HISTORY PAMPHLET Year 6

Transcription

1 HISTORY PAMPHLET Year 6

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS A- Course Summary Notes

3 A- Course Summary Notes

4 Year 6 History Exam Format Pupils will have 60 minutes to complete the paper. The paper consists of 6 separate sections, with varying mark allocations. The total mark is 100. Handwriting and presentation of work is important. Take care not to rush. The vast majority of past pupils completed the exam on time. A careful reading of each question is needed. Some questions will offer a choice. Pupils will waste time if they answer questions that do not need answering. Section A Concise definitions/explanations Section B Source analysis (picture and written) Section C Identify key historical figures Section D Multiple choice and written source analysis Section E Short answers Section F Short essay (a choice of one from four)

5 Content Wars of the Roses Causes Key figures Battle of Towton (optional essay question only) The Kingmaker The mystery of the Princes in the Tower Battle of Bosworth and the rise of Henry Tudor Henry VIII Good king, or cruel tyrant? Church in the Middle Ages Religious changes (English Reformation) (optional) Henry s wives King Edward VI and the Pope Mary I Lady Jane Grey Nine Day Queen Mary s unpopularity The burning of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer Bloody Queens Elizabeth s main challenges Mary Queen of Scots: background and exile from Scotland Did Mary Queen of Scots deserve to be executed? Spanish Armada Causes of the Armada Main reasons for the Armada s failure Gunpowder Plot James I good or bad king?

6 Reasons for the Plot Were the plotters set up? (optional essay question only) World War One (optional essay question only) Why was World War One so destructive?

7 Learning Resources Why did the Wars of the Roses start? These wars started in 1455 between two rival families, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, over who should rule England. The Lancastrians were on the throne but the Yorkists believed that they could do a better job. These wars were fought for power, control and revenge. The most important reason why these wars started was because of the weakness of the Lancastrian king, Henry VI. He was not fit to rule and England went into decline. Almost all of England s lands in France were lost. Richard Duke of York believed that he could be a better king. Another reason why they happened was because of the growth of private armies, owned by the nobility. Many soldiers had returned from France and the private armies grew and became reckless. Some noblemen (and their armies) supported Henry; other noblemen (and their armies) supported Richard Duke of York. Finally, the birth of a Lancastrian heir in 1453 sent Richard into a fit of anger. He has just been named by parliament as the heir to Henry VI and suddenly it was taken away from him. Henry VI declared Richard to be a traitor and took away his titles and lands. But Richard and his supporters gathered their armies and ambushed Henry VI at St Albans in May And so the Wars began. Key individuals 1. Henry VI a weak king who suffered from mental illness 2. Margaret of Anjou Henry s wife, a formidable organiser of the Lancastrian armies 3. Edward IV the first king from the House of York 4. Richard III grabs the throne from his nephew, Edward V 5. Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick and most powerful nobleman during the wars 6. Margaret Beaufort enemy of the House of York and mother of Henry Tudor 7. Henry VII claims the crown by blood and conquest at the Battle of Bosworth.

8 Battle of Towton (optional) The bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil took place on the 29th March As many as men died in this 10-hour battle between the armies of Lancaster and York. The House of Lancaster, led by Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, brought as many as soldiers to the battlefield. The House of York, led by Edward IV, initially brought soldiers to the battlefield and therefore found themselves heavily outnumbered. The main reason for this battle was... The two armies stationed themselves on two ridges, with a gentle hollow separating them. With superior numbers, it seemed inevitable that the Lancastrian army would win, but yet they failed. Why was this? One reason why the Lancastrians failed was related to their position on the battlefield. This was because.. A strong reason for the Yorkist victory was because of leadership factors. There were other important reasons such as On the whole though, I think the most important reason(s) why the Lancastrian army was defeated was.. I think this because Key reasons for the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Towton 1. A massive blizzard was blowing at the backs of the Yorkist archers and into the faces of the Lancastrian ranks. 2. The strong wind doubled the range of Yorkist longbowmen and prevented Lancastrian archers from shooting effectively. 3. Without Edward IV's leadership on the field, the Yorkists would have suffered early defeat. 4. The arrival in late afternoon of the Duke of Norfolk s regiment, about 6000.

9 Richard Neville The Kingmaker As the richest person in England (after the king), Warwick had enormous power and influence during the Wars of the Roses. He owned more than a hundred manors in England. Warwick s power allowed him to topple two kings from the throne. This power came from his immense wealth, extensive connections with other powerful people and his huge personal standing army. There was no way that Warwick himself could become king he had royal blood but it was rather distant. During the wars of the Roses, the situation in England was really terrible, with economic problems and lots of popular discontent. For a king to survive, he needed the support of powerful nobles, especially someone like Warwick, who was popular with the commoners. Then in 1464, Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville, an insult to Warwick and a threat to his wealth and power. Warwick started a plot to have Henry VI restored to the throne and succeeded in driving Edward out of England. After 11 weeks, Edward returned to England and won a vital battle (Barnet) against a mixture of Lancastrians and Warwick s supporters. Warwick was slain trying to escape the battlefield. How did Richard III become king? 1. When Edward IV died he left a son aged twelve. Richard immediately took action to seize control of the young heir Edward V. 2. Richard eliminated those who stood in his way e.g. Lord Hastings. Then he captured the young Edward, locking him in the Tower. 3. Next he seized Edward s younger brother, Richard, and bullied parliament into appointing him as King Richard III. 4. Richard justified his actions by claiming that the boys were not legitimate. Soon afterwards, the two boys disappeared. 5. Most historians believe that they were murdered. At the time, people in England were horrified by Richard s actions. 6. Hatred of the new king became widespread and it was just a matter of time before he was overthrown (by Henry Tudor, at the Battle of Bosworth)

10 The Battle of Bosworth When Richard became king, Henry Tudor went into exile in Brittany. Everyone who wished to see the overthrow of Richard III flocked to him. In Aug 1585, Henry landed at Milford Haven in Wales and marched to meet the royal army near Leicester at Bosworth. The Battle took place on 22 August and was one of the decisive battles in the history of England. Richard s army was much larger, but many who fought for him were reluctant and some even betrayed him on the day. Lord Stanley s decision to switch sides at the last minute was perhaps the main reason for Richard s defeat. The king fell on the field of battle, crying Treason, Treason! and the victor was proclaimed Henry VII. Henry VIII evil king or cruel tyrant?

11 Church in The Middle Ages Why was it so important? During the Middle Ages, nearly everyone who lived in Britain was a Christian. They all belonged to the Church. The priests taught people that if they broke too many of the laid down by the Church, they would suffer for ever in the horrible world of. The main role of the Church was to keep people obedient to God and save them from going to hell. Wealthy people hoped to save their by giving land and to build churches and monasteries. Over the centuries the Church grew rich and became the largest in Europe. It collected its own taxes and made its own laws called laws. But the real strength of the Church was its power over people s. It is difficult for us to understand how much faith meant to medieval people. Frequent plagues, diseases, famines and wars cut short millions of lives. was closer and people thought about it a lot. They looked for a purpose and meaning and life, and found it in religion. The Church taught that death was merely a gateway to for those who followed the teachings of. The Church was not simply a place of and the people who worked there did more than just save souls. Care of the was an important task, as there were not many schools or hospitals in that time. They looked after the by giving them bread when times were hard. They ran for the brighter children. They repaired and bridges. They provided and food for travellers. People who worked in the church - - were among the best-educated people in the Middle Ages. In many villages, the local would be important as the only person who could read or write. Priests also helped the very poorest people by encouraging the better-off to give alms or. Monasteries were places where people could devote their whole lives to the worship of God. Monks and nuns swore vows of poverty, and obedience. They still needed money to maintain the Church and to serve the local and so monks were expected to do a lot of work. They worked the land, harvesting, and produced wine and ale. Some Churches were even used for basic crafts like ironmongery and pottery.

12 The English Reformation (optional) In 1500 there was only one kind of Christian church in Western Europe the Catholic Church. Its leader was the Pope. He was a powerful man, with great wealth and even his own army. He was based in Rome, Italy. But not everybody was happy with how the Catholic Church was being run. Soon there would be major protests which would lead to the Church dividing into two main groups: Catholics and Protestants. What did some people think was wrong with the Catholic Church in 1500? 1. The Pope and his bishops were wealthy men who seemed to care more about money and power than about God. 2. Some monks were known to be drinking, gambling and committing crimes. 3. The Bible was written in Latin. Very few people could understand this language and had to rely on their priest to explain it to them. 4. The Church used people s fear of what would happen after they died to control them and make money. A German priest called Martin Luther led the protests against the Catholic Church. He believed that the Catholic Church was not teaching people the right things. He wanted the Church to change. He wrote down all the things which he thought needed to be changed in the Catholic Church. He called this document the 95 Theses. He nailed it to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany, in Martin Luther was made an outlaw. He was excommunicated by the Pope in But this just encouraged Luther. In the 1520s, he published a German translation of the Bible, and set about organizing his own church this became known as the Protestant Church, as it was for those who protested about what was wrong with the Catholic Church at that time. Henry VIII was opposed to the ideas of the Protestant Church and spoke out against them. But that all changed after his argument with Pope Clement Why did Henry VIII change the Church? 1. Love he was in love with another woman, Anne Boleyn 2. Divorce he wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon 3. Religion he could use Protestantism as an excuse to make his own new Church 4. Money he was broke and the Church had lots of money 5. Land the Church owned almost a third of all land in England

13 6. Power once in control of the Church, he would be the most powerful King of England ever. Medieval Doom Paintings These were large murals, painted on the interior walls of churches in medieval times. They were there to scare ordinary people into obeying the laws of the church and God s commandments. Here are 5 things to know about them: 1. On one side of a Doom painting is Heaven, whilst on the other is Hell. At the top of the image sits Jesus Christ in glory with His hands raised in judgement. 2. Commonly the Archangel Michael is depicted in the centre, with the scales he will use to weigh the souls of humanity to see if individually they are fit for Heaven: 3. Those who are unworthy of Heaven are depicted on the other side of the painting being seized by demons bringing them into the mouth of Hell, where endless pain and torment await them. 4. Often, we can see images of demons and reptilian monsters, with chains to drag the souls of the damned into the bowels of hell. Scenes of torture are also common, usually with flames, bubbling pots and sharp items. 5. Those who are worthy of Heaven are brought to the gates of Heaven, frequently represented by a castle with large walls built to keep out sinful impurities.

14 Henry VIII wives 1. Catherine of Aragon divorced. Daughter Mary. 2. Anne Boleyn Beheaded. Daughter Elizabeth. 3. Jane Seymour Died after childbirth. Son Edward. 4. Anne of Cleves divorced. 5. Catherine Howard beheaded. 6. Catherine Parr outlived Henry. King Edward VI and the Pope How did this portrait promote the Protestant Church? Edward VI Edward was a boy of 9 when he came to the throne, and the country was ruled first by the Duke of Somerset and then by the Duke of Northumberland. Both of these men encouraged the new Protestant religion, and both church service and the church itself took on a new look. The Mass, the old Roman Catholic service, was replaced by the new Prayer Book, written in English by Archbishop Cranmer. The altar, the statues and the pictures were removed from the church, and a simple communion table and whitewashed walls took their place.

15 These changes did not please all the people. Many Englishmen had disliked the interference by the Pope in English affairs; they had also disliked having to send large sums of money to Rome each year, but they loved the old service that they and their parents and grandparents had attended in the parish church each Sunday. Many people in England did not like the Duke of Northumberland, whose main interest in religion was to fill his pockets with the wealth he could grasp from the sale of church lands and property. In 1553 Edward grew seriously ill. The heir to the throne was Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon, the Roman Catholic wife whom Henry VIII had divorced. Northumberland was worried. He had supported the new Protestant religion. He knew Mary was a devout Roman Catholic. As he watched the face of the dying king, he could see his own power, his fortune and even his life threatened. He was a daring man, and his plan was quickly made. He persuaded the dying King to name Lady Jane Grey as the next queen instead of Mary. Lady Jane Grey was a Protestant; she was married to Northumberland s son; she would do what her father-in-law wanted. But the Duke forgot the courage of Mary and the feelings of the English people. They were tired of Northumberland s tricks and welcomed Mary as the rightful queen. So the Duke was executed soon after Mary was crowned, though he denied his Protestantism and begged for pardon. No tears were shed for Northumberland, but sad eyes watched Lady jane Grey, a girl of sixteen, when some six months later she was led to the same death as her crafty, ambitious father-in-law.

16 Mary I Before she became queen Does Mary deserve to be called Bloody Mary? As a Tudor and rightful heir to the throne, Mary came to power on a wave of popularity. She was England s first female monarch and most people were excited about her reign. Mary s main aim was to restore the Catholic faith and destroy Protestantism. However, she made a mistake in thinking that most people would support her radical religious policies, which included public burnings. Points in favour - Points against - She wanted to forgive Lady Jane Grey but her advisors warned her not to. As long as she was alive, Lady Jane Grey would be a threat to Mary. She truly believed that she was doing the right thing by God by burning Protestants. Most other European countries were burning Protestants at this stymie. Mary was capable of mercy e.g. she allowed 800 English Protestants to leave the country. Her father was way worse, and executed more than in his reign. Her bad name was made worse by effective Protestant propaganda. She is regarded as one of the most unpopular monarchs in English history. Her religious policies were not only a favour but made her extremely unpopular by the end of her reign. Nearly 300 people were publically burnt at the stake during Mary s reign, a terrible way to be executed. She married a foreigner, Philip II, which made her even more unpopular with her people. She did not produce an heir. She restored the power of the Pope. Even most Catholics did not want the Pope interfering in the church in England. Towards the end of her reign, her advisors (and the Pope) warned her to stop the burnings, but she would not. She had her own sister, Elizabeth, imprisoned (and almost signed her execution order).

17 The execution of Thomas Cranmer

18 Bloody Queens Elizabeth s main challenges: 1. Religious questions: Protestant or Catholic? 2. To marry or not to marry? 3. What to do about Mary Queen of Scots! 4. The Spanish Armada Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots: 1. How were Elizabeth and MQS related? 2. Did they ever meet? How did they communicate? 3. Why did Elizabeth not marry? Did MQS have any children? 4. Why did MQS flee her kingdom? 5. How did Lord Burghley trick Elizabeth into signing MQS s execution order? 6. What was MQS guilty of? 7. Why did MQS wear a red undergarment at her execution? 8. In my end is my beginning. What did MQS mean by this? The Spanish Armada Why did the Spanish Armada launch in August 1588? 1. Religious difference Philip wanted to destroy Protestantism in England. 2. Power Philip wanted to be King of England. 3. Piracy Philip wanted to put an end to English pirates stealing Spanish treasure. 4. Interference in Spain s wars Elizabeth sent an army to support Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands. 5. The execution of Catholic Mary Queen of Scots Why did the Spanish Armada fail? 1. The Spanish leader v English leaders 2. Spanish equipment failures 3. Spanish ships v English ships 4. The failure of the Duke of Palma s army to arrive at Calais 5. Francis Drake s fire ships 6. The Battle of Gravelines 7. The Protestant Wind

19 Gunpowder Plot 1. What happened to Catholic priests if they were discovered during the reign of Elizabeth and James I? 2. What was supposed to happen on 5 November 1605? 3. Why did the plotters want to blow up the Houses of Parliament? 4. How did the authorities find out about the plot? There are two possible theories. 5. Which of the plotters was not executed? What became of him? 6. King James personally questioned Guy Fawkes after he was discovered? What did Guy tell him, and what did he not tell him? Arrested, imprisoned and even executed Houses of parliament were supposed to blow up with James I and his family present (for the annual opening of the houses of parliament) To kill the king and place a Catholic on the throne 1. The Mounteagle letter 2. Robert Cecil and his spies already knew Francis Tresham. Died later in prison, probably poisoned. He told him his real name and that he wanted to blow up parliament. He insulted him about being from Scotland. He would not reveal the names of the other plotters. 7. How was Guy Fawkes tortured? Barbarously. Probably on the rack, fingers crushed etc. There is no formal record of his torture but it probably lasted for 6 days. 8. Why did the failed plot make life worse for England s Catholics? James now had licence to treat the Catholics even worse than before. New harsh laws were passed against Catholics.

20 The Gunpowder Plot Conspiracy? (optional) Evidence A The 36 barrels of gunpowder were kept in a cellar next to parliament. The cellar was rented to Thomas Percy by John Whynniard, a friend of Robert Cecil. Whynniard died unexpectedly on the morning of the 5 th November. Evidence B (i) James I ordered: If he (Fawkes) will not other ways confess, gentler tortures are first to be used unto him and thus by degrees to the extremes. And so God speed your good work. Evidence B (ii) Holbeach house (the plotters hideaway house) was surrounded on 7 th November, only two days after Fawkes was captured. According to government reports it took two days to of torture to get Guy Fawkes to reveal his real name, let alone his part in the plot (another two days) and the names of the plotters (a further six days). Evidence C Lord Monteagle took the warning letter to Robert Cecil on the 27 th October. The cellars below Parliament weren t searched until at least a week later. Evidence D All the supplies of Gunpowder were kept under guard in the Tower of London. Records for 1604 are missing. Evidence E (words used by Robert Cecil (the kings minister) written in a letter to a friend) The king is too kind to Catholics. We cannot hope to have good government while we have a large number of people who obey foreign rulers as the Catholics do. The priests preach that Catholics must even kill the King to help their religion. Source F The normal signature of Guy Fawkes

21 Guy Fawkes signature on his confession Evidence G One of the plotters Francis Tresham was Monteagle s brother-in-law. He was the only plotter who was not captured quickly. He was only caught on the 12 th December. He died of a mysterious illness, locked away in the Tower of London. Some say he was poisoned. Source H an engraving of the Conspirators drawn after the gunpowder plot by a Dutch Protestant who never met them.

22 World War I (optional) Why was the Great War so destructive of human life? About 20 million people died in this war, roughly half were civilians. It lasted for 4 years and 3 months and involved 32 countries. As neither side was prepared to surrender, the killing continued for years. There was never a break from the conflict. Deadly new weapons, such as heavy artillery, machine guns and long-range rifle fire led to slaughter on the battlefields. To add to the problem, these new weapons were great for the defender but not as useful for the attacker. Suicidal tactics. Generals continued to fight in an old-fashioned way, as though new developments in weapons had not happened. Conscription compulsory military service. Even Britain introduced conscription laws in 1916, which meant that there was an almost neverending supply of men for the battlefields. Intensity of fighting battles raged for months, leading to massive casualty rates e.g., Battle of Passchendaele lasted for more than 4 months with casualties of more than a million men by the end of it.