7 th Grade History Study Guide
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1 7 th Grade History Study Guide World History and Geography The Decline of the Roman Empire! In the ancient Roman Empire, barbarians were considered people living along Rome s borders.! Barbarians were also anyone who did not speak the Roman Latin.! The first emperor of Rome was Cesar Augustus.! By C.E. 117, Rome had reached its greatest size, It extended from Scotland in the north, to Africa in the south, and from the Atlantic in the west, to Syria in the east.! Provinces were out outside of Italy and ruled by Rome.! Provinces were valuable to Rome because they provided buffer zones protecting the Empire, food and natural resources, and manpower for the legions and taxes for the government.! Rome supported the provinces by building roads and aqueducts and providing protection in case of attack.! The final collapse of the Western Empire occurred in C.E. 476.! Roman emperors increased the size of the Roman Empire by conquering new territory.! Rome s contributions to architecture include the arch, the dome, and the column.! Latin as a language enabled Christianity to spread throughout the Empire.! Upon his death, emperor Augustus declared the Roman Empire should be split in two.! Internal problems that helped Rome s downfall were ambitious generals, civil wars, and economic problems.! Rome declined because the army became too expensive, the barbarians invaded the Empire, Roman armies fought among themselves, and Rome became too large to govern. Islam! Areas in deserts which get water from wells or underground springs are oases.! Nomads wandered across the Arabian peninsula looking for food and water, and grazing areas for their animals.! Irrigation systems in the Middle East were both underground and along streams using water wheels.! The Five Pillars of Islam are the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, prayer, faith, and Zagat (sharing of wealth).! The written record of Allah s words revealed to Muhammad is the Qur an.! Muhammad, while in a desert cave, saw a vision of Gabriel who commanded him to recite.! A belief that there is one God is monotheism! The collection of the words and deeds of Muhammad written down after several generations is called the Sunna.! A Muslim house of worship is a mosque.! The Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea all surround the Arabian Peninsula.! According to Islamic teachings, the Ka bah was built by Abraham and Ishmael to remind everyone of Abraham s belief in God.! Baghdad became the capital of the Islamic world because it was situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and it was along major East-West trade routes.! Muslim achievements included astronomy, geometry, medicine, and mathematics.
2 Africa! Most people in West Africa lived in small villages.! A person who told stories was usually called a griot.! Mansa Musa was the great emperor who traveled to Mecca with 80 camels, each loaded with 100 pounds of gold dust.! The empire of Ghana fell in the Battle of Kirina in 1235.! West African terrain consisted mainly of grasslands and forests.! Many West African societies practiced matrilineal succession. This means that descent is traced through the females of society.! Ghana was at the center of a major trade route.! Salt and gold were close to equal in value in Ghana.! Salt was necessary in the diet of West Africans.! The new empire of Mali was governed by Sundiata.! The Muslim traders brought a system of numbers, the Islamic religion, and a system of writing to West African societies.! The Niger River was important to transport gold.! The Sub-Saharan civilizations of Mali and Ghana have present-day countries with the same name.! Songhai grew by expanding its borders and establishing learning and trade centers.! The three empires of West Africa existed in this order: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.! Kinship or family relationships formed the political and religious structure of West Africa. China! The ideas of Buddhism include suffering is a part of life, life is a cycle of birth and death, and meditation.! Daoism stressed that everything in life should be in harmony with nature.! Respect for elders, proper conduct, and the proper behavior of rulers are key elements of Confucianism.! Physical barriers on the east, southwest, and west protected and isolated China.! Emperor Wen encouraged the practice of Buddhism.! In the Sui and early Tang dynasties, aristocrats held most of the jobs in the government, and could study for the civil service exams.! A meritocracy is the name for a system in which people are chosen for employment and are able to move up within an organization.! Tang and Song painters portrayed human figures as small. This appears to show that humans are not as important as the beauty of nature, and humans have a very small part in the natural world.! During the 700 s improvements in roads, canals, and waterways improved transportation and enabled messengers and other government officials to travel more easily throughout China.! Extra products, which are not needed, may be sold or traded. These can be called a surplus.! The Chinese invented printing, the fishing reel, and paper currency.! Moveable type enabled Chinese scholars to quickly copy Confucian classics. Japan! Zen Buddhism stressed spiritual discipline and enlightenment and appealed to many Samurai because book learning was not stressed.! The era of the Shoguns lasted for more than 250 years. During this time, the Shoguns banned Christianity from Japan, opened up new trade routes to Europe, and established a line of succession.! Courtiers were merchants who were employed by the emperor.
3 ! The sea was important to Japan s development because it was a major resource and it surrounded the Japanese islands, thereby isolating them.! Physical qualities of Japanese women which were admired included blackened teeth, hair as long as or equal to her height, and shaved eyebrows.! The Japanese developed a system of writing called Kanji, which was based on the system of Chinese characters.! In the Japanese feudal system, the emperor was at the top, followed by the Shoguns, samurai, and then the peasants.! A military life known as Samurai, the way of the warrior, was characterized by early weapon training and commitment to a strict lifestyle.! The Code of the Samurai was called the Bushido. It stressed loyalty and honor.! The Daimyo was the ruler of the Samurai. The samurai would swear and oath of loyalty to his Daimyo.! Shinto, Japan s main religion holds that everything in the natural world is filled with spirits. European in the Middle Ages! The stated purpose of the Crusades was to insure the safe travel of Christians who wanted to visit the Holy Land. In reality, the Crusades were fought to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims.! As a result of the Crusades, ideas and products were introduced to Europe.! As a result of the Crusades, the Jewish populations in both Europe and the Middle East were attacked by Christians. Christians also burned and looted Constantinople.! Jews continued to be persecuted throughout the Medieval era.! Castles became obsolete in part because gunpowder was introduced in Europe. The castles were no match for the new weapons developed that used gunpowder.! Monasteries during the Middle Ages were self-sufficient and served as an outposts for learning.! During the Middle Ages, invasions of Europe came from both the sea and over land.! Charlemagne was crowed the Holy Roman Emperor, defeated the Slavs and the Lombards, and reduced Church corruption.! Improved technology helped increase farming production in Europe. Among them are horseshoes, which allowed farmers to use horses instead of oxen, and metal-tipped plows which allowed farmers to reach deeper into the soil.! A guild was a group of craftspeople possessing the same skill.! If any group lived a comfortable life during the Middle Ages, they were the clergy.! The building of a cathedral was so important because it was a monument to the glory of God and the power of the church.! Under feudalism in Europe, people received protection from large landowners in return for military service, working on the lord s land, and performing necessary tasks such as repairing bridges, working in the mill, or gathering wood.! Vassals were landowners who had given title of their estate to the feudal lord. Vassals also served the king.! The qualities important in feudalism were courtesy, loyalty, bravery and obedience. These became known as chivalry and became the code of the Knights.! The Magna Carta was one of the most important documents that came out of the Medieval period because it made official the idea that ordinary people had rights, set up the basis for the idea of due process of law, and stated that the king was subject to the law of the land.! Because monks and priests were among the only members of society who could read and write, the Church was a leader in the preparation of documents, preservation of manuscripts, and the education of society and the eventual founding of universities.! Cordoba was the capital of the Islamic Empire in Spain. It had more than 70 libraries, 200,00 people, and beautiful palaces and mosques.
4 Renaissance! Sir Thomas More was famous for writing Utopia.! Major ideas of the Renaissance included realism, humanism, and individualism.! Italy became a center of the early Renaissance due in part to its location.! The Church lost some of its power during the Renaissance because European states became more powerful.! Explorers trying to find the shortest way to the east were motivated by the search for spices.! The plague had a large impact on feudal society of the Middle Ages because it created a shortage of workers, peasants demanded higher payment for work, and peasants moved to towns to find jobs.! People who were concerned with the Greek and Roman classics and saw the importance of public service were called humanists.! Heretics were people who were not accepted by the Church because they had different views from the Church.! Renaissance artists depicted people as they really appeared. They also used the idea of linear perspective. Renaissance artists also began to paint mixing oil with paint.! Leonardo da Vinci was famous for his painting, science discoveries, and accomplishments in many other areas. Among his creative ideas were the drawings for a horseless carriage and a parachute.! Patrons were extremely important during the Renaissance because they provided money for artists and writers to complete their work.! During the Renaissance, Jews were prohibited from owning land, and they were restricted to certain neighborhoods called ghettos.! Michelangelo, a foremost artist during the Renaissance studied the human anatomy so he could draw and sculpt the human figure realistically.! William Shakespeare, one of the world s greatest playwrights, revealed strengths and weaknesses of humans through his characters. Most of his plays can be classified into three types: comedies, histories, and tragedies.! Johannes Gutenberg helped spread Renaissance ideas with the European invention of the moveable type printing press.! Life for the common person during the Renaissance remained much like it had been during the Middle Ages.! The Black Death (the plague) moved across Europe rapidly from 1347 to It was carried by fleas on rats living on trade ships traveling between Asia and Europe.! The Medici family of Florence controlled a system of international banks in Europe.! Miguel de Cervantes was famous for writing Don Quixote. Reformation! The authority of the Catholic Church decreased largely as a result of the Great Schism when the Church has two popes at the same time.! John Calvin, Martin Luther, John Wycliff, and Ulrich Zwingli all protested against Church practices like excessive taxes and indulgences.! Predestination is the belief that God has determined all things ahead of time as well as salvation.! Martin Luther believed that priests should not have any special powers because they were priest.! The end of a Golden Age of achievements in Spain occurred as Ferdinand expelled all Jews from Spain.! The Counter Reformation was an attempt to restore basic Catholic beliefs and get rid of corruption.
5 ! The Calvinists, followers of John Calvin, believed that one should lead a simple life and be devoted to God. They also believed that nothing should interfere with individual experience of God.! Justification by faith, a key idea of Martin Luther, held that a person could achieve forgiveness if he accepted God.! The 95 Theses of Martin Luther stated his objections to the corruption within the Catholic church and the practice of selling indulgences.! The Church promoted special religious orders to help spread the ideas of the Church. The Jesuits are one example of this.! King Henry VIII of England demanded that the Church grant him a divorce. When the Church refused, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy creating the Church of England, splitting off from the Catholic church. Meso-America! Early people in America migrated to the new land by means of a land bridge across the Bering Sea.! The Olmec civilization which existed from about 1200 until 400 B.C.E had spiritual, military, and government officials called priest-kings.! Mayan civilization was based on agriculture. They dug moats and canals to bring water to arid places.! The Mayan thought the priests could interpret the will of the gods by studying the Mayan calendars. With the help of math, the priests could also help determine what were good times to plant crops, and figure out the mood of the gods.! Two of the Mayan achievements included a system of writing called hieroglyphics and a calendar.! Aztec farming methods made use of floating gardens called chinampas.! The Aztec settled in a swampy island in Lake Texcoco because they believed they were told by their gods to build a city at the place where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus holding a snake in its beak.! Aztecs learned to be skillful warriors by fighting neighboring tribes.! The Inca king was called the Sapa Inca. The people believed he was descended from the gods.! The Inca differed from the Maya and Aztec in that they had no written language.! The Inca used a technique called terrace farming to raise crops on mountain slopes.! The Aztec practiced sacrifices because they believed that if one was sacrificed, he would become divine. They also wanted to frighten their enemies. They captured prisoners from other tribes and sacrificed them as well.! The Aztec and Inca empires had weakened by the time the Spanish arrived in the New World. Both had been involved in civil wars causing them to lose strength. Disease also killed many of their soldiers. Scientific Revolution! The Scientific Revolution was the period of time during the 15 th and 16 th centuries characterized by new scientific ideas and the challenge of existing beliefs.! Galileo s ideas challenged beliefs of the Catholic church because the earth-centered universe was the accepted view.! Galileo made new discoveries through observation. Among them were the theory of oval planet orbits.! Scientific method as a series of steps using observation and experimentation in research. It also included a hypothesis which could be verified by testing.! Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus may be thought of as one of the first scientists to use data obtained from accurate observation to refute accepted belief.! Scientists and Reformation leaders both questioned ideas which had existed for years.
6 ! Mathematician Isaac Newton had logical explanations regarding forces in the universe. He discovered that the force called gravity held the universe together.! A revolutionary aspect of scientific method was that people could not learn by accepting truths. Truths must be tested and proved.! One of Kepler s contributions to astronomy was that orbits of planets were oval.! Edward Jenner, through a series of experiments, discovered a vaccine for cowpox. He also discovered that cowpox and small pox were related.! The Catholic Church admitted the error condemning Galileo almost 300 years after the fact. Enlightenment, The Age of Exploration, and the Age of Reason! The Renaissance was an important period to Enlightenment thinkers because humanists believed in the importance of the individual. Humanists believed that if people could understand the world, they could improve it.! The Age of Enlightenment was a optimistic time for many people because they thought that through reason new ideas could help improve society.! One of the major ideas of the Enlightenment was applying the principles of scientific reason to social and political problems.! John Locke wrote Two Treaties of Government in In it he argued that an agreement between people and their ruler called a contract was the basis of government. He also said that people had a right to overthrow the ruler if the contract was not followed, and each person had the rights to life, liberty, and property protection.! Thomas Jefferson borrowed many ideas from Locke when he wrote the Declaration of Independence.! Montesquieu argued that a king or queen s power should be limited. He thought the best way to do this was to separate the government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Montesquieu s ideas were used in the writing of the American Constitution.! Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that if government did not serve the needs of its people, the contract could be cancelled.! New information from travelers such as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, improved maps and inventions that reached Europe and created desire for such items such as silk, gold, and spices. It also created an interest in exploration.! Portugal, in the need of money, sent explorers to the New World in search for gold.! Bullion is gold or silver bars of a certain weight.! Deists were religious thinkers. Deists believed in the existence of a God or Supreme Being but denied revealed religion, basing their beliefs on the light of nature and reason.! Voltaire was known as one of the most important writers of the Enlightenment.! Natural Rights were rights guaranteed to all including life, liberty, and the right to own property.! The Industrial Revolution brought a change in the way goods were produced and provided a new opportunity for workers coming to the cities.! The first sailor to successfully lead an expedition that circumnavigated the globe was Magellan.! Christopher Columbus led four voyages to the New World. Though he never set foot on North American soil, he is credited with discovering America. Columbus was the first sailor who tried to sail west to find the Orient. References Kash, Jeff. The California Standard History Test. Mr. Kash s History Page. Madison Middle School, Los Angeles Unified School District, Social Studies Teacher Mr. Kash. 4 December December <URL >
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