Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair

Transcription

1 Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair

2 By the same author GATIIERING PACE: CONTINENTAL EUROPE, 187o-1945

3 Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair The Separation Issue in France MAURICE LARKIN, M.A., Ph.D. (Cantab.) Senior Lecturer in HistolJ', Univeni!)' '!f Kent at CanterbUIJ' Palgrave Macmillan

4 Maurice Larkin 1974 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published 1974 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Dublin Melbourne johannesburg and Madras SBN ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 Contents List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii Introduction I I Grass-roots Catholicism and the Secular Drought 6 2 The View from Rome 29 3 The Concordatory Regime 47 4 The Dreyfus Affair-Before and After 63 5 Memoires d'outre-combes So 6 The Separatist Minority I02 7 TheNewViewfromRome II7 8 Le Festin de Pierre I30 9 Catholics and the Separation I46 10 Some More Principles 170 I I A Negotiated Settlement 1 I8o I2 Eminences Grises et Cardinaux Verts I9I Postcript : Divorce and Cohabitation- A Brief Synopsis 207 Appendix: Loi du 9 Decembre I905 concernant la Separation des f:glises et de l'f:tat 227 Sources 242 Notes 254 Index 285

6 List of Illustrations Fig. I Percentage of population taking Easter Communion in the dioceses of Albi, Annecy and Chartres (I898-I964) Information kindly supplied by Canon Fernand Boulard 8 Map I Religious observance in France in I 877 Based on Pierre Sorlin, La Societe Franr;aise, vol. I: I84<J-I9I4(Arthaud, I969)p.2I9-an adaptation of an original map by Jacques Gadille, La pensee et 1' action politique des eveques franr;ais au debut de la Ill me Republique (Hachette, I967) IO Map2 Religious observance (Easter Communion) in France in the late I96os Reproduced from Fernand Boulard and Jean Remy, Pratique Religieuse Urbaine et Regions Culturelles (Editions Ouvrieres, I968) Carte C, 'La France Religieuse en trois grandes regions' II Fig. 2 Ordinations to the priesthood per diocese, I83o- I950 Based on Fernand Boulard, An Introduction to Religious Sociology: Pioneer Work in France, trans. M. J. Jackson (Darton, Longman & Todd, I960) I2

7 Acknowledgements It was a commonplace of nineteenth-century fiction that criminals about to be hanged saw in their mind's eye a succession of faces of those who had helped and hindered them along the road to perdition. So it is when a book reaches completion and its defects reflect the prophecies and warnings of wiser men. The central part of this book started life as a Ph.D. thesis for the University of Cambridge, when I was particularly fortunate to have Professor Sir Denis Brogan and M. Adrien Dansette as my supervisors. I wish to give them my very grateful thanks and also the many others who have helped me then and in the later stages of this cautionary tale. I must particularly mention M. Yvon Bizardel, Mrs J. E. C. Bodley, Mile Genevieve Boegner, M. Marc Bonnefous, Canon Fernand Boulard, M. Denys Cochin, Fr Joseph Dehergne, S.J., Fr Pierre Delattre, S.J., M. Marcel Faucon,His late Eminence Cardinal Feltin,M. Jacques Gadille, the late M. Paul Grunebaum-Ballin, Mile d'haussonville, the Abbe Patrick Heidsieck, Professor Douglas Johnson, M. Jean Jolly, Fr Angelo Martini, S.J., M. Jean-Marie Mayeur, Mile Louise Violette Mejan, Dr Peter Morris, M. Pierre Sorlin, Fr Pierre Touveneraud, the Abbe de Vigan, Mr J. M. K. Vyvyan, Dr James E. Ward, and the indefatigable Mrs Waring and her band of typists. Nor can I sufficiently thank my parents for their constant help and encouragement. As with all work abroad, finance might have been a major problem. The initial postgraduate research was kindly made possible by Trinity College, Cambridge, with an Exhibition and the Earl of Derby Studentship. The British Institute in Paris subsequently awarded me a Leverhulme Scholarship, and I was thereafter the recipient of several research grants from the University of Kent, for which I am very grateful. More recently the British Academy provided me with a generous Visiting Fellowship in the spring of I 972.

8 viii Acknowledgements As everyone knows, the wives of academics lead the life of Eurydice. Seeing little but their husbands' backs, they must often feel nostalgia for the pleasures of the Underworld. With more cause than most for such longings, my wife has shown a patience and endurance that has become something of a local legend. june 1973 M.J.M.L. The extract from Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, by James Joyce, is reproduced by kind permission of Jonathan Cape Ltd and the Executors of the James Joyce Estate.