Course Handbook for 2015/2016

Transcription

1 UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCL3035 Archaeology of Early South Asia Course Handbook for 2015/2016 Year 2/3 Option, 0.5 unit (TERM 2) Turnitin Class ID: Turnitin Password: IoA1718 Deadlines for coursework for this course: 7 Feb, 7 March, 25 April 2018 Course Co-ordinator: Dr Julia Shaw julia.shaw@ucl.ac.uk (R. 407a, Tel ) Office hours: Wednesday pm; Friday 11 am 12 pm ; and by arrangement Teaching Session: Term 2, Wednesdays 11 am 1 pm Classroom: Institute of Archaeology, R.412 **Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages

2 1 OVERVIEW Short description The course will cover aspects of the archaeology of the Indian Subcontinent (comprising the modern nations of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and parts of Afghanistan), from the Mesolithic / Neolithic, through the Bronze Age, to appearance of iron in the late second, to early first millennium BC. It tracks the development and spread of agriculture during the Neolithic, through to the rise of Harappan urbanism in the third to second millennium BC. The focus then shifts to the Gangetic valley, central India, and the South, with an examination of the chalcolithic cultures that co-existed with Harappan urbanism and continued after its decline, and the developments that led to the emergence of the second urbanisation during the first millennium BC. Themes of discussion include early state formation and complex society, urbanism and urban decline, environmental and climate change in relation to transformations in agrarian, dietary and religiophilosophical history, metallurgy, prehistoric religion, ideology and art, rock-art and rock-shelter studies, landscape archaeology, texts and archaeology, and approaches to death. There is a strong emphasis on theoretical and methodological issues, including South Asian archaeology s recent engagement with Anthropocene studies and the Environmental Humanities. Throughout the course, students are encouraged to situate the South Asian material within broader global discourse in archaeology. Week-by-week summary (all lectures by Julia Shaw unless indicated otherwise) 1) Jan 10 Introduction to the course o Regional and chronological orientation o History of South Asian archaeology Autumn Term (Wednesday 11 am - 1 pm) 2) Jan 17 Mesolithic and Neolithic of South Asia o The South Asian Mesolithic and the development of agriculture in the Northwest Subcontinent o The Transition to Agriculture in South, North and East India 3) Jan 24 From the first villages to early urbanism in north-west South Asia (Ken Thomas, IoA) o Beyond Mehrgarh o Towards integration 4) Jan 31 Bronze Age urbanism 1 o Early Harappa: prelude to urbanism o Mature Harappa site distribution and archaeology WEEK 4 GROUP TUTORIAL (date and place tbc) 5) Feb 7 Bronze Age Urbanism 2 o Seminar 1: Social organisation and theories of state o Settlement archaeology, land-use, and rural v. urban dynamics in the Harappan and post- Harappan orbit Feb 14 - Reading Week NO CLASS 6) Feb 21 Prehistoric art, religion and ideology o Introduction to Prehistoric Indian religion and art 2

3 o Harappan art, religion and ideology 7) Feb 28 Urban decline and the Indian Chalcolithic o Seminar 2. Transformation of Harappan urbanism o Central Indian and Deccan chalcolithic (during and after Harappa) 8) Mar 7 South Asian rock art o South Asian Rock Art Studies o Rock art in the landscape WEEK 8 GROUP TUTORIAL (tbc) 9) Mar 14 Theory and Method o Seminar 3: theory and method in South Asian archaeology o Landscape and settlement archaeology 10) Mar 21 Further themes o Mortuary archaeology and approaches to death o South Asian archaeology, climate change, and Anthropocene Studies Basic Texts Chakrabarti, D.K., and M. Lal (eds.), History of Ancient India, vol. 4. New Delhi: Vivekananda International Foundation and Aryan Books, Issue Desk IOA CHA 24 Chakrabarti, D.K India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Available online: Coningham, R., and R. Young, 2015, The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DBM CON. Available online: Kenoyer, J. M Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DBMA 12 KEN (Check Issue Desk) Possehl, G. L The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira. INST ARCH DBMA 12 POS (check Issue Desk) Schug, R. G., and S.R. Walimbe (eds.) A Companion to South Asia in the Past. West Sussex@ John Wiley and Sons. Available Online: Settar S., and R. Korisettar (eds.), Indian Archaeology in Retrospect. Vols I-IV. New Delhi: Manohar. Issue Desk INST ARCH SET Methods of assessment This course is assessed by means of a short object / site report, a short problem essay, and a Standard Essay (2,375-2,625 words), to be submitted on 7 Feb, 7 March and 25 April 2018 respectively. Essay #1 is worth 20%, essay #2 is worth 30%, and essay #3 is with 5% of the final mark. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. 3

4 Teaching methods The course is taught through lectures and a small number of seminars. It is highly recommended that students attend ALL lectures and seminars. A number of group and individual tutorials will also be held in order to clarify thematic and chronological issues, and to discuss approaches to writing assignments (see section 3 below). **It is imperative that all students complete at least the key reading for each session. Seminar-based discussion, in particular, is untenable unless the majority of students have completed the required reading. Workload There will be 17 hours of lectures and 3 hours of seminars for this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 5-6 hours of reading per week for the course, 5-6 hours preparation per seminar, plus hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of not more than 188 hours for the course. Prerequisites While there are no formal prerequisites for this course, a minimum expectation is that students will have taken previous courses in archaeology for at least one year. 2 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT Aims By the end of the course students will be expected to: have gained knowledge of the key stages in the history of South Asian archaeology and how archaeological theory and method impacts on received models of understanding regarding ancient political, economic and religious history be able to discuss current models and theories used to interpret evidence for the origins and spread of agriculture, the origins of urbanism and complex societies, state-formation, and sociopolitical / religious change in South Asia be able to assess critically current interpretations based on analysis or review of the archaeological evidence. Objectives On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate/have developed: Critical reflection of Western theoretical archaeological approaches to South Asian cultures Ability to draw on cross-cultural comparisons for the origins of agriculture, urbanism and complex socieites Application of knowledge acquired during earlier courses on South Asian archaeology an overview of the key phases and regional variation of the South Asian archaeological record. Understand the key research issues and debates that drive current theoretical and analytical work in the region. Recognise key aspects of the material record under discussion during the course. Be familiar with the history of archaeological research in the area and its impact on interpretative models. Learning outcomes On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate/have developed: understanding current debates on the interpretation of the South Asian archaeological record familiarity with varied material culture over different regions of South Asia and application to specific arguments. 4

5 Coursework The course is assessed by means of: a) Short Object / Site Report of 950-1,050 words, worth 20% of the final mark. b) Short Problem Essay of words, worth 30% of the final mark. c) Standard Essay of 2,375-2,625 words, worth 50% of the final mark. Assigment 1: Short Object / Site Report, due Wed 7 February 2018 (Week 5) Choose an archaeological object or site that relates thematically and chronologically to this course. Provide a detailed report dealing with aspects of its form, history, and how differing interpretations have been affected by changing theoretical and methodological paradigms within South Asian archaeology. Assignment 2: Short Problem Essay, due Wed 7 March 2018 (week 8) 1. The Mature Harappan grows out of the older, pre- and early-harappan cultures of the western Indus borderlands. Discuss, citing specific archaeological case-studies. 2. To what extent does the organisation of Harappan civilisation resemble or differ from other examples of pristine states? What is the significance of such comparisons to the debates about whether Harappan civilisation was a chiefdom or a state? 3. Discuss the major theories regarding the emergence and spread of agriculture in the South Asian Neolithic, with particular reference to the dynamic between imported crop packages and locally domesticated species. Focus your answer on at least two of the key zones of agricultural development (Northwest frontier region, Gangetic valley, and South India). 4. To what extent was the Harappan civilisation unified by a single identifiable Harappan material-culture idiom? Discuss with reference to the 'uniformity v. diversity' debate. 5. Describe and assess the internal and external trade patterns of the Harappans. How important were they to Harappan society? 6. Has the urban element of Harappan civilisation been over-emphasised? Illustrate your answer with reference to specific archaeological examples and case-studies. Assignment 3: Standard Essay : due Wed 25 April 2018 (Term III) 1. Discuss the impact of culture history, processualism and post-processualism as epistemological paradigms on the understanding of complex society in ancient India. How appropriate are these labels to the South Asian context? 2. What are the relative merits and weaknesses of the environmental, climatic and social explanations for the decline of the Harappan civilisation? In your answer, draw on specific archaeological case-studies. 3. How satisfactory are theories that stress the element of continuity between prehistoric religion and later historically attested forms of classical Indian culture and religio-philosophical traditions? Illustrate your answer with reference to specific archaeological examples which may include one or more of the following: prehistoric rock-shelters and related sites; the Chalcolithic of central India and the Deccan; Harappan urbanism. 4. Discuss the impact of developments within landscape and survey archaeology in South Asia on scholarly perceptions of one of the following themes: a) state formation and urbanisation; or b) history of ritual and religions; or c) history of land-use and food change. Are there any special regionally specific considerations when it comes to designing a landscape-based archaeological project for South Asia? 5. Comment on the contemporary scholastic position regarding the question of the Aryans and Vedic archaeology? How understanding progressed from nineteenth century perceptions based on the literary and archaeological record? 6. How relevant are past examples of climatic and environmental stress in South Asia to contemporary global climate change discourse and anthropocene studies? Has environmental archaeology engaged adequately with the cultural and ethical dimensions of human:environmental imbalance past and present? If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Coordinator. The reading for each essay question is provided in the reading section of the corresponding lecture (arranged under key and further reading). Further discussion of approaches and sources will take place during group tutorials in weeks 4 and 8, and individual tutorials in weeks 5 and 9. Students are advised to contact the Course Coordinator at their earliest convenience with any additional questions about required readings or if they are experiencing difficulties with obtaining readings. 5

6 Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment. The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Please note that in order to be deemed to have completed and passed in any course, it is necessary to submit all assessments. Word counts The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. In the session penalties for over-length work will be as follows: For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. Coursework submission procedures All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. The only exceptions are bulky portfolios and lab books which are normally submitted as hard copy only. You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work) All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. Instructions are given below. Note that Turnitin uses the term class for what we normally call a course. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, and that you have the Class ID for the course (available from the course handbook) and enrolment password (this is IoA1718 for all courses this session - note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the current academic year) 2. Click on 3. Click on Create account 4. Select your category as Student 5. Create an account using your UCL address. Note that you will be asked to specify a new password for your account - do not use your UCL password or the enrolment password, but invent one of your own (Turnitin will permanently associate this with your account, so you will not have to change it every 6 months, unlike your UCL password). In addition, you will be asked for a Class ID and a Class enrolment password (see point 1 above). 6. Once you have created an account you can just log in at and enrol for your other classes without going through the new user process again. Simply click on Enrol in a class. Make sure you have all the relevant class IDs at hand. 6

7 7. Click on the course to which you wish to submit your work. 8. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1). 9. Double-check that you are in the correct course and assignment and then click Submit 10. Attach document as a Single file upload 11. Enter your name (the examiner will not be able to see this) 12. Fill in the Submission title field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 In what sense can culture be said to evolve?), 13. Click Upload. When the upload is finished, you will be able to see a text-only version of your submission. 14 Click on Submit. If you have problems, please the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact course and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Course Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline 7

8 3 SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS Teaching schedule Classes will be held on Wednesdays 11 am 1 pm in Room 412 (Institute of Archaeology). Except in the case of illness, the 70% minimum attendance requirement applies to the main lecture/seminars. Lecturers: Dr Julia Shaw; Professor Ken Thomas Tutorials Tutorials (with Q&A session) will be held during weeks 4 and 8 to clarify thematic and chronological issues, and to discuss approaches to writing assignments. Each student will also be offered a 1-1 tutorial slot in weeks 5 and 9 to discuss individual approaches to coursework. Students will need to actively opt out of these sessions if they feel they do not need additional guidance. Student Lecturer communication and feedback Students are strongly encouraged to contact the Course Coordinator should problems arise regarding course / lecture content or reading material. Please do not leave this until the evaluation stage at the end of the course! The Course Coordinator s Office Hours on Wednesdays are held immediately after class so that students can discuss issues without any delay.all students who consult with the Coordinator during individual tutorials or Office hours will be issued with a follow-up feedback form so as to gauge satisfaction with the response they have received and to provide an opportunity to ask more questions should anything remain unclear. Additionally, a short questionnaire will be issued to all students at the end of Week 5, so as to provide informal feedback regarding aspects of the course thus far. It is important that concerns are raised as soon as possible so that they can be tackled and remedied in a timely fashion. Syllabus and reading lists The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the euclid computer catalogue system. For each lecture / seminar, students are required to read at least three of the listed Key readings which are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the course. In most cases, copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are available online or at the Issue Desk of the IoA Library. Readings for each lecture are arranged as key and further readings. They are listed in a nonprescriptive manner so as to allow students to make independent choices based on individual research interests, and to put specific topics within a broader scholarly context. Those key readings considered to be essential are marked with an asterix (*), with a maximum three such readings per 1-hour lecture. Other non-asterixed key readings should be considered as alternative / supplementary readings based on additional criteria such as publication availability, or individual student interest. 'Further readings are more extensive, and should not be considered as essential but are listed so as to broaden understanding of specific themes, and to provide necessary context for the purposes of essay topics. The extensive reading list at the end of the Course Handbook is intended as a supplementary bibliographic reference for students interesting in pursuing specific themes, and does not form part of the essential reading requirement. 8

9 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE (Jan 10) LECTURE 1.1 Regional and chronological orientation Geography, climate, regional and chronological themes. Language groupings. The South Asian prehistoric. Indic terminology, pronunciation, and use of diacritics. Key reading * Coningham, R., and R. Young, Environment and Culture, In R. Coningham, and R. Young (eds.), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp INST ARCH DBM CON; Available online: *Coningham, R., and R. Young, 'Introduction and Definitions', In R. Coningham, and R. Young (eds.), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp INST ARCH DBM CON; Available online: *Fuller, D. Q Non-human genetics, agricultural origins and historical linguistics in South Asia, in M. Petraglia and B. Allchin (eds.), The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. Springer, Netherlands INST ARCH BB 1 PET; n.pdf Further reading Allchin, B. and F.R. Allchin, Origins of a Civilization: the Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking, Penguin Books India (ch. 2). INST ARCH DBM ALL (check Issue Desk) Allchin, F.R. (ed.), The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (esp. chs. 1-2). INST ARCH DBM ALL (1 week); Issue Desk IOA ALL 5 (1 hour) McMahon, A and R., 2007, Language families and quantitative methods in South Asia and elsewhere, in M. Petraglia and B. Allchin (eds.), The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. Springer, Netherlands. INST ARCH BB 1 PET Possehl, G. and P.C. Rissman The chronology of prehistoric India: from earliest times to the Iron age, in R.W. Ehrich (ed.) Chronologies of Old World Archaeology. University of Chicago Press. ISSUE DESK IOA EHR (3 hour) Southworth, F. C The Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia. London: Routledge. INST ARCH DBM SOU Southworth, F. C., and D.W. McAlpin, South Asia: Dravidian linguistic history, in The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration. Wiley. Available online:

10 LECTURE 1.2 History of South Asian archaeology History of South Asian archaeology. Indology, colonialism and Orientalism. Post-colonial and nationalistic archaeology; brief introduction to theoretical paradigms (to be discussed in more detail in week 9). Key reading *Chakrabarti, D.K India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations. Delhi: Oxford University Press. (esp. pp. 1-40). Available online: *Chakrabarti, D. K. The development of archaeology in the Indian subcontinent, World Archaeology 13 (3): Available online: *Coningham, R., and R. Young, 'Histories of South Asian Archaeology', In R. Coningham, and R. Young (eds.), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp INST ARCH DBM CON; Available online: Further reading Chakrabarti, D. K Archaeology in Indian universities, in P. Stone and R. Mackenzie (eds.), The Excluded Past. London: Unwin Hyman, INST ARCH AQ STO (1 week) Chakrabarti, D. K Colonial Indology: Sociopolitics of the Ancient Indian Past. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. INST ARCH DBMA 200 CHA (1 week) 2: MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC OF SOUTH ASIA (Jan 17) LECTURE 2.1 The South Asian Mesolithic and the development of agriculture in the Northwest Subcontinent Focussing on the seventh to third millennia BC, with particular attention to early developments in agriculture. The picture here is a complex mosaic of different patterns in different regions. It included the introduction of important crops from elsewhere, such as the Near East, as well as locally domesticated species in several parts of India. In many cases crops that were important in the Neolithic have been largely lost and forgotten by more recent farmers as other species, including some from Africa, came to be favoured. We will focus in particular on the emergence of social complexity in the regions to the west of the Indus River. Unfolding over a period of several millennia, these early developments provide the cultural background for the emergence of Mature Harappan urbanism during the Bronze Age, to be discussed later in the course. Key reading *Coningham, R., and R. Young, 'Food Producers', In R. Coningham, and R. Young (eds.), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp INST ARCH DBM CON; Available online: 10

11 *Fuller, D.Q., G. Willcox, and R.G. Allaby, Early agricultural pathways: moving outside the 'core area' hypothesis in Southwest Asia, Journal of Experimental Botany, 63 (2), Available online: Fuller, D.Q., G. Willcox, and R. G. Allaby, Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East, World Archaeology 43:4, Kingwell-Banham, E., C. Petrie, and D. Fuller Early Agriculture in South Asia, In G. Barker and C. Goucher (eds.), The Cambridge World History, pp Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available online: *Meadow, R. and A.K. Patel, From Mehrgarh to Harappa and Dholavira: prehistoric pastoralism in North-Western South Asia through the Harappan period, in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (eds.), Indian Archaeology in Retrospect II. Proto-History. New Delhi: Manohar, Issue Desk INST ARCH SET 2 (3 hours) Murphy, C. A. and Fuller, D. Q The Transition to Agricultural Production in India, in G. R. Schug and S. R. Walimbe (eds.), A Companion to South Asia in the Past, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. Available online: Further reading Kennedy, Ken R God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology in South Asia: Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, chs (pp ). INST ARCH DBM KEN Leshnik, L. S.1973 Land use and ecological factors in prehistoric north-west India. In South Asian Archaeology, edited by N. Hammond, Duckworth, London. INST ARCH DBM HAM Lukacs, J. R Mesolithic Foragers of the Ganges Plain, in G. R. Schug and S. R. Walimbe (eds.), A Companion to South Asia in the Past, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. Available online: Meadow, R The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in northwestern South Asia, in D.R. Harris (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press, INST ARCH HA HAR; Issue Desk IOA HAR 8 (3 hour) Meadow, R. and A.K. Patel, Prehistoric Pastoralism in Northwestern South Asia from the Neolithic through the Harappan Period, in S.A Weber and W.R. Belcher (eds.), Ethnobiology and the Indus Civilization. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Subsistence, Environment and Change. Lanham: Lexington Books. INST ARCH DBMA 12 WEB; TC Possehl, G. L The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective; Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Ch. 2 (in part), pp INST ARCH DBMA 12 POS

12 LECTURE 2.2 The Transition to Agriculture in South, North and East India We will examine other key zones of agricultural development, principally in the Gangetic valley and South India. For the former, a major focus is on the development of rice, its relationship to areas of domestication in East Asia, and on theories regarding its connection with the development of complex society and specific religio-philosophical traditions in later periods. For South India, we will look in particular at theories and evidence pertaining to the Neolithic Ash Mounds Key reading *Boivin, N Landscape and cosmology in the South Indian Neolithic: new perspectives on the Deccan ashmounds, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14(2): Available online: Fuller, D.Q Ashmounds and hilltop villages: the search for early agriculture in southern India, Archaeology International 4: Available online: Fuller, D. Q Fifty years of archaeobotanical studies in India: laying a solid foundation, in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (eds.), Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume III. Archaeology and Interactive Disciplines. Delhi: Manohar, INST ARCH DBMA 100 SET (1 week); Available online: Fuller, D.Q Finding plant domestication in the Indian Subcontinent, Current Anthropology 52(S4), S347-S362. Available online: Fuller, D.Q., and C. Murphy, Overlooked but not forgotten: India as a center for agricultural domestication, General Anthropology, 21 (2): 4-8. Available online: Fuller, D.Q., Stevens, C., Lucas, L., Murphy, C.A., Qin, L. 2016, Entanglements and entrapment on the pathway towards domestication: South Asia, in L. Der and F. Fernandini (Eds.), Archaeology of Entanglement, pp Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. INST ARCH AH DER *Fuller, D. Q and L. Qin, Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice,world Archaeology 41(1): [with a focus on the section on India]. Available online: *Murphy, C., and D. Fuller, The Transition to Agricultural Production in India: South Asian Entanglements of Domestication, in G. Schug and S. Walimbe (Eds.), A Companion to South Asia in the Past. Available online: Further reading Boivin, N., R. Korisettar, and D.Q. Fuller, Further research on the Southern Neolithic and the Ashmound Tradition: the Sanganakallu-Kupgal Archaeological Research Project interim report, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology (Allahabad) 2(1): Available online in four parts: Chakrabarti, D.K India: An Archaeological History; Delhi: Oxford University Press, ch. 6, pp Available online: 001/acprof

13 Fuller, D.Q An agricultural perspective on Dravidian historical linguistics: archaeological crop packages, livestock and Dravidian crop vocabulary, in P. Bellwood, and C. Renfrew (ed.), Examining the Language/Farming Dispersal. INST ARCH HA Qto BEL Fuller, D. Q Ceramics, seeds and culinary change in prehistoric India, Antiquity 79 (306): Available online: Fuller, D.Q., Castillo, C., Murphy, C How rice failed to unify Asia: Globalization and regionalism of early farming traditions in the monsoon world, In T. Hodos (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Globalization and Archaeology. Routledge. Available online: Johansen, P.J Landscape, monumental architecture, and ritual: a reconsideration of the south Indian ashmounds, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 23 (3): Available online: Saraswat, K. S Plant economy of early farming communities, in B.P. Singh (ed.), Early Farming Communities of the Kaimur (Excavations at Senuwar). Jaipur: Publication Scheme, INST ARCH DBMA 14 SIN Silva, F., Stevens, C.J., Weisskopf, A., Castillo, C., Qin, L., Bevan, A., Fuller, D.Q. (2015). Modelling the Geographical Origin of Rice Cultivation in Asia Using the Rice Archaeological Database. PLOS ONE, 10 (9). Available online: Singh, P The Neolithic Culture of Northern and Eastern India, in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (eds.), Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume I. Prehistory, Publications of the Indian Council for Historical Research. New Delhi: Manohar, Issue Desk INST ARCH DBMA 100 SET 1 Weisskopf, A.R., Harvey, E., Kingwell-Banham, E., Kajale, M., Mohanty, R., Fuller, D. (2013). Archaeobotanical implications of phytolith assemblages from cultivated rice systems, wild rice stands and macro-regional patterns. Journal of Archaeological Science, Available online: 3: FROM THE FIRST VILLAGES TO EARLY URBANISM IN NORTH-WEST SOUTH ASIA (Jan 24) Professor Ken Thomas, Institute of Archaeology We will explore approaches to the development of social complexity in the later Neolithic, Chalcolithic and pre-harappan Early Bronze Age periods in what is today Pakistan, with special reference to regions to the west of the Indus River (Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the Punjab but see also the paper by Ajithprasad (2002) on Gujarat. The lecture is organised into two parts: i. Beyond Mehrgarh. Settlement and cultural variability in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic phases on the borderlands of northern South Asia. The principal focus will be on the field work by the speaker and colleagues in the Bannu basin and the Gomal plain. Emphasis will be on the sites, their material cultural remains and chronology. ii. Towards integration. Locus, scale, mode and tempo in the emergence of regional identities and social complexity in northwest South Asia up to the earliest occupation phase at Harappa. This 13

14 part of the lecture will be more theoretical and consider models for the expansion of settlement from the hills and foothills onto the alluvial plains. Key reading *Jarrige, J.F Excavations at Mehrgarh: their significance for understanding the background of the Harappan civilization, in G. Possehl (ed.), Harappan Civilization: A Recent Perspective. Warminster, U.K: Aris and Phillips Ltd, Available online: *Kenoyer, J.M The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India, Journal of World Prehistory 5: Available online: *Petrie, C., F. Khan, R. Knox, K. Thomas, and J. Morris, The investigation of early villages in the hills and on the plains of western South Asia, in F. Khan, J.R. Knox, K.D. Thomas, C.A. Petrie and J.C. Morris (eds.), Sheri Khan Tarakai and Early Village Life in the Borderlands of North-West Pakistan. Oxford: Oxbow Books, DBMA11 Qto KHA *Petrie, C.A. and K.D. Thomas, The topographical and environmental context of the earliest village sites in western South Asia, Antiquity 86: Available online: *Shaffer, J.G The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand Traditions: Neolithic through Bronze Age, in R. Ehrich (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (3rd edition), volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, INST ARCH BC 100 EHR; Issue Desk IOA EHR (3 hour) *Thomas, K.D Minimizing risk? Approaches to pre-harappan human ecology on the NorthWest margin of the Greater Indus system, in S. Weber, and W.R. Belcher (eds.), Indus Ethnobiology: New Perspectives from the Field. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, INST ARCH DBMA 12 WEB (Check Issue Desk) Further reading Ajithprasad, P The pre-harappan cultures of Gujarat, in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (eds.), Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume II: Protohistory, Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, INST ARCH DBMA 100 SET Kenoyer, J.M. and R.H. Meadow, The Ravi Phase: a new cultural manifestation at Harappa, in M. Taddei and G. de Marco (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1997, volume 1. Rome: Istituto Italiano per l Africa e l Oriente, INST ARCH DBM TAD Khan, F., J.R. Knox, and K.D Thomas, Archaeological Explorations and Excavations in Bannu District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Occasional Paper of the British Museum No. 80. London: British Museum (pp. pp viii). INST ARCH DBMA 11 KHA Khan, F., J.R. Knox, K.D. Thomas, C.A. Petrie, and J.C. Morris, Sheri Khan Tarakai and early village life in western South Asia, in F. Khan, J.R. Knox, K.D. Thomas, C.A. Petrie and J.C. Morris (eds.), Sheri Khan Tarakai and Early Village Life in the Borderlands of North-West Pakistan. Oxford: Oxbow Books, INST ARCH DBMA11 Qto KHA; Available online: 14

15 Meadow, R.H The origin and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in South Asia, in D.R. Harris (ed.), The Origin and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, INST ARCH HA HAR Petrie, C.A.,J. Morris, F. Khan, J.R. Knox, and K.D. Thomas, The dynamics of late prehistoric ceramic production and distribution in the Bannu and Gomal Regions, NWFP, Pakistan, South Asian Studies 23: Available online: Thomas, K.D Getting a life: stability and change in social and subsistence systems on the North- West Frontier, Pakistan, in later prehistory, in C. Gosden and J. Hather (eds.), The Prehistory of Food: appetites for change. One World Archaeology 32. London: Routledge, INST ARCH HA GOS Thomas, K.D., J.R. Knox, and F. Khan, Technology transfer and culture change: an example from northwest Pakistan, in R. Allchin, and B. Allchin (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1995, volume 1. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing, INST ARCH DBM ALL 4: BRONZE AGE URBANISM 1(Jan 31) Julia Shaw (IoA) LECTURE 4.1 Early Harappa: prelude to urbanism We will examine the key phases and manifestations of the Early Harappan, and discuss theories regarding its relationship to urban culture of the subsequent Mature Harappan (c BC) Key reading *Coningham, R., and R. Young, 'Regionalisation and Differentiated Communities (c BCE)', In R. Coningham, and R. Young (eds.), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp INST ARCH DBM CON; Available online: asia/regionalisation-and-differentiated-communities-c bce/2193b0635d53dd3a443bac620cb864ff *Possehl, G.L Conclusions: the Early Harappan stage, a prelude to civilization?, in Indus Age: The Beginnings. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH, INST ARCH DBMA 100 POS (Check Issue Desk) *Shinde, V. 2016, Current Perspectives on the Harappan Civilization, in G. R. Schug and S. R. Walimbe (eds.), A Companion to South Asia in the Past, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. Available online: www. Further reading Kenoyer, J.M. and Meadow, R.H The Ravi Phase: a new cultural manifestation at Harappa, in M. Taddei and G. de Marco (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1997, volume 1. Rome: Istituto Italiano per l Africa e l Oriente, INST ARCH DBM TAD 15

16 Possehl, G The Early Harappan, in K. Paddaya (ed.), Recent Studies in Indian Archaeology. New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, INST ARCH DBMA 100 PAD (Standard; 1 Week) LECTURE 4.2 Harappan urbanism: site distribution and archaeology We will examine the key sites and material culture associated with the urban manifestation of the Mature Harappan (c BC). Key reading *Coningham, R., and R. Young, 'An Era of Integration', In R. Coningham, and R. Young (eds.), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c BCE 200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp INST ARCH DBM CON; Available online: *Kenoyer, J.M. and Meadow, R.H. 2016, Excavations at Harappa, , in G. R. Schug and S. R. Walimbe (eds.), A Companion to South Asia in the Past, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. Available online: www. *Possehl, G.L The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press (contains useful introductions to the key sites and topics of debate). INST ARCH DBMA 12 POS (check Issue Desk) Further reading Allchin, B. and R Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Geography of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking, chs ISSUE DESK IOA ALL 6 (3 hour) Chakrabarti, D.K India: An Archaeological History. Delhi: Oxford University Press, ch. 5. INST ARCH DBMA 100 CHA; Issue Desk IOA CHA 18 (3 hour) Chakrabarti, D.K Archaeology of Ancient Indian Cities (a guide to the important sites). INST ARCH DBMA 100 CHA (1 week); Issue Desk IOA CHA 17 (3 hour) Chakrabarti, D.K.,2006. The Oxford Companion to Indian Archaeology: the archaeological foundations of ancient India, Stone Age to AD 13th Century. New Delhi, Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DBMA 100 CHA (1 week) Fairservis, W The Origin, Character and Decline of an Early Civilization. New York: American Museum of Natural History, Novitiates No DBMA 100 FEI 3 (3 hour) Kenoyer, J.M Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press University Press. INST ARCH DBMA 12 KEN (check Issue Desk) Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta (eds.), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Delhi: Books & Books. INST ARCH DBMA 11 Qto WHE 16

17 Marshall, J. (ed.), Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization Vol. 1. London. Probsthain. INST ARCH DBMA 12 Qto MAR Settar, S. and R. Korisettar (eds.), Indian Archaeology in Retrospect. Publications of the Indian Council for Historical Research. New Delhi: Manohar, Vol 2 (see especially chapter by Possehl) Issue desk INST ARCH DBMA 100 SET 2 (3 hours) 5: BRONZE AGE URBANISM 2 (Feb 7) Julia Shaw, IoA 5.1: SEMINAR (1) Social organisation and theories of state In this seminar, we will examine major debates including the issue of internal and external trade, unity v. regionalism, the centralized (or not) nature of the Harappan state, approaches to land tenure and landuse, and the question as to whether there has been over-emphasis on the element of urbanism in archaeological accounts of Harappan culture. Key reading (to be divided amongst the class) Models of state Jacobsen, J The Harappan Civilization: an early state, in J. Jacobson (ed.), Studies in the Archaeology of India and Pakistan. Delhi: Oxford University Press University Press/IBH/AIIS, INST ARCH DBMA 100 JAC *Kenoyer, J.M The Harappan state: was it or wasn t it?, in J.M. Kenoyer (ed.), From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia. Madison: Wisconsin Archaeological Reports, vol. 3, INST ARCH DBMA 100 DAL Kenoyer, J.M Early city-states in South Asia: comparing the Harappan phase and early historic period, in D.L. Nichols, and T.H. Charlton (eds.), The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches. INST ARCH BD NIC *Miller, H Water supply, labor organization and land ownership in Indus floodplain agricultural systems, in C. Stanish and J. Marcus (eds.), Agricultural Strategies. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. INST ARCH HA MAR; Available online: *Possehl, G.L Sociocultural complexity without the State: the Indus Civilization, in G.M. Feinman, and J. Marcus (eds.), Archaic States. SAR Press, INST ARCH BD FEI (1 Week); Issue Desk IOA FEI 3 (3 hour) Vidale, M. and H.M. Miller, On the development of Indus technical virtuosity and its relation to social structure, in M. Taddei and G. de Marco (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1997, volume 1. Rome: Istituto Italiano per l Africa e l Oriente, INST ARCH DBM TAD Harappan Trade and External Contacts Dani, A.H Bahrain and the Indus Civilization, in H. al Khalifa and M. Rice (eds.), Bahrain Through the Ages Vol. 1: The Archaeology. London: KPI, Issue Desk IOA BAH 1 (3 hour) *Hoffman, B., and H. Miller, Production and consumption of copperbase metals in the Indus civilization, Journal of World Prehistory 22(3): Available online: 17

18 Lal, B.B. and S.P. Gupta (eds.), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Delhi: Books & Books (various chapters). INST ARCH DBMA 11 Qto WHE Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C Trade mechanisms in Indus-Mesopotamian interrelations, Journal of the American Oriental Society 92: Available online: Possehl, G Meluhha, in J.E. Reade (ed.), The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul/British Museum (also see other chapters in same volume). INST ARCH DBMA REA *Rao, S.R Trade and cultural contacts between Bahrain and India in the 3rd and 2nd millennia, in H. al Khalifa, and M. Rice (eds.), Bahrain Through the Ages Vol. 1. the Archaeology. London: KPI, Issue Desk IOA BAH 1 (3 hour) General models of state *Johansen, P.G Recasting the foundations: new approaches to regional understandings of South Asian archaeology and the problem of culture history, Asian Perspectives 42(2): Available online: Kulke, H The study of the state in pre-modern India, in H. Kulke (ed.), The State in India Delhi: Oxford University Press: INST ARCH DBMA 200 KUL (Standard and 1 week loan). *Morrison, K 'States of theory and states of Asia: regional perspectives on states in Asia', Asian Perspectives 33(2): (excellent historiographic account). Available online pdf?sequence=1 Sinopoli, C The archaeology of empires, Annual Review of Anthropology 23: Available online: Sinopoli, C The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (chs 1-3). DBMA 100 SIN Smith, M The archaeology of South Asian cities, Journal of Archaeological Research 14(2): Available online: Further reading Chakrabarti. D.K The External Trade of the Indus Civilization. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. INST ARCH DBMA 12 CHA Kenoyer, J.M Urban process in the Indus tradition: a preliminary model from Harappa, in R.H. Meadow (ed.), Harappa Excavations , Madison: Prehistory Press. INST ARCH DBMA 12 MEA (Standard; 1 week) Potts, D.R The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH DBF POT Ratnagar, S Encounters: the Westerly Trade of the Harappa Civilization. Delhi: Oxford University Press 2 nd edition (2004) published as Trading Encounters from the Euphrates to the Indus. Issue desk INST ARCH DB RAT (3 hour) 18