What, where and when were early Christian communities established? What, where and when were early Christian Churches established?

Transcription

1 Early Christian Churches What, where and when were early Christian communities established? What, where and when were early Christian Churches established? [use c.10 and p ] What early councils meet within Christendom? When and where did these occur? What issues were discussed? [use c.10 and p ]

2 Early Christian COMMUNITTIES diverse beginnings with few similarities = major differences grow (entrenchment) born on the fringe of the Roman Empire spreads in multiple directions simultaneously / attracts and recedes for the first 6 centuries of Christianity, most Christians lived in /or/ Arabia, Persia, Ethiopia, India or China

3 Early Christian Churches To the North and East: Syria / Turkey first actual Church structure in Christendom Syriac language / Huge Jewish influence (musical / chants) 3 rd Century - Persia sees numerous converts often seen as enemies (loyal to Rome) 4 th Century - Armenia first rulers to adopt Christianity / sacrificial animals (pre- Christian rituals) 4 th Century southern India 6 th Century Christian converts among the Arabs 7 th Century Chinese Christianity and to a lesser extent Central Asia Nestorianism or Church of the East 10 Century Kievan Rus 14 th Century some Mongols (until Ming) To the South and West Egyptian Coptic Church Monasticism yo Church of North Africa (Carthage) St. Augustine and martyrdom 4 th Century becomes the state religion of Axum later Ethiopia assert direct lineage to Jerusalem / use of Ge ez / Lalibela Churches 5-6 th Centuries - Nubia The Obvious: the Roman Empire by about the 4 th Century

4 Early Christian Churches What early councils meet within Christendom? When and where did these occur? What issues were discussed? Council of Nicaea in 325, Chalcedon in 451 and Constantinople in 553 sought to define orthodoxy the nature of Jesus (man, god or both) Jesus relationship to God (equal or subordinate) concept of the Holy Trinity what writings represent the Bible heretical / anathema views decreed Egyptian Christians monophysite (J not fully human) Nestorianism in the East emphasized the human aspect of Jesus the skinny, Roman Pope becomes the dominate source of TRUTH

5

6 The Byzantine Empire What was the identity of a Byzantine citizen? When did the Byzantine Empire begin?

7 Constantinople trade on Bosporus strait, natural harbor Roman and Greek technology and engineering

8 Justinian from 527 to 565 CE extends borders Hagia Sophia Corpus Juris Civils Caesaropapism Christianity unified diverse subjects

9

10

11

12

13

14 Byzantine Buffer withstood attacks from Persians, MUSLIMS, Slavs, Magyars, Mongols, and Vikings Kievan Rus Crusades lasting legacy 1453 CE and Mehmet II, a Turkish Muslim

15 The Western European Dark Ages Medieval = Middle in Latin Dating the Dark Ages is contentious What natural features contributed to W. Europe being an Outpost of Civilization? West Asia! Dense forests, sparse populations and few towns

16 Germanic Kingdoms How different than Romans? a. no written laws / instead relied on unwritten customs b. no cities c. kings elected only in times of war

17 Franks Clovis in 486 CE Charles Martel / 732 CE Battle of Tours Charles Magne Charlemagne

18 Why was Christmas day in the year 800 CE so significant to:

19 Charlemagne's Legacy Aachen as a Second Rome Alcuin of York, curriculum and manuscript copying Divisions at death

20 Invasion! Muslims, Magyars and VIKINGS!

21 Vikings [Danes, Varangian, Norse, Norsemen, Normans] Scarcity of land = exploration [global warming!] Plunder is easy when its free TRADE! Settle Kiev Greenland Norman Conquest

22 Feudalism The need for protection! Feudal contract complex Church/Crown, Lords (Vassals) knights, commoners, peasants and serfs

23 Feudal World Why did knights start tournaments? Castles Chivalry (double standard for women )

24 Manor System a Lord s estate...self-sufficient world A peasant s life

25 Christianity Full Circle Religious AND Secular Authority in West; Religion ONLY in East

26 R.C.C. & Medieval Life Wyd was his parisshe, and houses fer asonder, But he ne lefte nat, for reyn ne thonder, In siknesse nor in meschief to visite The ferreste in his parisshe, muche and lite, Upon his feet, and in his hand a staf. This noble ensample to his sheep he yaf, That first he wroghte, and afterward he taughte. Wide was his parish, houses far asunder, But never did he fail, for rain or thunder, In sickness, or in sin, or any state, To visit the farthest, regardless their financial state, Going by foot, and in his hand, a stave. This fine example to his flock he gave, That first he wrought and afterwards he taught

27 R.C.C. & Medieval Life Tithing Relics! SACREMENTS or HELL!!! knowledge is a powerful force!

28

29 Monasticism in Western Europe Monasteries (men) / convents (women) Paradise or prison?! Benedictine Rules Monte Cassino, Italy in 530 CE (3 vows) vow of obedience, poverty, chastity (silence) Centers of learning (copying!) Missionaries like St. Patrick

30 Growing Power of RCC Papal Supremacy and Papal Infallibility Bishops and priests appointed to high positions Due to their education Inasmuch as we have learned that, contrary to the establishments of the holy fathers, the investiture with churches is, in many places, performed by lay persons; and that from this case many disturbances arise in the church by which the Christian religion is trodden under foot: we decree that no one of the clergy shall receive the investiture with a bishopric or abbey or church from the hand of an emperor or king or of any lay person, male or female. But if he shall presume to do so he shall clearly know that such investiture is bereft of apostolic authority, and that he himself shall lie under excommunication until fitting satisfaction shall have been rendered.

31 Political Christianity Popes sought political and religious power through alliances with kings started crowning Holy Roman Emperors Investiture controversy disagreement with Pope over who names Bishops 1122 investiture compromise settled Germanic feudal, canon (church), and Roman law conflicted Excommunications Interdicts Power corrupts. Absolute power corrupts absolutely.

32 Political Christianity Cluniac Reforms no marriage for priests no selling of Church offices (simony) called for Church officials to appoint priests and bishops instead of laymen Friars and new Denominations Francis Assisi and Dominic = Franciscans and Dominicans

33 And Anti-Semitism

34

35 High Middle Ages [ ] Economic Revival: Iron plows Bills of Exchange and banking Towns become cities TRADE

36 High Middle Ages [ ] Political Consolidation (ending feudalism) Kings become powerful by: Collecting their own taxes / treasury Creating their own courts bureaucracy Creating their own armies Ex. King John, the Magna Carta and Parliament o King NOT above the law!!!

37 Crusades Byzantine (Roman) Emperor needs help; Muslim Sejluk Turks To liberate Holy Land

38

39 High Middle Ages [ ] Pope Urban II calls for the 1 st Crusade at the Council of Clermont Go, brothers, go with hope to the fight against the enemies of God, who for so long have dominated Syria, Armenia and the countries of Asia Minor. They have already committed many outrages: they have taken the Sepulcher of Christ and the marvelous monuments of our Faith; they have forbidden pilgrims to set foot in a city whose worth only Christians can truly appreciate. Are these facts not sufficient to upset the serenity of your faces? Go and show your worth! Go, soldiers, and your fame will spread over the entire world. Do not fear to lose the Kingdom of God because of the tribulation brought by war. If you will fall prisoner to the enemy, face the worse torments for your Faith and you will save your souls at the same moment you will lose your bodies. Do not hesitate, most dear brethren, to offer your lives for the good of your neighbor. Do not hesitate to go because of love for your family, your country, or your riches, since man owes his love principally to God. You will have the greatest happiness one can have in his life, which is to see the places where Our Lord spoke the language of men. To these words the faithful answered unanimously: " [God wills it!]

40 High Middle Ages [ ] Urban II added: Such a cry would not be unanimous if it were not inspired by the Holy Ghost. Let this be, then, your war-cry to announce the power of the God of Hosts. And whosoever will undertake this journey shall carry on him the form of the cross. Let you, then, bear the cross upon your sword or your breast, on your weapons and standards. Let it be for you either the sign of victory or the palm of martyrdom, and also the symbol to unify the dispersed children of Israel. It will continuously remind you that Jesus Christ died for you and that for Him you should die.

41 Crusades Motives: Alexius 1 Pope Urban II Feudal kings / knights peasantry

42 And Anti-Semitism

43

44 Effects of the Crusades Religious hatred Western Europe learns about more advanced civilizations Sugar, cotton, rice, coins and money economy, knowledge! Encourages travel (Marco Polo)

45

46 epidemic- outbreak of rapid-spreading disease China, Mongols, Black Sea to Europe Half to two-thirds die Helps end feudalism! (supply and demand)

47

48 Plague Art The Burials

49 Flagellants on march

50 Plague Art: Life and Death

51 Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Riots

52

53

54 England vs France national pride English wins early with Long Bow Joan of Arc turns the tide of war French introduce a new weapon a cannon war changes culture and war forever