Index. state 96 traditional structures 4 transmission of ~ 89 avatar 45, 51 52, 140

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1 Index aboriginals 21 Ackerman, S. and Lee, R.L.M. 13, 71, 152 adat 20, 25 alienation cultural, religious 6, 14, 61, 103, 154 ambivalence of cultural identity 181 cultural psychology of ~146 Amman goddess 118, 125, 126, 129, 135 temple 70 see also Mahamariamman Temple amrit 55, 123 arathi 76 artha 137 ascetism 41, 66, 131, 170 erotic 49 detached 51 worldly 39, 92, 141, 162 Asian Values 15, 84, 106 Aum Shinrikyo cult 3. See also new religious movements Aurobindo 11 authority absolute 14 crisis of ~ 3, 113 charismatic 110, 158 government 97 legal-rational 158 male 105 moral 118, 186 patriarchal 141, 142 political 184 religious 128, 141 sanctification of ~ 155 scriptural 7 secular 32 spiritual 86 state 96 traditional structures 4 transmission of ~ 89 avatar 45, 51 52, 140 Babb L. 57, 170, 177 bal vikas 75 76, 77 fig. 7 Batu Caves 169, 172 Bauman Z. 4 5, 12, 36, 194 Bhagavad Gita 11, 51, 77 bhajans 31, 47 49, 61 Auntie Elizabeth s 138 Chinese 116 public 71 at Sai Baba s birthday celebration at Thaipusam Uncle Murthi s bhakti 7, Bible of 51 bodhisattva and ideals of ~ 152 devotional love in ~ 46 gurus 10 and individualism 45 bharat 44, 194 Bharati A. 3, 11 Bharucha R. 178 bodhisattva 152 See also bhakti: bodhisattva and ideals of ~ bomoh 131, 133, 139 Bourdieu P. 99 Brahmins in Caribbean 30 gift-giving and ~ 7 immigration 23 in Malaysia 30 self-purification and ~ 59 Buddhism 58, 74 Chinese Mahayana 152 Protestant

2 Divinity and Diversity Buddhist community 78 healer 142 leaders 78, 109, 161 prayers 75 Buddhists bourgeois values and ~ 3 Sri Lankan 13 bumiputra 14, 26, 111, 147, 191 capital cultural 2, 13 economic 167 spiritual 167 symbolic 99, 143, 193 capitalism 1, 14, 21, 59 and spirituality 7 caste hierarchy 10 Raju 37 system 9, 22, 30 and Thaipusam Vallalar 26 Catholics Auntie Elizabeth passim Italian 13 priest (Mazzoleni) 13, 54 Central Indian Association of Malaya. See CIAM charisma 1, 3, 16, 195 charismatic authority 110, 158 leaders 2, 10, 95 powers 97 Chettiars 23 Chinese New Year 106, 149, 183 Chinmayananda 11 Christian cross 42, 58, 74 devotee 43 fig. 2 education (missionary) 6, Hindu/Christian divide 39 identity immigration 23 images and imagery 54, 138 nativity 115 prayers 75 purity and power 144 teachings 69 Christianity 9, 63 conversion to 163 CIAM, Central Indian Association of Malaya 27 civil society 53 colonialism British Chinese and ~ 154 colonization Western cultural 15, 93 communitas 66, 190 Confucianism 74, 152, 159 cosmology 8, 13, 17, 40, 59 cosmos 8, 33, 36, 66, 127, 142, 192 counter-culture 9, 143, 190 crisis of authority 3, 113 economic 69 of modernity 4, 12 13, 16, 194 personal 151 dakwah 3, 186. See also Westernization darshan 45 48, 61 Darul Arqam 96, 186 Deepavali xvi, 100, 135, 183 democratic truth and totalitarian ~ 5 deviationist Islam 186 diaspora 42, 44, 94, 194 disenchantment 20 diversity 94 cultural 184 ethnic 73, 90, 159 Hindu philosophy and ~ 8, 10 religious 141, 146, 175 unity in ~ 14, 100 Divine Life Society 31 Divinity 62 oneness of ~ 144 personal commitment to ~ 66 refractions of ~ 123, 136 relationships between humans and ~ 131 truth and 109 Dravidianism 29 Dumont L. 5, 9, 42, 45, 51, 136 Dutch, in Malaya 20 Eck D. L

3 ego alter-ego of state 110 sacrifice of ~ 87, 130, 133 egoism 60 accusation of ~ England Sai Baba movement in ~ 13, 161 fakir family values breakdown of ~ 82 Malaysian discourse on ~ 104 promotion of ~ 83, women and ~ 84 Federation of Malaya 25 Foucault M. 4, 45 friendship group 80, 98 99, 109 Ganesha 30, 74 75, , 120, passim, 151, 165 possession by ~ 135 gaze 45 47, gender 13 14, 68, 121, 133, 144 constructs 104 gendered order 82, 120, 132 ideals 107 Giddens A. 4, 16 gift-giving 79 Hindu 7, 143 See also Brahmins: gift-giving of ~ Guerra F. 4 5 Gujeratis 13, 23 Hare Krishna 6 Hari Raya 183 Prime Minister s address 82 heterodoxy 12 Hindu Renaissance 3, 11, 31, 57 Hindus in South Africa 13 in Trinidad 13 illusion 8 maya 164 Sai Baba s miracles as ~ 53 independence 2, 28 constitution 26, 28 Indian Skeptic 53 individualism 1, 66 of Thaipusam 190 transcendence of ~ 45, 67 Index 209 Internal Security Act 14, 96, 186 intolerance 2, 5, 12, 16, 113, 147 Ipoh 148, 169, 172 Jain Jainism 74 Jesus Christ 42, 138, 140, 142 Jews 13, 48, 52 Judaism 74 Kabir 39 Kali 41 kaliyuga 39, 115 kangany 22, 26 Kapferer B. 8, 9, 183 karma yoga 11, 51 Kasturi N. 37 kavadi 170, 171 fig. 11, 172, , 177 kinship 44 and modernity 4, 6 kolam xvi, 100 (fig. 9) 101 Krishna 11, 42, 51, 112, 157 Kuan Yin 42, 149, , 153 fig. 10 Lee, R.L.M. See Ackerman, S. and Lee, R.L.M. leela 62 legitimacy followership and ~ 89, 193 religious 131, 168 social 118 of state 3, 183, 185 lingam 40, 86, 92 logic of coherence 145 of encompassment 147 Hindu 123 Lord Muruga. See Murugan Mahamariamman Temple 172, 180 see also Amman Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 11 Mahasivaratri festival 54 Malay language 14, 15, 28 Malayan Union 25, 27 Malayan/Malaysian Chinese Association. See MCA Malaysian Hindu Sangam 31

4 Divinity and Diversity mantra 48, 61, 117 gayatri 61, 75 Marakkayar Muslims 23 Mazzoleni. See Catholics: priest MCA, Malayan/Malaysian Chinese Association 25, 28 McKean L. 3, 53 meditation 72, 75, 77, 125, 127 membership of Sai Baba organization 72, 81 Chinese 155 MIC, Malayan/Malaysian Indian Congress 25, 27 29, 180 missionary religion 78, 161. See also Christian: education Muhammad 42 Murugan 30, , 135, , 172, 175, 177, 179 Muslim Brotherhood 6 Nathpanthis 39 nationalism 1, 14, 24, 183 Indian 29 transcendence of ~ 6 nation-building 97, 113, 118, 183 New Economic Policy 185 new religious movements 2 3, 6 non-malay 15 Official Secrets Act 14 om 47, 61, 74, 131, 138 symbol 58 Operation Lalang 96 orthodoxy 8, 11, 12, 65, 67, 93 94, 137, 144 pantheon Chinese 152 Hindu 9 10, 120 Parsis 23 Penang 169, 172 piercing, 170, 172, 173 fig. 12, 178 pluralism Malaysian 184 modernity and ~ 3 religious 16 of Sai Baba movement 144 political culture 89, 193 Portuguese 20 prasad 76 Prema Sai Baba 38 love 58 priests 23, 30, 136 Brahmin 7 Catholic 54 Chinese 152 non-brahmin 116, 117 Prime Minister 86, 99, and commercial culture 185 and leadership and modernization of Islam 169 and open houses 183 and social ills and this-worldly renunciation and Vision , 28 Printing Presses and Publications Act 14 proselytization of Hindu youth 31 of Muslims 14, 28 by Sai Baba devotees 104, 161, 165 Protestant Buddhism 60 developments in Asian religions 6 ethic 7 values 3, 154 Pure Life Society, 31 Puttaparthi 34, 35 fig. 1, 37, 45, Rakan Muda programme 109 Ramadan 82, 183 Ramakrishna Mission 31 Ramayana 44, 111 revitalization Hindu 97, 101, 111 Islamic 147 religious 68 ritual 1, 47, 76 Brahminic 42 dharma and ~ 63 Dharma centre 125 healing and ~ 90 93, 123, hierarchy 31 Hindu 48, 116 intra-ethnic 182 laxity

5 purity 177 sanitization and ~ 182, 184 singular and collective modes 191 status 30 women and ~ 83, 142 See also vibhuti sacrifice in Bhagavad Gita 11 blood 30 31, 78 purification and 59, 60 women and self-sacrifice 140 See also ego: sacrifice of ~ Sahaja Yoga 6, 161 Sai Ram 44 Salecl R. 46 Sandweiss S. H. xv, 48, 52 Shaivite ascetics 39 Ceylonese Association 113 Tamil organizations 31 salvation 33, 51, 144 ash and ~ 54 bhakti 42 bodhisattva and ~ 152 Chinese and ~ 164 universal 63 secularization 1, 53 Sedition Act 14 sedition laws 96 selfhood 2, 11, 13, 16 nationhood and ~ 36 37, 44 sublimation of ~ 47 shen 152, 162 Shintoism 74 Sikhs 23, Sindhis 23 mythology of ~ 40 Siva ash and ~ 54 the deity 12, 30 mythology of ~ 40 the Siva Family 31 Siva-Sakti 40 spiritual power 49 sublime love and ~ 46 Social Action Initiative 99, 109 Societies Act 14 South Africa. See Hindus, in ~ Sri Lanka 13 suffering autonomy and ~ 133 Index 211 cause of 62 compassion for ~ 60 meaning and ~ xvii, 2, 5 personal 16 relief of ~ 63 symbolism 2 ambiguous 12 of ascetism 41 Hindu 154 Sai 66 of Thaipusam 183 Taoism 74 totalitarianism hierarchy and ~ 9 of modernity 1 2, 12 TRAC (Tradition, Religion, Aspiration and Culture) , 104, 106, 160 Tradition, Religion, Aspiration and Culture. See TRAC trance 92, , Chinese spirit mediums and ~ 152 at Thaipusam 170, 172 Trinidad 41, 42, 161 See also Hindus: in Trinidad Trinidadians 13, 42 43, 54, 161 truth. See democratic truth and totalitarian ~ Turner V. 66, 190 udhi 38 UMNO (United Malays National Organization) 25 26, 28, 83, 184, 186 United Malays National Organization. See UMNO unity in diversity 14, 100 universalism moral 10, 147 religious 6, 10, 17, 43, 92, 93, Universities and Colleges Act 14, 96 urbanization 14, 19 vel 170 vibhuti 70, 111 miraculous appearance of ~ 98,

6 Divinity and Diversity miraculous production of ~ 6 fig. 3, 50, passim, 151 healing power of ~ 91, 92 protection and ~ 140 use in ritual 76, See also ritual Virgin Mary 42 Vishnu 37 Vision , 28, 82, 106 Vivekananda 11 Western culture 45 46, 103 devotees 48 ideas 11, 194 reason 31, 53 religious traditions 7, 45, 54, 62 spiritual seekers 39 values 15 women 61 Westernization 103, 193 dakwah and ~186 Willford A. 181, 183, 188 Zoroaster 42 Zoroastrianism 58,