The Roman Empire. The Apostolic Church. Vocabulary

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3 Vocabulary Apostle a missionary; one who is sent out. Church fr. Gk. Ecclesia = assembly of people Pope - Bishop of Rome; supreme pontiff of Catholic Church Bishop - episcopus = overseer; in charge of diocese. Pastor - a sheperd, a guide for the flock; Priest - ordained, consecrated official of church w/ sacramental powers Deacon -assistant to bishop or priest, often for secular matters Heresy - fr. Gk. Hiarosis = choice; Gnostic- means knowledge, esp. of spiritual matters; Gnostic Gospels Arianism-denies divinity of Christ; says he s only a man Monasticism-monos = solo, alone; not common among early Christians. Catholic -literally, = universal. Refers to Western Latin Christian church. The Vulgate -1st Latin edition of Bible, authored by Jerome. Patristic -pertaining to Fathers of the Church Holy See -fr. Sedem = seat of Bishop of Rome, = Vatican The Roman Empire The Apostolic Church And when the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And suddenly there came from heaven a noise like a violent, rushing wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them tongues as of fire distributing themselves, and they rested on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:1-4) 3

4 Peter and the Apostles Acts of the Apostles Written by Luke the Evangelist What does this book cover? Preaching Repent, and let each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the promise is for you and your children, and for all who are far off, as many as the Lord our God shall call to Himself. Peter, Acts 2:38-39 Persecution Peter crucified upside down in Rome Matthew speared in North Africa Thomas slain with a dart in India Mark the Evangelist burned alive in Egypt Andrew crucified on an x-shaped cross in Eastern Europe Paul of Tarsus Born: early 1 st century A.D. in Tarsus; Died: 65 A.D. in Rome. Hellenistic Pharisee (Greek) turned Christian Apostle to the Gentiles Is able to take a Jewish message and make it presentable and understandable to Gentiles Men of Athens, I observe that you are very religious in all respects. For while I was passing through and examining the objects of your worship, I also found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. What therefore you worship in ignorance, this I proclaim unto you. Paul, Acts 17:1-2. Writes 13 epistles for the New Testament canon Beheaded in Rome during the reign of Nero Gnosticism Paul s mission 4

5 The Growing Christian Realm, 29-c. 500 C.E. Constantine the Great Reigned from A.D. First Christian Emperor Edict of Milan, 313 A.D. The Imperial Church Constantine held a position of leadership within the Church Builds various churches throughout the Empire The Arian Controversy Arius and the Arians Athanasius Council of Nicaea, 325 A.D. Nicene Creed We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of all things visible and invisible, and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only-begotten of his Father, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father 5

6 The Latin Fathers/Doctors of the Church Ambrose Born in Gaul in 340 A.D.; died at Milan in 397 A.D. Latin doctor who fought against Arianism in the West: Exposition of the Christian Faith (378 A.D.) On the Holy Spirit (381 A.D.) Taught a new relation between the emperor and the Church Valentinian II as son of the Church Theodosius I and repentance Jerome Born in 347 A.D. at Stridon, Dalmatia; died in 419 A.D. at Bethlehem Pioneer for Monasticism Teacher of Asceticism The Vulgate (383 A.D. 406 A.D.) 6

7 Augustine of Hippo Born at Thagaste, North Africa, in 354 A.D.; died at Hippo in 430 A.D. Prolific theologian and philosopher Confessions (ca. 400 A.D.) and City of God ( A.D.) Monastic rule Fought Manichaean and Pelagian Heresies Sola fide and sola gratia Medieval mindset St. Augustine Refuting a Heretic (13c. Illum mss. Morgan Library, NYC Pope Gregory the Great Born in Rome circa 540 A.D.; dies there in 604 A.D. First pope as we know it today (reigned from ) Book of Pastoral Rule (ca. 590 A.D.) Supports missionary work Augustine of Canterbury Women in Early Christianity 7

8 The Virgin Mary Mary in the Gospels Christ s mother Witness of the Passion Mary in Acts of the Apostles Beginnings of the Cult of the Virgin Protevangelium of James (midsecond century document) The Book of John Concerning the Falling Asleep of Mary (Late Antiquity/Early medieval) Jerome argues in favor of perpetual virginity in his Against Helvidius (383 A.D.) Called Mother of God at Council of Ephesus (431 A.D.) Mary Magdalene: Identity Theft? Mary Magdalene based on the Canonical Gospels Mary Magdalene in the Gnostic Gospels Mary Magdalene during the Middle Ages Mary Magdalene today Other New Testament Women Joanna and Susanna Financial supporters of Christ s ministry Priscilla Wife of Aquila, friend and coworker with Paul, teacher Tabitha (Dorcas) Charitable woman brought back to life by Peter Lois and Eunice Teachers of Paul s young protégé Timothy Phoebe Deaconess 8

9 Martyrs, Virgins, Mothers, and Nuns Perpetua (d. 203) North African martyr Agnes (d. 304) Roman virgin martyr Helena (b. 250; d. 330) Christian convert; mother of Constantine Monica (b. 322; d. 387) Mother of Augustine Paula (b. 347; d. 404) and Eustochium (b. 369; d. 419) Roman noblewomen; monastic and ascetic students of Jerome Brigid of Kildare (b. 453; d. 523) Thought to have been a friend of St. Patrick; abbess 9