Christianity through the Thirteenth Century

Transcription

1 Christianity through the Thirteenth Century

2 A volume in THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of WESTERN CIVILIZATION

3 CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY edited by MARSHALL w. BALDWIN MACMILLAN

4 CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY Copyright 1970 by Marshall W. Baldwin Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition Modern English adaptation of The Lay-Folks' Mass-Book copyright 1970 by Mary Baldwin All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission. First published in the United States 1970 First published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan and Co. Ltd Published by MACMILLAN AND CO LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Tor onto Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras SBN (hard cover) ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 Contents Preface PART I THE PATRISTIC HERITAGE THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EARLY CHURCH 10 I. St. Clement of Rome, Letter to the Corinthians I o 2. St. Ignatius of Antioch, Letters I 3 3 St. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies I8 4 Canons of the Early Ecumenical Councils 20 STATEMENTS OF FAITH The Creed of Nicea Pope Leo I, Letter to Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople The Creed of Chalcedon 27 SACRAMENTS AND LITURGY The Didache 28 9 Justin Martyr, The First Apology 30 Io. Hippolytus, On the Apostolic Tradition The Apostolical Constitutions 36 I 2. Gregory the Great and the Liturgy 40 I 3 Liturgical Hymns of the Patristic Period 42 I4. Sermon of St. John Chrysostom 47 THE RESPUBLICA CHRISTIANA 50 I 5. St. Augustine, The City of God 50 MoNASTICISM 68 I6. The Rule of St. Benedict 68 THE BISHOP AS PASTOR 95 I 7. Gregory the Great, The Pastoral Rule 95 PART II THE CAROLINGIAN AGE 109 EccLESIASTICAL 0RGANIZA non UNDER RoYAL I I 5 AuTHORITY

6 CONTENTS I 8. Charlemagne, Admonitio generalis, Letter to Pope Leo III, Letter from Alcuin I I 5 I9 Theodulf of Orleans, Precepts and Hymn for Palm Sunday no zo. Ardo Smaragdus, Life of Benedict of Aniane and Inda I3 I 2 I. Halitgar's Roman Penitential I 34 CAROLINGIAN LITURGICAL DocUMENTS I Charlemagne, Epistola generalis I Alcuin, Preface and Additions to the Roman Mass I Latin the Exclusive Liturgical Language of the West I Liturgical Interpretation: Symbolism and Allegory I 52 THE RE-EMERGENcE of THE PAPAcY I Pope Nicholas I, Letters I 58 PART III THE CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES (9oo-I I 5o) MoNASTIC REFORM 2 7. Ulrich, Customs of Cluny 28. The Cistercian Exordium PAPAL REFORM 29. Pope Gregory VII, Dictatus papae 3 o. Pope Gregory VII, Letters CANON LAW 3 I. Gratian, The Concord of Discordant Canons THE THEOLOGY OF THE SACRAMENTS 32 Peter Lombard, Four Books of Sentences PoPULAR RELIGION 3 3 Rodulfus Glaber, Five Books of Histories 34 Reports of Urban II's Speech at Clermont 35. The Book of the Pilgrim THE LITURGY: SEQUENCE, TROPE, AND DRAMA 3 6. The Sequence 37 The Quem quaeritis Trope 38. The Quem quaeritis "Play" ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX 39 Sermons on the Virgin Mary 40. On Consideration I64 I70 I I I I7 2I I

7 CONTENTS PART IV THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES (I I5o-qoo) 276 PoPE INNOCENT III I. Letter to Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury Letter to the Bishop of Ely 287 THE FouRTH LATERAN CouNCIL ( 12 I 5) Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council Canons of the Council Implementation of the Decrees: Robert Grosseteste Eudes Rigaud's Record of Visitations 334 FRANCISCAN WRITINGS The Rule of The Rule of the Third Order The Canticle of Brother Sun 356 so. The Stabat mater Jacopone da Todi, Donna del paradiso 358 DoMINICAN DocuMENTS Raymond of Peiiafort, Constitutions Provisions for the Friars Preachers at the University of Paris Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica Thomas Aquinas, Pange, lingua 379 THE LITERATURE OF PROTEST Robert Grosseteste, Memoranda 38I 57 Humbert of the Romans, Passage from the Opus tripartitum Bruno of Olmiitz, Memorandum to Pope Gregory X The Gospel According to Marks of Silver 389 6o. Protest in Vernacular Poetry 39 1 PRIESTS AND LAYMEN Sermon Literature Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend The Lay-Folks' Mass-Book 400 Chronology 413 Index 416

8 Preface The selections included in this volume have been chosen to illustrate the features most characteristic of Christianity in each of four periods: the early patristic age to the pontificate of Gregory the Great (d. 6o4), the Carolingian age, the period of European recovery from the tenth to the mid-twelfth century, and finally the period from about 1150 to 1300, sometimes called the High Middle Ages. Partly because of limitations of space, and partly because they are well covered by readily available translations, certain categories of Christian documents have been left out or given scant treatment. Such, for example, are the theological treatises which deal with controversies between the temporal and spiritual jurisdictions and the literature of Byzantine Christianity. What is offered here, therefore, might best be described as a selection of documents illustrating Christian life, largely in the West, in its varied and changing aspects. I have attempted to be as inclusive as possible, but often only one or two typical examples could be presented. To those who miss a favorite selection or to those who would like to have more, I can but suggest the only remedy appropriate to such frustrations, a wide and deep reading in the vast field of Christian literature. Except where otherwise indicated, the translations have been prepared by the editor. For expert assistance in this task I am most grateful to Dr. Sara Sindel of the Department of Classics of Emory University. M.W.B.