Remaking Society in Antebellum America. Bella A and Cameron B

Transcription

1 Remaking Society in Antebellum America Bella A and Cameron B

2 Urbanization and Urban Problems: Background The Industrial Revolution Spread to the U.S. by the 19th century Population growth Manufacturing, especially in New England Embargo of 1807 protected infant industries Interchangeable parts and standardization First U.S. factory 1793 made by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island with spinning jenny First large scale factory in Waltham, MA 1814 Cameron

3 Samuel Slater and the American Manufacture System Lavalle%20portrait,%201924).jpg

4 Urbanization and Urban Problems: the Numbers US Population: 5.3 million 23.2 million from 1800 to 1850 Midwestern growth due to Jackson Cities with population: from 1820 to 1850 Urban population was 6 million by 1850 Cameron

5 US Population by Region st a the r No uth So est Midw West

6 Urbanization and Urban Problems: the Cities Old Atlantic seaports remained powerful: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston Centers of trade, finance, and (after Industrial Revolution) manufacturing New York s population quadrupled to 800,000 from Erie canal allowed access to interior Accounted for ⅔ of imports by 1840 Came from German/Irish immigrants to manufacturing Cameron

7 Antebellum New York: Broadway

8 Urbanization and Urban Problems: New Cities Factory towns (industrial revolution) Originally built near hydro power (streams) Lowell, MA established as factory town 1836 Had 52 textile mills by 1850 Interregional trade centers Cincinnati, St. Louis, Detroit, and Chicago More agricultural products produced for sale by western farmers Created market for eastern goods Cameron

9 River Trade Cities in Expanding America

10 Urbanization and Urban Problems: the Issues Industrialization Social stratification; wealthy/poor separation Sanitation/public health became problematic Smog, river pollution, etc. Authorities were incapable of dealing with problems (inadequate) Police and environmental protection officers were often slow and ineffective Limited ability to tax means that public works had to be privately funded Cameron

11 The Fat get Fatter and the Rich Stay Rich

12 New Reform Movements: The Second Great Awakening Began 1820s Prevailing Calvinist theory of the time: predestination/god specified salvation Every person was innately sinful and could not overcome their sins on their own; God helped some people to reach salvation for his own reasons Emphasized the capacity of the individual for moral acts Said humans can both sin and be holy, and God will judge them based on their actions Unitarianism and Universalism saw resurgences Argued that Christ s death was universal, so all people could achieve salvation Unitarianism questioned the belief of the Trinity, and instead held that God existed in only one person Emphasized importance of goodness of human nature and importance of free will Rejected view of angry God Cameron

13 Fervent Individual Piety of the Second Great Awakening

14 New Reform Movements: A Preaching Gatherings where people would listen to preachers were called camp meetings Highly emotional: included people dancing, singing, rolling, crying, tumbling, kicking, confession of sins, etc. Anne Royal s description Alabama, 1830: Preaching lasted for more than 5 hours Preacher was very passionate: began shouting, spitting in hands and clapping Cameron

15 A Camp Meeting of the Second Great Awakening

16 New Reform Movements: Revivalism in the Burned-Over District Region in upstate New York along the Erie Canal Called burned-over because it had many religious revivals Probably due to its rapidly changing economic/societal roles Erie Canal made it a center for trade/commerce Rochester was a particularly popular region for piety and religious energy Cameron

17 The Burned Over District The Burned Over District

18 New Reform Movements: Finney s Doctrine of Personal Regeneration Charles Grandison Finney was an Evangelical Presbyterian minister Believed that traditional Calvinist doctrines of predestination were wrong; everyone could reach salvation Believed that worldly desires could cause people to commit sin Finney believed it was necessary for people to become fervently pious otherwise they would lose focus on their religion Believed that the church incapable of sustaining this and people therefore had to look to themselves Favored leading by example; scorned hypocriticism Believed in voting based on the character of the candidate rather than their policy (or party) Against slavery and supported active protest against it Preached towards women because they liked his message and because he could rach men through them Many followers came from the upper class people who enjoyed their economic status but not the social unrest created by the Industrial Revolution (large amounts of poor) Supporters saw Finney s doctrine as a way to reform all of society to an organized, disciplined population Cameron

19 Charles Grandison Finney

20 Excerpt from a Finney Speech A "Revival of Religion" presupposes a declension. Almost all the religion in the world has been produced by revivals. God has found it necessary to take advantage of the excitability there is in mankind, to produce powerful excitements among them, before he can lead them to obey. Men are so [spiritually] 1 sluggish, there are so many things to lead their minds off from religion, and to oppose the influence of the gospel, that it is necessary to raise an excitement among them, till the tide rises so high as to sweep away the opposing obstacles. They must be so excited that they will break over these counteracting influences, before they will obey God. [Not that excited feeling is religion, for it is not; but it is excited desire, appetite, and feeling that prevents religion. The will is, in a sense, enslaved by the carnal and worldly desires. Hence it is necessary to awaken men to a sense of guilt and danger, and thus produce an excitement of counter-feeling and desire which will break the power of carnal and worldly desire and leave the will free to obey God.] * * * There is so little principle in the church, so little firmness and stability of purpose, that [unless the religious feelings are awakened and kept excited, counter worldly feelings and excitements will prevail, and men will not obey God].3 They have so little knowledge, and their principles are so weak, that unless they are excited, they will go back from the path of duty, and do nothing to promote the glory of God. The state of the world is still such, and probably will be till the millennium is fully come, that religion must be mainly promoted by these excitements. How long and how often has the experiment been tried, to bring the church to act steadily for God, without these periodical excitements! Many good men have supposed, and still suppose, that the best way to promote religion, is to go along uniformly, and gather in the ungodly gradually, and without excitement. But however such reasoning may appear in the abstract, facts demonstrate its futility. If the church were far enough advanced in knowledge, and had stability of principle enough to keep awake, such a course would do; but the church is so little enlightened, and there are so many counteracting causes, that the church will not go steadily to work without a special excitement....

21 The Temperance Crusade Fight for the prohibition/abolition of alcohol Supported by the religious revivalism Alcohol was pretty deep-rooted in Antebellum America Proponents argued alcohol caused family tensions (specifically among husbands/fathers) and wasted necessary family money Created in large quantities in the West due to an excess of crops Alcohol was a common pastime for people Average 1830s male drank three times as much as the modern person Was supported by many alcoholics themselves Wanted to get out of their vice American Society for the Promotion of Temperance formed 1826 to coordinate temperance movements throughout the nation bolstered by the revivalism Washington Temperance Society founded 1840 in Baltimore Cameron

22 The Progression of a Drunkard

23 The Temperance Crusade: Cultural Divisions Supporters of the Temperance Crusade came to differ Mainly supported by Presbyterians, Evangelicals, and Protestants Some supported the complete abolition of all alcohol while others only wished to outlaw hard liquors Some thought that the government should restrict alcohol while others thought it was subject to individual constraint Catholic immigrants (Germans, Irish, etc.) tended to rail against the Temperance Crusade Many supporters were women (disliked husband behavior) Cameron

24 Women for the Temperance Crusade

25 Health: Fads and Beliefs 1830s/1840s cholera outbreak (caused by bacterial contamination of food/water) Had lethality of ~50% and killed thousands Killed ~¼ of New Orleans population 1833 Caused search for solution, but medical experts didn t know about bacteria, so people turned towards non-scientific solutions Water Cure: submerge/treat people with hot/cold waters and towels Had some benefits but did not cure disease New Diets Sylvester Graham recommended fruits, vegetables, and coarse grain breads over meats The Graham Cracker was named after him Cameron

26 The Cholera Outbreak of the 19th Century -the-united-states-a-day-of-fasting-humiliation-and-prayer-pres-zachary-taylor/

27 Health: Phrenology Belief that people s characteristics could be determined by the shapes of their heads/skulls Popularized in the U.S. by Orson and Lorenzo Fowler Some cerebral organs would be more pronounced and show in the head Wrote Phrenology Almanac Samuel George Morton wrote Crania Americana Supported findings of the Fowlers Compared African skulls to those of apes Argued that Africans were physiologically inferior to whites based on skull shape Cameron

28 Morton s Crania Americana

29 Health: Developments in Medical Science Developments came slowly People did not know very much about diseases Ethics concerns restricted new discovery Standards for doctors were loose because people saw tight regulation as aristocratic and anti-democratic People distrusted medical advances Edward Jenner discovered inoculation through happenstance William Morton developed anesthesia from Sulfuric Ether to help patients through tooth extraction Oliver Wendell Holmes did discover contagion in 1843 by saying that puerperal fever (septicemia) could be passed from person to person Initially criticized, but validated by Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis when he realized that making medical students wash their hands after dealing with corpses reduced infections Cameron

30 Oliver Wendell Holmes

31 Education: Background and Achievements No state had a sponsored public school system by 1830 Interest in public education grew in the 1830s Massachusetts did have a limited one People began believing the innate capacity in everyone to learn Aristocracy wanted a set of uniform social values to prevent unrest/upheaval The U.S had some of the highest literacy rates in the world by the late 1800s, especially among white males 94% in the North 58% in the South in total 83% of whites in the South Cameron

32 The 1800s Classroom

33 Education: Reform Horace Mann 1st secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education 1837 Believed that an educated populace was the best protector of democracy Lengthened school year to 6 months, increased curriculum, made new teaching methods, and doubled teachers salaries (didn t address equal pay for genders though) Cameron

34 Horace Mann

35 Education: Rapid Growth of Public Schooling Other states followed Massachusetts Education quality varied though Henry Barnard established an education system in Rhode Island and Connecticut Pennsylvania passed a law granting funds for universal education 1835 William Seward extended school support in New York in 1840s Massachusetts had good, esteemed teachers, but in other places not so much Education in the sparsely populated West was dodgy and splotchy Blacks barred from southern education 33% attendance for whites in the south, 72% in north, but in both cases, attendance was casual and brief People tried to civilize /educate Native Americans to encourage assimilation especially in the far west provinces like Oregon Cameron

36 The Value of Education: How Truthful was it?

37 The Benevolent Empire 19th-century religious movement in the United States. Encouraged improvement of the conditions of the impoverished and troubled Goal to Christianize citizens of the United States and the world, and to create a Christian nation New interest in individuals leads to new Institutions Especially for the handicapped such as the blind Schools helped handicapped discover inner strength and wisdom Institutions created a network of charitable activities known as the Benevolent Empire Ex. American Bible Society, American Sunday School, American Tract Society Bella

38 Perkins School for the blind

39 Rehabilitation and Reform Reform was to teach children social values Values of society: Thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, and respect for authority Horace Mann emphasized these aspects to create social order Train up a Child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it This explains how he wanted more children educated, to have them grow up as the perfect members of society Bella

40 Girls school,

41 The Asylum Movement Impulses to help the troubled led to the creation of asylums for criminals and the mentally ill change the way that people approached the mentally ill and improved the way that the mentally ill were treated. Society also wanted to get rid of these social burdens Criminals such as debtors unable to pay debt, mentally ill and senile paupersall were put in prisons Whole purpose was to emphasize treatment and rehabilitation however, away from the general society and in inhumane ways Conditions of prisons and jails were harsh, with in some cases the institutes were holes in the ground 1820 states made new penitentiaries and mental institution for inmates New York built the first penitentiary at Auburn in 1820 Bella

42 the New York Hospital and Asylum

43 Prison Reform Asylums made not only to curb abuses of social deviants but also reform and rehabilitated inmates in any way possible Ex. Some prisons thought the criminal s laxness needed to be reformed Solitary confinement and the imposition of silence on work crews were meant for the criminals to meditate on their wrongdoings Adopted first in Pennsylvania and New York in the 1820s Some reformers thought the discipline of the asylum could help potentially disordered environments like factories and schools penitentiaries and mental hospitals became overcrowded and original reform faded away In Massachusetts, the social reformer Dorothea Dix began a national movement for ne, more humane methods of treating the mentally ill Dix visited all parts of the country and studying the humane treatment of the mentally ill. she would write reports of what she saw and how the imprisoned were being treated during the asylum movement. Bella

44 I Tell What I Have Seen The Reports of Asylum Reformer Dorothea Dix.

45 Dorothea Dix In 1841, she was asked to teach Sunday School for women at the East Cambridge Jail. witnessed individuals crowded into an unsegregated group. Dorothea Lynde Dix lead the asylum movement in Massachusetts and her efforts quickened the movement in other states. Dix wrote a petition to the Massachusetts Legislature which called for psychiatric hospitals to work to cure diseased minds on a foundation of kindness and respect. Many of the mentally ill were moved out of the jails and were placed in these asylums Additionally specialized Asylums gave the idea for institutes to prevent moral failure or rescue individuals institutions made for friendless women- women w/o families or homes Spawned the creation of new orphanages designed as educational institutions Bella

46 Dorothea Dix

47 Religious Reform Movements Many advocates to religious reform viewed slavery and subjugation of women as sins against the Christian religion Religion always has been an important aspect of American society, and Christians believed it was their responsibility to improve society By /4 of the 23 million people regularly attended church services Calvinism no longer had as strong a platform in America Calvinist values of piety and punishment of sinners collided with those of deism Many used reason and science more to understand the world Ex. Unitarianism questioned the belief of the Trinity, and instead held that God existed in only one person And rejected view of angry God Bella

48 Catharine Beecher, essay on slavery and abolitionism

49 Reform Movements and the Rise of Feminism Women in 1830s and 1840s faced new barriers from doctrine of Separate Spheres and transformation of family Separate spheres- Doctrine of separate spheres is an old common law principle that wives are limited to the personal or domestic sphere and that husbands had control of the public sphere. Reformers like Catharine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Dorothea Dix pressed boundaries of what s acceptable Sarah and Angelina Grimké, sisters born in South Carolina became active and outspoken abolitionists Men and Women were CREATED EQUAL Bella

50 A cartoon of the Separate Spheres

51 Women s Rights Many women reformers were evangelical Protestants, New England Congregationalists, or Quakers who questioned gender roles Reform movement brought women out in the public sphere and gave them opportunities to participate on society outside of homes Lucretia Mott who founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 Maria Chapman who served on the American Anti-Slavery Society s executive committee Involved in other reforms like workers rights, prostitutes, and free blacks Some women gave public lectures on these issues Harsh critique Bella

52 Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society Historical Marker.

53 American Feminist in London To be more informed on current reforms women would listen to public lecture and attend convention of new reforms 1840, a group of American female delegates arrived at a world anti slavery convention in London Turned away by the men Most notable delegates; Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony Convinced first duty as reformers is elevate the status of women organized pointed out parallels between the plight of women and slaves Bella

54 Anti-slavery Convention i in London

55 Seneca Falls Convention Being turned away from the Anti-Slavery Convention triggered the necessity of a meeting to discuss the struggle for women s suffrage The women organized a convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 to discuss women s rights Gathering of 70 women and 30 men in upstate New York Protested limited female property rights, advocated for access for higher education, ability to enter many occupations, and above all right to vote The convention proceeded to discuss the 11 resolutions on women s rights. All passed unanimously except for the ninth resolution, which demanded the right to vote for women. Very narrowly passed Bella

56 Seneca Falls Convention

57 Declaration of Sentiments The document that emerged out of the meeting of the Seneca Falls Convention Patterned on the 1776 Declaration of Independence Stated that women have no less than men have certain inalienable right and that all men and women are created equal Depite the controversy the 9th resolution in convention, it launching a movement for woman suffrage that would continue until 1920 rejected the whole notion that men and women should be assigned separate spheres in society protested the injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman. Asserted principle of govt. Rest on the will of ALL people Bella

58 Declaration Of Sentiments

59 Limited Progress For Women Progress for feminist goal was limited in the antebellum years individuals achieved some goals Elizabeth Blackwell, born in England, gained acceptance and fame as a physician Antoinette Brown Blackwell became the first ordained woman minister in the United States Lucy stone retained her maiden name after marriage( as did abolitionist Angelina Grimké) Stone became a successful and influential lecturer on women s rights Feminist efforts by dressing in distinctive style in 1850 Combined a short skirt with full-length pantalettes Progress limited by association with other reforms Demands of women seemed second to issue of slave rights Bella

60 Bloomer Costume

61 National Organization for Women (NOW) In 1966 Betty Friedan and other women activist founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) designed to bring about political, economic, and social equality between the sexes Because of NOW, President Johnson sign an executive order in 1967 forbidding sex discrimination in the federal government Including government contractors hired for government work Today NOW s purpose is to, take action through intersectional grassroots activism to promote feminist ideals, lead societal change, eliminate discrimination, and achieve and protect the equal rights of all women and girls in all aspects of social, political, and economic life. Bella

62 NOW s Symbol

63 KAHOOT! Time to separate the Americans from the colonists.