PROVIDING AMENITIES The TTD is a premier religious and social welfare institution which administers a group of sub temples in and around Tirupati apart from the upkeep of the Srivari Temple at Tirumala. TTD also undertook various activities of social relevance and rendered the dharmic, philanthropic, educational and medical services for the benefit of devotees across the country. Thus, the role of the TTD is no longer confined to the core religious activities. It has emerged virtually as a commonwealth performing almost all the functions of a benevolent welfare state. To cater to the needs of the ever growing number of pilgrims visiting Tirumala, Tirupati and Local Temples, the TTD has been providing a number of amenities like transportation, food, construction and maintenance of choultries and rest houses, supply of water and electricity, health and other sanitary arrangements, establishment and maintenance of hospitals and dispensaries, construction and maintenance of buildings and roads, communication, security, gardens, etc. The mission of TTD is to ensure that the visit of every pilgrim should have a spiritual experience and help each visitor to achieve a devotional ecstasy. 1.8 UTILIZATION OF FIANANCES IN PROVIDING AMENITIES For providing the amenities at Tirumala and Tirupati, the TTD is utilizing its finances in a big way. The pilgrim amenities and the expenditure for providing the amenities have continued to increase year-after-year. In addition to providing amenities at the places of TTD, the TTD has also taken upon itself the task of promoting several infrastructure facilities for the improvement of Tirupati township, 9
10 by implementing capital intensive schemes for the supply of drinking water, underground drainage, super speciality hospitals, roads and buildings and environmental protection. The burden of supporting the educational and the medical institutions and the universities has devolved on the TTD. Adherence to the principle of economy in expenditure is fundamental to the long term sustainability of the temple finances. The expenditure incurred, should be cost effective and should provide improved amenities and services to the pilgrims. Further, the elasticity of receipts should not fuel reckless expenditure without an implicit sanction of the community. 1.9 REVIEW OF LITERATURE There are a good number of studies on different aspects of the TTD. There are studies on history and epigraphy of the famous temple. There are some studies on the administration of the TTD. A few studies have also been conducted on the economics and the finances of the TTD. The various studies on TTD can be classified into three categories, namely, the historical studies, the administrative studies and the fiscal studies. Review of such studies would be relevant for the proposed study The Historical, Epigraphic and Cultural Studies S.Subramanya Sastry, a renowned epigraphist (1930, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938) in his book Sri T.T. ETC Devasthanams Epigraphical Series Report on the inscriptions of the Devasthanams (Volume 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) 7 studied the inscriptions on the temples of Tirumala, Tirupati and Tiruchanur and he narrated details of rituals and practices of different temples under the TTD. The six volume study is a seminal work and forms a standard reference to the later studies in epigraphy. Krishna Swami Iyengar (1939) in his book, History of Tirupati, 8 studied the historical genesis of the sacred Sri Venkateswara Temple complex and its administration under various rulers of the region. V.Srinivasa Rao (1949) in his book, Tirupati Sri Venkateswara Balaji, 9 attempted to explain briefly the nature and significance of the temple. It is at once a monograph and an informative booklet. M.Rama Rao (1963) in his book, The Temples of Tirumala, Tirupati and 10
11 Tiruchanoor, 10 traces the history of the temples of Tirumala, Tirupati and Tiruchanur with the help of the inscriptions and the puranic sources. P.Sitapati (1968) in his book, Sri Venkateswara, the Lord of Seven Hills 11 studied the history of Tirumala and the book is an authentic monograph on the temple and the Lord. K.Kamalanathan (1969) in his book, History and Administration of Tirumala, 12 focuses on the historical significance of the sacred place and the administration of the TTD under government control. T.K.T.Veera Raghavacharya (1976) in his book, History of Tirupati, 13 studied the geographical as well as the historical background of Tirupati and its surrounding sacred places. S.Ranganatha Charya (1977) in his book, History of Tirupati, 14 studied the historicity of Tirumala and Tirupati. N.Ramesan (1981) in his book, The Tirumala Temple, 15 studied the geography, the history, the epigraphy, the iconography of the Tirumala Temple and certain aspects of the administration of the TTD. Sadhu Subrahmanya Sastry (1981) in his book, Tirupati Sri Venkateswara, 16 studied the historical and the religious importance of the Tirumala Temple. S.Vijaya Kumar (1984) in his unpublished doctoral thesis, Culture of a sacred town - A study of Tirumala, 17 studied the environment, the geography and the ritual system of the temples as well as the functionaries of the Tirumala Temple. Y.Narayana Reddy (1987) in his book, The Sacred Complex of Tirumala, 18 deals with the sacred temple of Tirumala, its history, geography, pilgrims and pilgrimage. K.V.Raman (1993) in his book, Sculpture Art of Tirumala Tirupati Temple, 19 studied the sculpture art and history of Tirumala Temple. T.Varadacharya (1999) in his book, Tirumala : The Panorama of Seven Hills, 20 studied the history of the Tirumala temple, its rituals, practices in general and the pilgrimage practices of different cultural groups The Administrative Studies C. Anna Rao, the former Executive Officer and later, Chairman of the TTD, (1977) in his book Administration of Temples, 21 presented his personal views on the proper administration of temples and the utilisation of temple funds for social and welfare activities. It is a standard reference work on the temple administration 11
12 including the conduct of the temple rituals, code of conduct for temple servants, worshippers, trustees, Archakas and other religious functionaries and the daily schedule of the rituals, accommodation, darshan and other religious activities. R.G.Ramadevi (1984), in her unpublished doctoral thesis titled Administration of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 22 studied the administration, organisation and historical development of the TTD. Sri J.Subrahmanyam (1987), in his unpublished doctoral thesis, Personnel Management in Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 23 studied and examined the problems of the TTD employees and suggested some suitable solutions. Sri S.Bhaskar Naidu (1991) in his unpublished doctoral thesis, Employer - Employee Relations in Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 24 emphasised the need for harmonious relations between the management and the employees for the smooth functioning of the TTD Institutions The Fiscal Studies Sri S.Subbramaiah (1968) in his book, Finances of an Indian Temple A case study of the Finances of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 25 made the first attempt to understand the finances of the TTD even by the early sixties. Confined to the finances of the TTD during , the study provided a basic analysis of the receipts and the expenditures of the TTD, besides its investments. The chief merit of the study lies in the fact that it has generated interest in the finances of the TTD. On the basis of its analysis, the study identifies several potential areas of revenue augmentation and expenditure economy. The study cautions against such revenue maximisation and expenditure economy that would go against the religious objectives. The good old study, however, is no longer relevant to the current fiscal concerns of the TTD. The TTD finances had undergone phenomenal changes during the last 45 years. There had been a steep rise in not only the number of pilgrims but in the revenues and the expenditure. The functional responsibilities of the TTD have not only expanded rapidly but have become more secular and general. The financial investments of the TTD have also witnessed rapid and voluminous changes during the last forty five years. V.K.Bhaskar Rao (1985) in his book Organisational and Financial Management of Religious Institutions with particular reference to the TTD 26 12
13 examined the finances of the TTD from to The study makes only a passing reference to the receipts and the expenditures of the TTD. Even the limited analysis was not based on time-series data. This study too, is not relevant to the current fiscal policy concerns of the TTD. A.B.Santhi (1994) in her unpublished doctoral thesis, Income and Expenditure Analysis of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 27 analysed the revenue receipts and the revenue expenditures of the TTD from to Working within the framework of organisational and financial management, the study has totally ignored the growing capital account transactions. It also suffers from several methodological limitations. S.G.S.Bhagavan (1995) in his unpublished doctoral thesis, Finances of the TTD Educational Institutions, 28 examined the finances of the educational institutions run by the TTD for the period from to The study confines itself to a small segment of the growing TTD finances. It precludes the need to delve into major sources of revenue and the expenditure of TTD as it concerns itself with the Educational institutions only. The income from the educational institutions is a mere fraction of the high expenditure incurred on them. The major sources of the revenue and the expenditure of the TTD being beyond its purview, the study has little value. C.Anirvinna (1998) in his unpublished doctoral thesis, A Study of Finances of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 29 studied the receipts, expenditure and investment portfolio of TTD for only four selected years i.e , , and M.Kumudini (2001), in her unpublished doctoral thesis entitled Finances of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, 30 analysed the income, expenditure, unit cost, assets and liabilities of the TTD for the period from 1989 to P.S.Vijaya Lakshmi (2002) in her unpublished doctoral thesis entitled A study on the Economics of the TTD 31 studied the revenue and expenditure of TTD. N.Ramesh Kumar (2007) in his unpublished doctoral thesis entitled, Financial Management and administration of the TTD, 32 analysed the financial management and administration, management of payments and expenditure, investment portfolio, emergence of trusts under the TTD and their implications for long term fiscal sustainability for the period from to
14 Thus, by and large, there are more historical studies than administrative ones. The few studies available on the TTD finances are either outdated or inadequate or otherwise fail to focus on the overall financial position of TTD. So far, there are no studies on the Finances of TTD and their utilization for providing amenities at Tirumala and Tirupati. In the light of these studies and other available literature like articles in periodicals and office records, the present study proposes to examine the Finances of the TTD and their utilization in providing amenities in Tirumala and Tirupati NEED OF THE STUDY The previous studies on the finances of TTD are made very long back which are not focus the latest financial information for the recent years. The periods selected for the earlier studies focused on the period before the financial year of 2000 only. By the time of the previous studies the income and expenditure of the TTD were about 200 crores only. Now the income and expenditure of the TTD rose to more than 2000 crores. The present study has been undertaken to fill the serious gap in literature. TTD is the biggest and richest Hindu Religious Institution in India. The centuries-old temple of Lord Venkateswara at Tirumala is considered to be the richest shrine in terms of income earnings of all the temples in the countries, with its annual income pushing Rs.2,500 crores. The fact that the temple hundi alone nets more than Rs.850 crores a year by way of offerings made by visiting devotees in itself is a testimony to their unflinching faith in the presiding deity of Lord Venkateswara. Among the temples in India, the TTD is the greatest earner and spender and has become an economic unit of considerable significance. The income and expenditure of TTD have been rapidly growing in recent years. The major part of the income of the TTD is being received only from the devotees. How the finances of the TTD are being utilized is therefore, a matter of public concern. No comprehensive study has been made on the overall finances of the TTD so far. In addition to propagation of Hindu religion, providing worships in the temples, inculcating devotion among the people, TTD has been providing extensive amenities at Tirumala and Tirupati to visiting pilgrims. TTD is incurring huge 14
15 amounts for providing such amenities. As far as the knowledge of the Researcher goes, no attempt has been made so far to conduct an in-depth study of the Finances of the TTD and its utilization in providing amenities at Tirumala and Tirupati. This study is first of its kind in the areas of overall finances of TTD and especially on utilization of finances in providing amenities at Tirumala and Tirupati OBJECTIVES The central objective of the study is to examine the finances of the TTD and its utilization in providing amenities in Tirumala and Tirupati and to identify the key areas of concern. The study seeks: 1. to study the financial management of TTD. 2. to analyze the various sources and utilization of funds i.e. income and expenditure of TTD. 3. to examine the amenities provided at Tirumala and Tirupati by the TTD and to assess the utilization pattern of the finances of TTD in providing amenities to pilgrims. 4. to examine the perception of the pilgrims on the amenities provided at Tirumala and Tirupati by TTD. 5. to suggest measures for better utilization of fiancés of TTD in providing more amenities at Tirumala and Tirupati HYPOTHESES For achieving the above objectives, the study focuses on the following hypotheses which are put to test at appropriate places during the course of the work either directly or indirectly. Ho1. The progress of the income and expenditure of TTD is not significant during the study period. Ho2. The amenities provided by the TTD in Tirumala and Tirupati are not sufficient. Ho3. The amount being incurred for providing amenities in Tirumala and Tirupati by the TTD is not sufficient. Ho4. The pilgrims are not being satisfied with the amenities provided in Tirumala and Tirupati by TTD. 15
16 1.13 METHODOLOGY The present study is based on both primary and secondary data. Having worked in different capacities since 23 years and presently working as Superintendent in TTD, the author of the thesis had a unique learning opportunity to understand the procedures of the finances of TTD and its utilization in providing amenities. The methodology including sample design, data collection and tools used is presented below Sample Design An effort was made to elicit the views of the pilgrims about the amenities provided to them by the TTD. A stratified simple random method has been adopted in this study. For this, a structured Schedule containing 50 number of questions was canvassed at random among 500 pilgrims at Tirumala and Tirupati who were drawn from different regions and states of India and abroad. The pilgrims were approached at Tirumala and Tirupati and their opinions were sought on various issues. To the extent possible, care was taken to include a cross section at pilgrims from different states of the country. Schedules were distributed to the pilgrims individually and group responses were discouraged. This is to encourage the respondent to furnish his/her views on pilgrim satisfaction and various other aspects, freely and frankly Data Collection The secondary data is collected from the budget copies ( to ), annual reports (2001 to 2014), audited financial statements ( to ) of the TTD and various records, files and other documentary materials maintained at the TTD offices as well as from the books, journals, internet and relevant publications brought out from time to time by the TTD and others. Some unpublished materials were also used. The primary data is collected from the pilgrims who visited Tirumala and Tirupati through the stratified simple random technique with the help of a structured schedule, specifically designed basing on the objectives of this study. For collection of primary data the pilgrims have been classified into four groups such as the pilgrims who stayed in free choultries, in Pilgrims Amenities Complexes, in paid cottages and in paid Guest Houses at Tirumala and Tirupati in order to obtain a 16
17 representative sample from the poor, middle and rich class categories of pilgrims. From each group a minimum of about 100 number of pilgrims have been selected by adopting simple random sampling procedure for collecting their opinions through a structured schedule Tools and Techniques Both primary and secondary data collected are meaningfully analyzed using appropriate statistical tools like Linear growth rate, Compound growth rate, t- test, Mean, Standard deviation, Frequency tables and Chi - square PERIOD OF STUDY The period of the present study is confined to only thirteen years from the financial years to Primary data was collected for the year CHAPTER SCHEME The thesis is presented in seven chapters. The first chapter is introduction and methodology. The introductory part discusses about TTD, Tirupati, Tirumala, Lord Venkateswara, Tirumala Temple, management of TTD finances, providing amenities and utilization of finances in providing amenities. A brief review of the earlier studies is made with a view to identifying the lacunae and to justify the need for the present study. In the chapter also presented period of the study, objectives and methodology of the study and its limitations. The second chapter describes the profile of the TTD. The general and financial management of TTD are discussed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter deals with the finances of TTD in which the analysis of income and expenditure of the TTD is made. The fifth chapter presents the details of the amenities provided at Tirumala and Tirupati by TTD and analysis of utilization of funds in providing the amenities. Opinions of the pilgrims on the amenities provided at Tirumala and Tirupati by the TTD are presented in the sixth chapter. The last i.e. seventh chapter, contains summary and suggestions of the study. 17
18 REFERENCES 1. Gopalacharyaswamy, Sri Venkatachala Mahatyam part-ii, Sri Sri Tridandi Srimannaryana Jeeyar Swamy, 1972, p Ramesan, N, The Tirumala Temple, TTD Press, Tirupati, 1981, pp Ibid. p The Hindu, Special Volume on the Srivari Brahmotsavam, 2013, p Gopalacharyaswamy, Sri Venkatachala Mahatyam part-ii, Sri Sri Tridandi Srimannaryana Jeeyar Swamy, 1972, p Ramesh Kumar, N., Financial Management and administration of the TTD (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, p Subramanya Sastry, S, Sri T.T. ETC Devasthanams Epigraphical Series Report on the Inscriptions of the Devasthanams, (Vol.1,2,3,4,5,6), Sri Mahant s Press, 21 Anderson s street, Madras, 1930,1933,1935, 1936, 1937, Krishna Swami Iyengar, S, History of Tirupati, TTD Press, Tirupati, Srinivasa Rao, V, Tirupati Sri Venkateswara Balaji, TTD Press, Tirupati, Rama Rao, M., The Temples of Tirumala Tirupati and Tiruchanoor, Sitapati, P., Sri Venkateswara, the Lord of Seven Hills, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, Kamalanathan, K., History and Administration of Tirumala (Ph.D. Thesis), University of Madras, Chennai, Veera Raghavacharya, T.K.T, History of Tirupati, TTD Press, Tirupati, Ranganatha Charya, S, History of Tirupati, TTD Press, Tirupati, Ramesan, N., The Tirumala Temple, TTD Press, Tirupati Subramanya Sastry, S., Tirupati Sri Venkateswara, TTD Press, Tirupati Vijaya Kumar, S., Culture of a sacred town - A study of Tirumala (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Narayana Reddy, Y., The Sacred Complex of Tirumala (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Raman, K.V., Sculpture Art of Tirumala Tirupati Temple, Tirupati, TTD, Varadacharya, T, Tirumala : The Panorama of Seven Hills, Tirupati, TTD, Anna Rao, C., Administration of Temples, TTD Press Tirupati, Rama Devi, R.G., Administration of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, (unpublished doctoral thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Subramanyam, J, Personal Management in TTD (Ph.D.Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Bhaskar Naidu, S, Employer-Employee Relations in TTD (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati,
19 25. Subbaramaiah, S., Finances of an Indian Temple A case study of the Finances of TTD ( ), International Book Company, Jullundur City, Bhaskara Rao, V.K., Organisational and Financial Management of Religious Institutions, Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi, Santhi, A.B., Income and Expenditure Analysis of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Bhagavan, S.G.S., (1995) Finances of the TTD Educational Institutions (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Anirvinna, C., A Study of Finances of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Kumudini, M., Finances of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati, Vijaya Lakshmi, P.S., A study on the Economics of the TTD (Ph.D. Thesis), University of Madras, Chennai, Ramesh Kumar, N., Financial Management and administration of the TTD (Ph.D. Thesis), S.V.University, Tirupati,
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