The Stuart Period (Please know these dates!) Part 1

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1 The Stuart Period (Please know these dates!) Part 1 About the period The Stuart Period truly can be called an era of. England transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and from a tyrannical to tolerant church. James I ( )- When Elizabeth died in 1603 without an heir, it was decided that her cousin, King James VI of Scotland would unite the crowns of England and Scotland as James I. Upon assuming the throne, King James immediately declared his divine right to rule England on his own and dissolved for nearly eleven years. By this time, many English Protestants were dissatisfied with the Church of England. As Puritans and other dissenters grew stronger, James persecuted them, resolving to harry [them] out of the land. The reign of James I ended in conflict with Parliament, war with Spain, and the rising discontent of the sector. During the 17 th century, the gained tremendous political, social, and ecclesiastical power in England. Wishing to the Church of England of its Roman influence, the Puritans opposed the because, as head of the church, he refused to make the changes they desired. King severely persecuted the Puritans, and thousands fled to the New World, where they could worship freely. He believed in the divine of kings. - Parliament, as the legal representative of the English people, drew up the Petition of, which reaffirmed the rights of the English people in a formal declaration. - He dismissed in 1629, beginning what is now known as the Years Tyranny. England, now an monarchy, was divided between her loyalty to the king and her desire for freedom. As the conflict between the king and Parliament continued, each side prepared for. Those who supported the king, known as, fought for the principle of the king s divine right. Those who opposed the king were called because of their short, bowlshaped haircuts. The English Civil War began officially on August 22, 1642, when the king raised his banner in the town of Nottingham. Very early in the war, emerged as a powerful leader of the Puritan army. In 1649, Cromwell established a new English government known as the. The Commonwealth became a military dictatorship more severe than the it replaced. The army beheaded King. Cromwell later dissolved Parliament and formed a new government called the Protectorate. After Cromwell s death in 1658, his son, Richard Cromwell, became Lord. Lacking his father s strong leadership, he was replaced by Charles, son of the deposed Charles I. The monarchy was fully restored. Charles II was as as his father because of his self-regarding ways, devotion to pleasure, and harsh measures against religious dissent. James II came to the throne in James II was the first avowed ruler since Mary Tudor. His arrogant behavior enraged England especially since he illegally appointed Catholics to military and civilian posts. 1 of 17

2 James II's daughters, (wife of Holland's ruler and Protestant hero, William of ) and Anne, both Protestants, disapproved of his character and rule. When in June of 1688 James II's wife gave birth to a son, fear of a dynasty spread. Three weeks later, leaders of Parliament invited Mary's husband William to secure the throne for his wife and ensure Protestantism for her subjects. When William and his troops arrived in November, James lacking support, the country. On February 6, 1689, William and Mary were crowned jointed rulers of England, for Mary would not accept a position above her husband's. The nation had completed a transition from Stuart absolutism and Catholicism to a Protestant limited monarchy similar to England's today. This transition was known as the " " or "Bloodless" revolution. Before receiving the crown, William III and Mary II had to assent to a Declaration (later, ) of Rights designed to prevent future abuses of royal power. By its provisions the English monarch cannot suspend or dispense with the law of the, maintain a peacetime army, or rule without frequent sessions of Parliament. He can neither be a Roman nor be married to one. About the literature Three major groups that wrote literature in this era: - - Cavalier poets - Metaphysical poets The masterpieces of the age were written by Puritans: John, the greatest poet of the and the second greatest writer in English literature, produced England s greatest, Paradise Lost; John, the greatest writer of the age, produced England s greatest, The Pilgrim s Progress. and Metaphysical poets were, for the most part, loyal to the king and the Anglican Church. Called the tribe of because of their admiration for Ben, the Cavalier poets were lyricists of a lighter vein who emphasized the of this world and wrote love songs to or about. Metaphysical poets were interested in things of the, the soul, and eternity. Following the example of their leader John, the Metaphysical poets George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, and Thomas Traherne were known for fusing passionate and logical and using rich imagery and conceits to express spiritual truths. The of the period dealt with a variety of subjects, particularly argument and controversy in government, philosophical and religious subjects, history, and biography and love of the nature. There was a decline in after Shakespeare and Jonson. About Cavalier Poetry * * Soldiers and courtiers wrote graceful, polished, light-hearted poems centered in their contemporary world. These poems were about, war, loyalty to the king, and living the life. * The Cavalier poets include the courtiers, Richard Lovelace and Sir John Suckling; the clergyman, Robert Herrick; and two men, George Wither and Edmund Waller, who later became. 2 of 17

3 * Characteristics of Cavalier literature: - Associated with Charles I, II, and the class - - Reflects a love of - Carpe Diem seize the - was given a light-hearted treatment. About Metaphysical poetry * Characteristics of Metaphysical literature: Shocking and comparisons Use of the metaphysical (an extended metaphor that usually extends through all of the poem) Produces meaning through Typically in quality; use of themes Emphasizes the and contradictions of life Analytical, argumentative, Themes: love,, and religious devotion * The best-known Metaphysical poets were John, George, Henry Vaughan, and Thomas Traherne. * The highly original and intellectual metaphysical points out unusual parallels between highly dissimilar elements. Sir Francis Bacon Knowledge is power. Imagination was given to man to compensate him for what he is not; a sense of humor to console him for what he is. Silence is the sleep that nourishes wisdom. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 3 of 17

4 A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. The job of the artist is always to deepen the mystery. About Sir Francis Bacon * Sir Francis Bacon served in several government positions under James I. He was knighted in 1603 but fell politically in He was charged with taking and pled guilty. He was fined 40,000 pounds, banished from court, imprisoned in the Tower of London, and barred from holding public office. Though the fine and prison sentence were remitted, Bacon's career was, and he retired. * He especially saw the historical value of, gunpowder, and the compass. He believed that more direct observation of external phenomena and less dependence on philosophical authorities for information about the world. His Novum Organum explains the "new instrument"--scientific induction--by means of which this should proceed. * Bacon is often called the father of modern science for his recommending of the --inductive investigation that uses experiments to verify a. * Bacon is also known as the father of the. John Donne Any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankind; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent. Reason is our soul's left hand, faith her right. Nature's great masterpiece, an elephant; the only harmless great thing. About John Donne * First and of the Metaphysical poets * The best-known is in "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning." The two points of the are used to describe his love. * His poetry is divided into two periods, his Donne years and the John Donne years. 4 of 17

5 * The poems written in his, the Jack Donne period, are mostly secular poems characterized by worldliness. Obviously, he was womanizer in his youth. Do not read these poems indiscriminately. * His later poems are concerned with themes. During this period, he wished that he had written his Jack Donne poems. One can tell from the change in his poetry that Donne became a Christian and sincerely loved the Lord. - Death Be Not Proud - Batter My Heart Three-Personed God - A Hymn to God the Father - A Hymn to God My God, In My Sickness * Most of his poems were not published until after his. * Donne married seventeen-year-old Anne More without receiving parental and was imprisoned for this offense. * He later became the dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in London and was the most celebrated in a city of famous preachers. He preached the funeral sermon of King. "Holy Sonnet 10: Death, Be Not Proud" Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so; For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me. From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow, And soonest our best men with thee do go, Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery. Thou'art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, And poppy'or charms can make us sleep as well And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then? One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. About A Hymn to God the Father * This very personal poem is a which was set to a somber tune and sung by Donne s at St. Paul s Cathedral in London. * It was written during Donne s, and he later found great comfort in hearing it sung. * The first two lines are a biblical allusion to 's original sin (sin that was done before). * The hymn is to God the, but is actually addressed to the Son; Donne puns the Son as Jesus and the sun in the sky. * In this prayer, Donne asks for for repeated sin over which he is trying to gain victory. ( Wilt thou forgive those sins, through which I run, / and do run still: though still I do deplore? ) 5 of 17

6 * He uses frequently in this poem. The word done means "done forgiving" and Donne. In the third stanza Sun references both the sun in the sky and the Son of God, Christ. Also, the word more in stanza three could be a pun on Donne's wife's Anne Moore. To become closer to Christ, one must be willing to leave all. * In the first stanza Donne asks God s for his sin. In the second stanza, he asks for the evil influence of his sin which caused others to. In the last stanza, he confesses his sin of fear that he will die like a when it has spun its last thread, yet he fears no more because he has assurance of through the death of Jesus Christ. * Thread in stanza 3 is a also a reference to the 3. Remember, Clotho is the one who spins the thread of our lives, Lachesis is the one who twists the threads and thus creates the circumstances, and Atropos is the one who the thread of life. * Shore in the third stanza refers to the entrance of. In classical mythology, one always has to pass through water upon death. This mythological idea has been translated to Christianity. For instance, this could also be an to The Pilgrim's Progress (Christian has to cross the river before entering the Celestial City). Furthermore, today we have songs such as "Shall We Gather at the River?" * How many rhymes are in this poem? Ben Jonson True happiness consists not in the multitude of friends, but in the worth and choice. There is no greater hell than to be a prisoner of fear. He that is taught only by himself has a fool for a master. He knows not his own strength that has not met adversity. They that know no evil will suspect none. To speak and to speak well, are two things. A fool may talk, but a wise man speaks. He was not for an age, but for all time! 6 of 17

7 About Ben Jonson Ben Jonson was the stepson of a bricklayer and served in the military for money. He was frequently embroiled in. He was imprisoned twice for acting in plays offensive to the government. He killed a fellow actor in a and escaped hanging only by claiming benefit of clergy, an ancient immunity to civil punishment granted to the accused who could show an ability to read and write. Shakespeare's acting company acted Jonson's first play, and himself acted in the play. Jonson became the English author to publish his own complete works--in large, impressive volumes normally reserved for editions of famous classical authors. It is often said that Ben Jonson had the greatest disadvantage of any writer in history to live and work at the same time as. Poet and England s first poet, pensioned by the king About Song to Celia One of poems he addressed to, a character in one of his plays, Volpone Celia is an lady to whom Jonson addressed his love poems. Set to music in the 18 th century How does the speaker express his love to Celia? The stanzas in this poem present two series of increasingly propositions. Stanza 1 - The lady s return of gaze is better than a toast. - Her kiss in the cup is better than wine. - These are nectar (the mythological drink of the gods) to the soul. - They are better than nectar. Stanza 2 - The wreath was sent to the lady to enable it to retain its life. - It was returned not only to living but also growing. - It also was giving off fragrance. - The fragrance was not its own but hers. The lady is, successively, a being whose attention and favor are - more desirable than wine - - better than - sustainer of - transfuser of About "On My First Son" * This was written after the death of Jonson's seven-year-old son, Benjamin, from the plague in of 17

8 * Notice that the consolation (the child has the miseries of life) is not specifically Christian. There is mention of God or heaven, only of fate and sleep. Jonson did write several poems expressing traditional belief in a Christian deity and afterlife. This one is more typical of the religious stance in his poems, which are generally drained of non-classical attitudes and themes. * The resolution to grow too attached to anything lest one lose it is an expression of pessimistic. Jonson wished he never had a son if his son had to die, but at the same time he can't seem to let his son go. * One can tell that Jonson really loved his son and considered him greater than any of his. George Herbert He that cannot forgive others, breaks the bridge over which he himself must pass if he would ever reach heaven; for everyone has need to be forgiven. Do not wait; the time will never be "just right." Start where you stand, and work with whatever tools you may have at your command, and better tools will be found as you go along. Good words are worth much, and cost little. Prayer should be the key of the day and the lock of the night. Storms make the oak grow deeper roots. About George Herbert * One of the most important of the Metaphysical poets, was known for his life and intense devotion to God * He wrote the finest devotional poetry in English. He was a country parson for the church even though his aristocratic birth could have afforded him a better life. He chose to the scope of his ministry in the eyes of the world but thereby increased his spiritual impact. * He often wrote poems such as The Altar and Easter Wings. 8 of 17

9 * His poems are found in The, a volume of poetry that was published shortly after his. His poems are intellectual, dramatic, and bold in their imagery. "The Pulley" When God at first made man, Having a glass of blessings standing by, Let us, said he, pour on him all we can. Let the world s riches, which dispersèd lie, Contract into a span. So strength first made a way; Then beauty flowed, then wisdom, honour, pleasure. When almost all was out, God made a stay, Perceiving that, alone of all his treasure, Rest in the bottom lay. For if I should, said he, Bestow this jewel also on my creature, He would adore my gifts instead of me, And rest in Nature, not the God of Nature; So both should losers be. Yet let him keep the rest, But keep them with repining restlessness; Let him be rich and weary, that at least, If goodness lead him not, yet weariness May toss him to my breast. "The Collar" I struck the board, and cried, "No more; I will abroad! What? shall I ever sigh and pine? My lines and life are free, free as the road, Loose as the wind, as large as store. Shall I be still in suit? Have I no harvest but a thorn To let me blood, and not restore What I have lost with cordial fruit? Sure there was wine Before my sighs did dry it; there was corn Before my tears did drown it. Is the year only lost to me? Have I no bays to crown it, No flowers, no garlands gay? All blasted? All wasted? Not so, my heart; but there is fruit, And thou hast hands. Recover all thy sigh-blown age On double pleasures: leave thy cold dispute Of what is fit and not. Forsake thy cage, Thy rope of sands, Which petty thoughts have made, and made to thee Good cable, to enforce and draw, And be thy law, While thou didst wink and wouldst not see. Away! take heed; I will abroad. Call in thy death's-head there; tie up thy fears; He that forbears To suit and serve his need Deserves his load." But as I raved and grew more fierce and wild At every word, Methought I heard one calling, Child! And I replied My Lord. 9 of 17

10 About "Redemption" * What kind of poem is this? * The allegory in this poem is based on Matthew 13:44 with reflections on Matthew 18:23-27 and the quest of the Magi (Matt ). * A tenor is the essential being conveyed, and a vehicle is the embodiment of the idea. * In this poem the landlord-tenant relationship provides the basis for an allegory of Christian redemption. * Redemption is a and commercial term referring to the reclaiming or "buying back" of a former possession, whether land, a pawned object, or a person sold into slavery or taken prisoner in battle. * The beginning of the poem describes how a farmer is given a house and some land by his landlord to till in return for an annual payment of rent or for a share of his crops. However, the crops do not thrive so the tenant want a piece of land from the lord. He searches for the lord in grand places, but the tenant does not find the lord until the end of the poem. The lord grants the tenant's petition and. * The poem implies that the rich lord had to buy the land he had leased to the tenant (or reestablish is claim to it) before he could him a lease on easier terms. Tenor Vehicle mankind tenant the rich lord covenants leases kingdom of land spiritual history search granting of request * The lord is in heaven, nor in the obvious places on earth for one to find royalty. He is among thieves and murderers just like Jesus ministered to sinners and died next to. He is aware of the tenant and his requests already just like Jesus knows of our needs and search for Him we pray to Him. He is to grant the request just like only Jesus can extend the offer of salvation. The act of granting is his just like Jesus' death made possible our home in heaven. * Notice the in the poem. The tenant expects to find the lord in grand places, but he finds him with "thieves and murders." Furthermore, the lord is surprised; he has been preparing for the arrival of the tenant even before the tenant was aware of his need. About Love * Have you ever felt out of place at a social gathering? Who made you feel at ease? * This poem is a dialogue between the speaker and (or God). He develops an analogy of one being invited to a home for a meal. The guest is hesitant to accept the because he feels unworthy, but when he comes to the house, the host welcomes him and desires to serve him. Because the guest has been unkind and ungrateful, he cannot look at the host. The host tells the guest that He has made his, and the guest replies that he has 10 of 17

11 marred them (a reference perhaps to the of the eyes). reminds him that someone else has already borne the. The guest then responds to s invitation to sit down and eat. * The poem is a beautiful picture of man responding to God s through Jesus Christ. * Know the lines, Love bade me welcome: yet my soul drew back, / Guilty of dust and sin. John Milton The mind is its own place and in itself, can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven. He who reigns within himself and rules passions, desires, and fears is more than a king. Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties. Death is the golden key that opens the palace of eternity. None can love freedom heartily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but licence. The superior man acquaints himself with many sayings of antiquity and many deeds of the past, in order to strengthen his character thereby. About John Milton * Second English poet * Most outstanding poet of the century * Studied and Latin writers and poems, composed poetry in English, Italian, Latin, and Greek * - He lost his during his marriage to his first wife (He was married times.). He also wrote Sonnet 19: On His at this time. * Saw the importance of and obedience to 11 of 17

12 * Works - Lycidas - England s greatest elegy that commemorated the of Edward King, a former classmate - Areopagitica- a cry for freedom of the - Also, after he became, he produced his greatest works: + Paradise Lost + Paradise Regained + Samson Agonistes About Paradise Lost * Greatest in English literature * Why is Paradise Lost an epic? * Milton s grand attempt to justify the ways of God to men (, purpose of the work) (Please know this line.) * Tells the biblical story of man s, beginning with Satan s revolt against God and his plot against Adam and Eve * Gives a biblical answer to the question, Why does exist in our world? * Ends with a of the redemption of Adam and Eve and of the future of human race * Remarkable even though he dictated no more than lines per sitting * Combined classical literature and mythology with the biblical account of the and fall of man * Know lines 44-45: The mind is its own place, and in itself / Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven. * Note that much of the work is written from 's perspective. * Written in, unrhymed iambic pentameter * Summary: Satan and the rebellious angels are cast out of heaven and decide to invade the earth and deceive humans to turn against God, forcing God to destroy them. Satan enters the body of a serpent, and Eve, wandering too far from Adam, is beguiled by the serpent to eat the forbidden fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Afraid of having to suffer the consequences of her disobedience alone, Eve persuades Adam to eat the fruit as well. They see their nakedness and their sinfulness, and make clothes of leaves to cover themselves and their guilt. God, because of their disobedience, evicts the pair from the garden of Eden and posts a Cherubim at the gate that they may never enter again. Eve sees hope in the fact that even though by her all is lost, from her will come the Saviour. John Milton's Sonnets About "Sonnet 7" * This poem is a strictly organized sonnet. It may be outlined as follows: I. The problem: maturity (lines 1-8) A. A blossomless spring (lines 1-4) B. A lack of the appearance of ripening (lines 5-8) 1. External (lines 5-6) 2. Internal (lines 7-8) 12 of 17

13 II. The resolution: in God (liens 9-14) A. The individuality of the task (lines 9-12) B. The individuality of the preparation and progress (lines 13-14) * Milton's to slow maturity is patiently trusting in God. He is taking a step at a time in the path of 's will, neither lagging behind nor lunging ahead. We must also recognize that God has an individual for each life, which He permits to unfold in His own time and in His own way. About "Sonnet 18" * Line 4 refers to the worship of Catholicism in England before the Reformation. * Notice how the o sounds suggest the groans of the suffering. * The "triple tyrant" references the whose triple crown signifies his claim to the keys of earth, heaven, and hell. * The last three lines allude to the legend of Cadmus, the mythical founder of. Cadmus, with the aid of Athena, killed a dragon and sowed its in the field. From these teeth sprang up a hundred armed warriors. * The last three lines also allude to a famous passage in the Apologeticus of Tertullian, a Christian writer of the second century ( "The blood of the martyrs is the of the church.") About "Sonnet 19: On His Blindness" * Milton's eyesight had been weakening noticeably since about 1644 but did not totally until the winter of , when Milton turned forty-three. This poem seems to be Milton's reaction to his blindness. * Milton's "one talent" was of course eloquence, in or prose. The sonnet itself is reassuring evidence that this talent is not lodged within him useless as a result of his blindness. * What is the message of this poem? Samuel Pepys (pronounced peeps) Strange to see how a good dinner and feasting reconciles everybody. Thanks be to God. Since my leaving the drinking of wine, I do find myself much better, and do mind my business better, and do spend less money, and less time lost in idle company. 13 of 17

14 About the author * Samuel Pepys served as the main architect of the British. He even wrote a history of the Royal Navy. * Pepys is most known for years of recorded private observations in a shorthand diary. This diary is a primary document for historians of the early Restoration. His firsthand accounts of the Great Plague (1665), the Great (1666), and the Londoner's discover of the Dutch fleet in the Thames are unforgettable. Chiefly, the diary reveals Mr. Pepys character. He was both disgusted and loyal to the crown; he both disliked and admired the Puritans, and he lamented the degeneracy of the age while pursuing its pleasures. About Pepys's Diary * Do not read this diary indiscriminately. He gives a good deal of space to reporting his illicit affairs. He also reports the domestic created by his infidelity, and it is true that the ruin of his love relationship with his wife might serve as a dire warning to any who are similarly tempted. Nevertheless, the point can be made, if desired, reading the details. Other passages, of course, are quite worthwhile if excerpted from the whole. * The first two entries (August 17 and December 25, 1662) form a convenient for revealing Pepys's view of the outgoing and incoming clergy. Pepys attends services at a London church pastored heretofore by a Presbyterian clergyman and the royal chapel in White Hall where the of Winchester is conducting worship. The Presbyterian Bates, preaching the last time before being forced out, reveals sincerity of, conviction, and pulpit finesse. The Anglican bishop Morley, favored by the king, preaches a poor sermon that arouses only the jeering contempt of his audience, a reaction which Pepys wonders at until a bystander informs him of the bishop's failure to what he preaches. Popular feeling concerning religion was not evidently wholly or even mainly on the side of the bishops and the king. The Presbyterian clergy were recognized as men of ability and. * The entry for the last day of 1666, the year of the Great, reviews Pepys year and condemns the political and moral condition of society but also congratulates himself on having secured some share of its physical fruits. This reveals something of human. Pepys condemns the governmental wastefulness but still loves that he has from it. Pepys himself had made a small fortune by the age of thirty-three. * The last two entries also form a complementary pair and reveal Pepys's attitude toward the popular pleasures of the time, especially the. On both days he attended plays with his wife and her companion Deb Willet (with whom Pepys was engaging in a secret affair which, when discovered, destroyed the of his marriage). Notice Pepys's pleasure in the performance of the actress and his displeasure in the abuse of the Puritans--responses that suggest the moral of his mind. 14 of 17

15 John Bunyan In prayer it is better to have a heart without words than words without a heart. What God says is best, is best, though all the men in the world are against it. Prayer will make a man cease from sin, or sin will entice a man to cease from prayer. Pray often, for prayer is a shield to the soul, a sacrifice to God, and a scourge for Satan. About the author * Born in Elstow, a village about a mile from * As a child he seemed to have a consciousness of sin and was visited with strange dreams and. * Served in the Parliamentary * by sin which he tried to get rid of in his own way until he accepted Jesus as his personal * Joined the dissenters and became a * Extremely familiar with the * Arrested for without a license and spent years in Bedford jail * He refused to promise to give up if he were let out of jail. If you let me out today, I will preach again tomorrow, he said. * Imprisoned a second time when he wrote * Kipling called Bunyan the of the English novel. About The Pilgrim s Progress * The success of The Pilgrim's Progress challenges certain popular notions about literature: (1) that a work cannot be artistically and spiritually of the highest value, (2) that fiction is a waste of time or, at any rate a vehicle of spiritual truth, and (3) that the ministry of writing is as important as the ministry of congregational preaching * Widely read since its in of 17

16 * Still translated into many European, Asian, and African * copies are sold each year, more widely read in English than any other book except the * When it was first published, its was limited to the Puritans and other religious dissenters. * By the 19 th century, Bunyan s writing was admired for its mastery of the English language and its straightforward characterization. Even those who did not agree with Bunyan s theology admired his skill. * The English Romantic poet Samuel Taylor called The Pilgrim s Progress the greatest theological work ever produced by a writer not miraculously inspired. * Charles H. enjoyed it so much that he read it a year from the time he was years old. * Natural, easy to read, tale * * - a narrative in which the characters, places, and other items are * Bunyan's central figure is a general type with whom the ordinary believer can easily identify. He is Christian. No one has more successfully blended the abstract and the concrete in allegory than Bunyan. The meanings of the abstractions are generally signaled by their : personal and geographical. * Bunyan, the, begins the story by telling of his dream in about a man named who carries a burden on his back. Also, the narrator notices that Christian weeps while he reads directions from a. Christian is a man who has been convicted of and desires relief from sin s burden. He uses the Bible as his guide, and he listens to a preacher who faithfully uses God s Word to show others how to be. Although he meets opposition, he continues on his way. * Of what impending danger does Christian warn his family? How do they respond to his warning? * The Slough of Despond represents one of the spiritual which are laid for man. Men must keep their eyes open so that they will not fall into pitfalls of this sort. More specifically, the Slough represents the thoughts of that hold back the repentant sinner from assurance of salvation and progress in his Christian experience. Bunyan also suffered from these. Notice that it is Christian's that drags him down. * Obstinate and represent their respective character qualities which keep many men from being saved. Pliable is interested in salvation only for what he can get out of it. He is slowed in his pace and pressed down in the mire of the Slough of Despond by a burden like Christian's. He lacks sorrow for sin; he is driven by fear and guilt. Accordingly, his interest holds until he begins to encounter difficulties on the path. * Mr. Wiseman illustrates the devastating effect of the man who relies on wisdom that is contrary to God s plan. He is the satanic counterpart of Evangelist: a false spiritual guide. He is a gentleman and gives wrong advice. He is of Christians. There is humor in his advising Christian to get rid of his burden as if it were so simple a 16 of 17

17 matter as, say, a modern psychiatrist or liberal minister might consider it to be. Worldly wisdom is full of and compromises that lead men astray. * Evangelist, on the other hand, uses, a godly method. God said to Adam after the fall, "Where art thou?" Christ asks His disciples "What seek ye?" Evangelist, in the manner of a wise asks Christian - What he is doing there, - if he did not direct Christian to the way of the Wicket gate, - how did he so quickly turn aside, - who turned him aside, and - what did he say. * The hill that Mr. Worldly Wiseman urges Christian to climb is emblematic of the, whose purpose is to bring judgment and despair of achieving righteousness by personal effort. * The wicket gate is, of course, the strait (, righteous) gate of Matthew 7:13. It signifies the grace of God, which is available to all men. Christian responds to God's grace which will ultimately lead to his salvation. * The interpreter's House represents instruction available to the seeker of truth, specifically the guidance of the Interpreter, the. Bunyan held to the Reformation principle that the individual can interpret the scriptures for with the help of the Holy Spirit. The local church is an instrument of the Holy Spirit in the enlightenment of the seeking individual. In this episode Bunyan represents the ministry of the Holy Spirit salvation in the heart of the sinner. * When Christian comes to the cross, he loses his burden and is and justified by faith in Christ. His rags, which speak of his own righteousness, are replaced by the of righteousness given by Christ. He is given three tokens of God's grace to comfort him: a coat, a on his forehead, and a sealed roll. * Vanity Fair, the lively town through which they must pass, represents the system of the, which directly opposes Christianity. The vanities include not only sins but also legitimate possessions because they can likewise become when valued more highly than God. The Prince of Princes, or, once passed through Vanity Fair without being influenced in any way. * Faithful, after he is executed, is carried away in a fiery chariot like ; and Christian, like Elisha, is left on to carry on the work of God. * Who joined Christian after Faithful's death? 17 of 17