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1 Middle Ages Timeline

2 Early Middle Ages Vocabulary ( ) 1. Middle Ages- p. 395 Also called the medieval period; the years between 500 AD and Knight (Also known as a vassal)- p. 394 A soldier who served a lord, would be given property in exchange for military service. 3. Charlemagne- p. 396 King of the Franks, who united western Europe through conquest and supported the Catholic Church. 4. Feudalism- p. 397 A political and economic system in which land ownership gave a person power. 5. Fief- p. 397 A parcel of land given to a lower noble by a king or lord in exchange for their service or support. 6. Lords- A member of the upper class; person who has authority because they own land. 7. Manorialism- Controlled economic and political life in each manor system. 8. Manor- p. 397 A large area of land that included farm land, open fields, and a village. 9. Serfs- p. 399 Poor people who were seen as property of the manor. During the Middle Ages, lords, ladies, and knights gathered for dances in castles. The life of a knight is difficult, because they must fight, but also rewarding because they gained land. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD. Feudalism was a system of power used during the Middle Ages in which only those who owned land had authority. The lord s fief was large, and he was grateful to the king for his generosity. The lord with the most land holds the most authority. The vassal gained his home on Lord Henry s estate by fighting in the crusades. The lord s manor was small; it contained rundown farms, overused pastures, and a shabby village. The serf tried to buy his freedom by working hard but the lord would never let him leave; he was part of the estate. 2

3 Do Now: Introduction to the Middle Ages 1. What happened in Europe after the Roman Empire fell? 2. The fall of Rome leads to the. Connecting the fall of Rome to the Middle Ages: Economy Christianity Kingdoms Rome Islam Feudalism Decline of trade leads to leads to a new called, in which owning land gained you wealth and power. The power vacuum created by the fall of led to the creation of many small that divided Europe. Constant fear of attack from invaders enabled to grow stronger. 3

4 Ancient, Medieval and Modern Ages Directions: Using the provide reading Introduction to the Middle Ages, fill in the following chart. Create a bulleted list distinguishing each era, what are the characteristics of each time period? Ancient times Middle Ages Modern Era Years: Years: Years: Important contributions from this time: Important contributions from this time: Important contributions from this time: 4

5 Map of Europe Activity Directions: Using p. 716 in your textbook, locate and label the following physical features on the map of Europe. Peninsulas: Italian Iberian Scandinavian Balkan Rivers: Rhine Danube Volga Mountains: Alps Ural Pyrenees Scandinavian Carpathians Balkan Seas: Mediterranean Caspian Black Aegean Adriatic North Baltic Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Islands: Iceland Ireland Great Britain Homework questions: Answer in complete sentences using the map you re created & p Look at the map of Europe in 1300 on p Why was Europe considered both a large and small landmass? 2. How may Europe s physical features have shaped its medieval borders? Provide an example.(continue to look at the map of Europe in 1300 on page 393). 3. Looking at the geography of Europe, where do you think the safest part to live would be during the Middle Ages? Why? 5

6 The Middle Ages & Charlemagne The Middle Ages What were the Middle Ages? The years between the fall of ancient and modern ( AD). A time when knights, lords & ladies, castles and cathedrals Western Europe. The Collapse of the Roman Empire AD- The Roman Empire completely collapsed, and was replaced by a patchwork of small. The Middle Ages with the collapse of the western Roman Empire. o Rome had provided in Western Europe for centuries, when it collapsed there was no longer a culture, language or religion. destroyed Roman towns and cut off trade routes, ripping the weakened empire apart. o Many of the kingdoms created by the invaders were at with one another. o The invaders introduced new languages and, breaking the that had united the vast Roman Empire and creating fractioned states. Charlemagne Reunites Western Europe 768- Charlemagne, a skilled military leader, became king of the Franks & ruled over Gaul. o Charlemagne was able to conquer weaker kingdoms and create a large empire that across most of Western Europe. He was crowned Emperor of Western Europe in 800 AD by Pope. 6

7 Charlemagne ruler for almost years, keeping a large portion of Europe united. o Schools were established to promote & culture, Christianity was spread throughout Europe, official was minted, and the improved. Western Europe was prosperous and united under Charlemagne, as it had been under Rome. After his death the empire was divided between Charlemagne s three. o The sons fought one another, weakening the empire and enabling foreign groups to attack. The attacked the fiercest. 7

8 Feudalism and the Manor System Introduction During the middle ages lords owned immense amounts of land called fiefs. In medieval society, land determined a person s power and status; the more land a noble owned the more powerful he was. Fiefs would be rewarded to knights or lords by kings for serving the king loyally. This system became known as feudalism, and controlled Europe s mediaeval government, society and economy. Each fief was organized into a manor, containing the lord s home, a church, village, and farm fields. The lord owned all the land, and would rent sections of farm land to peasant families living in the village. During the middle Ages, landownership became the basis of the manorialism, which controlled economic and political life within the manor. Manors were far from towns and other manors, so each manor needed to be able to meet its own needs. To be self-sufficient, manors produced their own clothing and food. Relationship between lords & peasants The manor system relied on the farming carried out by peasants; the landlord benefitted from the peasant s work and harvests. Feudal knights living in castles and fortified manor houses throughout Europe protected and supported peasants. Lords would rent portions of manor out to the peasants for their homes and farm fields. In exchange, the peasants worked the fields and a portion of their harvest would be given to the lord. Records suggest that the work of fifteen to thirty peasant families is required to support one knight's family. A baron or king holding court in a castle would require even more work. The relationship between the knight and his peasants determined if a manor would succeed or fail. The lord has force on his side, and could terrify his peasants into subjection. In unruly times, peasants need his protection from enemies. They are less likely to assert themselves during dangerous times. On the other hand, a cooperative labor force is more productive than a resentful one, so the lord of the manor needed to be fair. The balance of power between nobles and peasants varied greatly from manor to manor. Manor labor & rent There is an important distinction between free peasants and serfs. Theoretically, free peasants were able to leave a manor at will, though they usually could not afford to leave, unlike serfs. Serfs were tied to the land, and had given up their freedom in return for the lord s protection. As such, they could never leave the manor. The only way for a serf to gain freedom was to run away to a city. If a serf hid for a year and a day in a city they would become free men. Life was hard 8

9 for peasants and serfs; men, women and children worked labor jobs their whole lives. The system of rent which developed on medieval manors relied on labor. The lord owns all land in a manor, but relies on peasant labor to cultivate it. Some portions of the land are farmed for the lord; peasants farm the area but all food grown is the lord s. Smaller areas of land are rented to peasants to grow their own food. Peasants paid their rent for use of the lords land by giving the lord a portion of their crops, helping plant and harvest the lord s fields, or with money. Gradually, the lords secured more power over the peasants by demanding more rent. The demands could be direct taxes for use of the manor land, or fees for the manor court system, church or mill. As the owner of the manor, lords had legal power over the peasants on their manors. The lord held court to dispense justice for crimes, hear disputes between tenants, and to collect fines, rents, and fees. As a result, the lords grew richer from the peasant s labor while the peasants fell further into debt with the lord. Source: THE MANORIAL SYSTEM. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2015, from 9

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11 Name: Period: Date: Feudalism & the Manor System Guided Reading Directions: Read Feudalism & the manor system on p. 8 & 9, and answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. How is Manorialism different from Feudalism? 2. What gave people power within Feudal society? 3. Who was given land? Why? 4. What is a manor? 5. What did it mean for a manor to be self-sufficient? Why did manors need to be self-sufficient? 11

12 6. Who did lords have power over? 7. What did peasants gain from the manor system? What did lords gain? 8. What is the difference between a peasant and a serf? 9. How could a serf obtain their freedom? 10. Explain how rent worked on a manor. 11. How did lords obtain more power over the peasants? 12

13 What is Feudalism? An overview Feudalism 13

14 Feudalism & the Manor System When Charlemagne s empire collapsed, Europe needed a new system to meet its military, political, and economic needs was born! The Feudal System Feudalism: A political and economic system in which the gave a person power. o Land was owned by or lords, and given to vassals in return for their. o Feudalism was a way of life throughout Europe & lasted for of years. Under the feudal system, European who held land had complete. o Land owners gave a share of land, called, to their vassals. Vassals were knights (professional soldiers) who vowed to the lord and obey the of the manor in exchange for land. Brainstorm possible issues with the feudal system: 14

15 Feudal Responsibilities Princes or barons; expected to treat their vassals with, to protect the vassals & their land. o Lords were also expected to ask vassals advice before making laws or going to war. Expected to lead armies to fight for their lords, and to appear in the lord s court. o Vassals paid to the lords in the form of crops produced in their fiefdoms. Feudalism established systems of power and and brought medieval Europe to. The Manor System While Feudalism controlled regions across Europe, controlled economic and political life at the level. o This system was based in the : a large estate that included farm fields, pastures, and often an entire. o The lord or ruler lived within the manor house. 15

16 Feudal Society Early Middle Ages social structure Feudalism & Power Feudalism controlled the social hierarchy of Europe as well as its military, political and economic needs. Within the feudal system, society was divided into six social classes. The upper classes were the clergy, kings, nobles, and vassals. The lower classes were the peasants and serfs. Power and status was based on land; the more land you controlled the more wealth and power you had. The Catholic Church, kings, nobles and vassals controlled all the land of Europe, while peasants and serfs rented farm land and paid their debts in labor. Landowner protected the peasant workers in return for their services. Nobles (Upper classes) The Catholic Church: Kings and lords gave the Church land and wealth in order to strengthen Christianity within Europe. As a result, the Church became strongest force in Europe during the early middle ages. The high clergy was mostly of the noble class, were highly educated. They were often the only person in a village or manor who could read. The Church gave people (especially peasants and serfs) hope for a better after life, and made people fear disobeying God. 16

17 The King: The King was the highest noble of the land. In theory, the king owned all the land. The King gave out fiefs to his followers, which put them in charge of a portion of the land. The fief holder had to pay the king rent, taxes, and provide soldiers whenever the king needed them. A Lord: A Lord was given a fief by the king. The lord was expected to pay taxes to the king and provide soldiers when needed. To do that, the lord was given absolute power over his fief. Within it, a lord's word was the law. Whatever the lord said, the people had to do. Lords provided peasants and serfs with protection, land to use, and law to structure their lives. A Lady: A Lady was the title give to the wife of a lord. Her job was to manage the manor house, supervise servants, have children, and at times perform medical tasks. Women in medieval times had no rights; they were seen as the legal property of their father, husband or even eldest son. Despite this, women took charge of running the entire manor while their fathers and husbands were away or had died. Vassals: Knights who served the lords and kings. Vassals provided lords with military service and loyalty in return for small parcels of land on the lord s manor. Knights provided the manor with protection. See noble children for more details. Noble children: A boy learned how to be a knight starting at about seven years old; he would leave the house to be trained. Sometimes they were even taught how to read and write. Girls were given no formal education, only nuns were taught to read and write. They were instead expected to learn from their mother all the skills of being a good wife. Commoners (Lower Classes) Serfs: Serfs were bound to the land, they were almost like slaves. The people could not be bought and sold, but they could not leave their land without permission. The land they rented from the lord could be bought and sold. The land and all the food they grew belonged to the lord. A serf's job was whatever the noble told them it was, carpenter, blacksmith, baker, farmer, and tax collector, serfs did it all. A serf could buy their own freedom if they could get the money, but most could never afford it. They were uneducated and mostly unskilled. A serf s only change of freedom was to run away to a city and not be caught for a year and a day. Peasants: Peasants were free. Sometimes they owned their own business or small plot of land to build their home, but not enough to farm. Most were uneducated and unskilled. Peasants worked physical labor jobs from the time they were children through adulthood. Family homes were oneroom huts with a single fire on a dirt floor. Smoke filled the rooms, and their mattresses were sacks stuffed with straw. Peasants ate simply, the majority of their diet black bread, cabbage, and turnips. Meat was a rarity as the lord owned all animals on the farm, and the peasantry was not allowed to hunt wild game. Sources Middle Ages for KidsManorial System& Common People. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2015, from Jacobs, H. (2008). Prentice Hall history of our world. Boston, Mass.: Pearson 17

18 Early Feudal Social Classes Directions: Use the Feudal society reading to complete the following diagram. 1. Label the social classes and briefly explain the roles/responsibilities of each within medieval society. 2. Use the arrows to show what each class provided one another with. An example has been completed for you. Kings gave money and land to the church. The Catholic Church- Clergy and the Pope, provided religious instruction and protection during the early middle ages. King- The Church gave people hope for a better afterlife. Nobles: Lords & ladies- Vassals- Peasants- Serfs- 18

19 High Middle Ages Vocabulary 1. Clergy (Clergymen)- p. 403 An official of the Catholic Church who can perform religious ceremonies, such as christenings, marriages, and funerals. 2. Excommunication- p. 403 Exclusion from the Church community, expelled from membership in the Church and participation in church life 3. Gothic- p. 403/404 A type of architecture that became popular during the mid-1100s in Northern Europe. 4. Cathedral- p. 403 A church that is run by a bishop. 5. Monasticism (Monastic)- p. 405 The creation of religious communities dedicated to serving God, such as monasteries and convents. 6. Scholasticism- p. 405 A system created by Christian scholars that used reason to support Christian beliefs. 7. Guild- p. 407 An association made up of artisans who all practiced the same craft. 8. Apprentice- p. 407 A boy between the ages of 8 & 14 who works for free in order to learn a craft. 9. Journeyman- p. 407 A paid worker in a trade who is not yet a member of a guild. ( ) The clergyman that christened me will perform our wedding ceremony. Sir Thomas was excommunicated because he insulted the Archbishop and now cannot attend church services. The Norte Dame Cathedral in Paris is built in the Gothic style, which enabled the architectures to build the walls thinner and higher. Bishop John s cathedral is the prettiest in all of France. Mary chose to live a monastic life, became a nun and moved into a convent. Joseph used scholasticism to convince Henry that Christian beliefs can be supported by reason. The papermaker s guild is hard to join, you must pass several tests before the master artisans allow you to join. An apprentice is similar to an internship today, even though you do not get paid for your work you will learn the skills you need to be successful in your field. Joseph has been a journeyman for five years, and hopes to be admitted to the weavers guild soon. 19

20 Power of the Church Power of during the Middle Ages Life was short and hard for most people in the Middle Ages. Many people were comforted by the belief in heaven, and the promise of being rewarded after death for living a good life and following the Church s. o Those who didn t obey Church rules would and be after death. The combination of reward for those who obeyed and punishment for those that did not many people in Europe to follow the Catholic Church. power of the Church The Church gained great by collecting and bargaining fiefs from lords in exchanged for performed by clergymen. The Church became the largest in all of Medieval Europe. o As the largest land owner power of the Church The combination of and economic power allowed the Church to take on many roles that a would perform today. The Church acted as a force across the kingdoms of Europe. The Church made & created to enforce its laws. o Those who did not obey the church laws could be. 20

21 Since virtually everyone was a part of the Church community, being excommunicated was a position to be in economically and. High Church officials also served as to kings & lords. o The threat of excommunication gave Church officials great and authority over and lords within political affairs. The Church used its influence to limit feudal. o The Church would not allow lords or kings to go to war with one another, and used its authority to enforce periods of between warring powers. o As the Church rose in, began to decline during the 1100s. 21

22 Name: Power of the Church Directions: Why was the Catholic Church so powerful during the Middle Ages? Use your notes to fill in the graphic organizer below and answer this question. Provide at least three reasons the Catholic Church grew so powerful during the Middle Ages and support your reasons with the information from your notes. Bulleted notes are acceptable (15 points). The power of the Catholic Church grew during the Middle Ages because Reason 1: Reason 2: Reason 3 22

23 Influence of the Church Church Organization The (Church government) was based in Rome & was highly organized: Archbishops to supervise Bishops in several kingdoms Priests in every village The areas of Church authority the boundaries of kingdoms, allowing the Church to have a in every kingdom, fief, and village. The Church in Everyday Life Every in a person s life was touched by the Church. o Births, marriages, and deaths were all and attended to by the clergy. o The clergy helped people follow Church rules on how to live. They possessed enormous power, and acted as a to God. People their sins to clergymen, and in turn their wrongs were forgiven by the clergy in the name of God. Monasteries and Convents : The creation of religious dedicated to serving God, such as monasteries and convents. Religious communities made important to Medieval society: 23

24 o They developed better ways of growing and tending ; in doing so they helped improve the Medieval economy. o Monks & nuns were, and copied books from ancient times to the within and prevent it from becoming lost through the generations. Convents provided women with a rare to become educated. Scholasticism Christian scholars studied ancient texts. The ancient Greeks believed that people should use to discover the truth. o Many in the Christian religion must be accepted on. o Christian scholars created a system to resolve the Greek & Church philosophies called, which used reason to Christian beliefs. 24

25 Medieval Cathedrals Cities attracted traveling scholars, and young men from surrounding areas attended the cathedral schools. o Many cathedrals became centers of learning and displayed the beautiful artwork of the Middle Ages within their halls where the public could enjoy it. Cathedrals dominated the landscape of many prominent medieval cities. Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture began in northern around 1140 and spread throughout Europe. o The initial purpose of Gothic architecture is to build loftier churches that reached toward the sky and seemed so light that they could float to. The Gothic style allowed architects to build churches to greater and light. Earlier Medieval churches were and, stone structures that seems weighed down on earth. o During the later Middle Ages the Gothic style is altered and begins to focus more on. The style also became popular in the construction of palaces and castles. of families would work on the construction and decoration of great Cathedrals. o Some took years to construct; some cathedrals were still under construction by the time Gothic architecture fell out of style in the 1500s. Key features of Gothic architecture include: o Pointed arches- Used to support ceiling ; adapted from architecture. o Rib vaults- The of three or four vaults to create a 25

26 decorative and ceiling. o - A supportive structure built against a wall in order to prevent the wall from collapsing under the pressure of a stone roof. o Flying buttresses- A buttress that is connected to the wall with an ; creates space and allows more. o Tracery- Stonework used to support glass in windows; Gothic cathedrals had many decorative, windows which provided light and gave the church a glow. 26

27 Name: Revival of Trade & the Rise of Cities Guided Reading Directions: Read p (From Trade Revives and Towns Grow to The Growth of Towns ) and answer the following questions in complete sentences. This assignment is worth 10 points. 1. What institutions made travel routes safer by 1000 AD? How did they enable trade to revive? 2. What motivated merchants to begin to travel abroad again? 3. What circumstances would turn a village into major trade towns? What are three examples of prosperous trade towns? 4. Where did new towns begin to spring up? Why did towns develop in these locations? 5. What did increased trade enable? What did the development of towns and cities provide people with? 27

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29 Rise of Towns Around many towns in Western Europe were growing into cities. The Rise of a Middle Class Town life was very different from farm or manor life Towns were not self-sufficient they relied on the exchange of for and services. The, traders, and that towns relied on emerged as a new class. o Known as the, they were in between the nobles and peasants within medieval society. The Role of Guilds Merchants, traders, and craftsmen began to form associations called. o A guild included the people who a certain trade or craft. o Guilds set, and prevented outside traders from goods in town. They also set standards to ensure the of their goods. o Guild members paid, and the money was used to needy members or to support the families of members who had died. To become a guild member o A boy stated as an who worked and lived in the home of a tradesman for seven years. 29

30 o After his apprenticeship the boy became a and was. o In time, if the guild officials judged that the journeyman s met their standards he could the guild and reap the benefits of being a member. Recap Activity: Use your notes to summarize the connection between Feudalism and the Church, the revival of trade and the development of urban centers. 30

31 Later Middle Ages Vocabulary (1300s-1500s) 1. The Black Death- p. 408 A nickname for the bubonic plague, which struck Europe several times between and killed 1/3 of the people across Europe. 2. Crusade- A series of campaigns instigated by the Roman Catholic Church to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Islamic control. 3. Magna Carta- A document that guaranteed the rights of English landowners (i.e. nobility) and limited the power of the King of England. 4. The Hundred Years War- A series of battles between England and France over land and the French crown between 1337 & Nation building- The act or sense of creating a nation in which subject s become citizens with rights and a stake within the government. The overcrowded and unsanitary conditions of Medieval towns attracted rats, which enabled the Black Death to strike Europe several times during the Middle Ages The Crusades began a religious battle between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land that continues today. King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta by the English nobility who wanted to protect their rights as landowners. Joan of Arc led the French to victory against the English during the Hundred Years war. Europe began to build nations at the end of the Middle ages, ending the period known as feudalism. 31

32 Arrival of the Black Death The Black Death As trade improved merchant were constantly on the move, and so were the rats that lived on ships. o diseases began to spread rapidly again throughout Europe. Legends link the origins of the, commonly known as the Black Death, to: o To that spread an outbreak of the disease from to the Crimea in southern Russia. o To leader Khan Djani-Beg and the Tartar army, attempted to defeat their enemies in the Crimea by the decapitated heads of sick soldiers over the city walls. ** Either way, the Bubonic plague spread into Europe through the. The plague first hit high-traffic areas, such as Sicily, Venice, and Genoa and spread. o By the plague had spread into southern Germany, France and Spain, & Great Britain. Spread of the Black Death The plague was caused by a that lived in the stomach of. o Fleas often lived in the hair of rodents, like rats. Rats often traveled on ships where they had access to plentiful and warm in the cargo hull. 32

33 o During voyages rats & fleas multiplied, and when the ships docked the rats and fleas to the streets of Europe. Living conditions were during the Middle Ages, and personal was low. o Serf, nobles, and the pope all had and. o If bitten by a plague carrying flea an entire village could be doomed. Symptoms First stage: The appearance of a large boil in the armpit or neck which was filled with puss and caused agonizing pain. If the boil was drained, and the person might recover. Second stage: The appearance of black spots caused by bleeding under the skin. Third stage: The victim would begin to cough up blood. Forth stage: A victim would die 2-3 days after the appearance of the bloody cough. Social & Economic Effects of the Black Death Many clergymen of the Church died from for the sick and the plague victims. o As a result the Church s power begins to and strict Church law will be. The Bubonic plague killed of Europe s population Many areas of Europe had been over populated before the plague. o As a result, the plague restored between, labor, and in Europe. 33

34 Plague Victim: Visual Symptoms of the Black Death 34

35 Causes of the Black Death Causes & Effects of the Black Death Directions: Use your notes of the Black Death to complete the following flow chart. Bulleted points are acceptable for this assignment (Worth 15 points) As a result 1/3 of Europe s. Many clergymen. Effects of the Black Death Economic: Social Effects: 35

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