Cover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Transcription

1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Hoven, C. van den Title: The coronation ritual of the falcon at Edfu : tradition and innovation in ancient Egyptian ritual composition Issue Date:

2 The coronation ritual of the falcon at Edfu Tradition and innovation in ancient Egyptian ritual composition Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus Prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 16 februari 2017 klokke uur door Carina van den Hoven geboren te Dordrecht in 1980

3 Promotores: Prof. dr. O.E. Kaper Prof. dr. Chr. Zivie-Coche Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. L. Coulon Dr. J. van Dijk Dr. I. Guermeur Prof. dr. D. Kurth Prof. dr. M.J. Raven Dr. Chr. Thiers

4 The coronation ritual of the falcon at Edfu Tradition and innovation in ancient Egyptian ritual composition Thèse de Doctorat pour l obtention du titre de Docteur de l École Pratique des Hautes Études PSL soutenue publiquement le jeudi 16 février 2017 par Carina van den Hoven née à Dordrecht, Pays-Bas en 1980 Directeurs de thèse : Prof. dr. O.E. Kaper Prof. dr. Chr. Zivie-Coche Pré-rapporteurs : Membres du Jury : Dr. J. van Dijk Dr. Chr. Thiers Prof. dr. L. Coulon Dr. I. Guermeur Prof. dr. D. Kurth Prof. dr. M.J. Raven

5

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 1 INTRODUCTION RESEARCH TOPIC AND SOURCE MATERIAL AIMS AND OBJECTIVES THEORY AND METHODOLOGY GRAMMAIRE DU TEMPLE INTERTEXTUALITY AND INTERICONICITY 17 2 TEXTUAL AND ICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS SCENE ANOINTING THE SACRED FALCON THE HYMN TO THE SACRED FALCON SCENE PRESENTING THE HH-SYMBOL AND THE anx-bouquet THE HYMN TO THE SACRED FALCON SCENE PRESENTING CHOICE PORTIONS OF MEAT THE HYMN TO THE SACRED FALCON THE INVOCATION TO SAKHMET-WADJET THE FINAL APOTROPAIC FORMULA SCENE FUMIGATING FRAGRANT RESIN THE HYMN TO THE SACRED FALCON SCENE THOTH ENGRAVING THE PALM RIB CENSING BEFORE THE GOOD YEAR THE INVOCATIONS TO THE GOOD YEAR THE FINAL APOTROPAIC FORMULA SCENE THOTH HOLDING anx AND was PRESENTING INCENSE AND A SISTRUM TO SAKHMET THE INVOCATIONS TO SAKHMET THE FINAL APOTROPAIC FORMULA THE HYMN TO HORUS SCENE ONURIS-SHU PIERCING A SNAKE PRESENTING THE HH-SYMBOL AND gs-ointment THE PROTECTION OF THE BEDROOM AND OF THE HOUSE THE FINAL APOTROPAIC FORMULA SCENE ONURIS-SHU STABBING THE SETH-ANIMAL PRESENTING A CORD AND A URAEUS THE PROTECTION OF THE BODY THE FINAL APOTROPAIC FORMULA CONCLUSIONS 51 1

7 3 INTERTEXTUAL AND INTERICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS SCENE ANOINTING Anointing as a symbol of renewal and regeneration Anointing as a means of protection Anointing and the confirmation of royal power Conclusions SCENE PRESENTING THE HH-SYMBOL AND THE anx-bouquet The destruction of enemies and an eternal reign The anx-bouquet in relation to the ima-, baq- and isd-trees The HH-symbol in relation to the anx-dd-was-symbols The anx-bouquet in relation to the anx-dd-was-symbols Conclusions SCENE PRESENTING CHOICE PORTIONS OF MEAT The destruction of enemies The annihilation of enemies and the confirmation of royal power THE HYMN TO SCENE THE INVOCATION TO SAKHMET-WADJET THE FINAL APOTROPAIC FORMULA SCENE FUMIGATING FRAGRANT RESIN Fragrant resin and the rising of the renewed sun-god THE HYMN TO SCENE SCENE THE SOULS OF PE AND NEKHEN AND THE CONFIRMATION OF ROYAL POWER THOTH ENGRAVING THE PALM RIB THE GOOD YEAR, RENEWAL AND PROTECTION PRESENTING PALM RIBS AND THE ssd-head-band THE INVOCATIONS TO THE GOOD YEAR Dendera, kiosk on the roof Edfu, mammisi Philae, mammisi Dendera, pronaos Amheida Dendera, Roman mammisi Ismant el-kharab (Kellis), mammisi Conclusions SCENE APPEASING AND INVOKING SAKHMET THE INVOCATIONS TO SAKHMET Edfu, rooms of the western and eastern staircase Dendera, façade of the Naos Dendera, Room U Dendera, East Crypt I Dendera, kiosk on the roof Dendera, Roman mammisi Dendera, Isis temple Kom Ombo, Offering H Athribis, Room F Texts closely associated with the invocations to Sakhmet Appeasing Sakhmet in the pronaos The chronocrates Conclusions 101 2

8 3.6.3 THE HYMN TO SCENE SCENE LION-THRONES AND THE CONFIRMATION OF ROYAL POWER PRESENTING THE HH-SYMBOL AND gs-ointment The HH-symbol as a protective amulet Gs-ointment for protection during the night THE RITUAL FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BEDROOM The tradition of rituals for protection during the night The protection of the bedroom 109 a) Lighting torches 109 b) Tying cloth 113 c) Presenting protective amulets and stone beads 115 d) Drawing protective images and reciting spells 117 e) Anointing with spittle 118 f) Tying and untying a knot 118 g) Conclusion of the ritual Conclusions THE SPELLS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE HOUSE Edfu, mammisi Dendera, South Crypt I Dendera, West Crypt I Conclusions SCENE PRESENTING THE URAEUS AND THE WINGED SCARAB The uraeus for the protection of the body The winged scarab for the protection of the body THE RITUAL FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BODY The tradition of rituals for the protection of the body The protection of the body 129 a) [Tying a...] and a uraeus to the head 130 b) Presenting protective amulets 131 c) Tying cloth around the neck 131 d) Presenting protective amulets and stone beads 132 e) Drawing protective images 133 f) Anointing with myrrh and fragrant fat 134 g) Protecting with reed and papyrus and with doum- and date palms 134 h) Tying a knot 134 i) Purifying and spitting 135 j) Drawing images on dishes 135 k) [Purifying] 137 l) Anointing with oil 137 m) Tying and untying a knot 138 n) Breaking painted [dishes] 138 o) Presenting milk 138 p) Conclusion of the ritual Conclusions THE SPELLS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE BODY Edfu, mammisi Conclusions CONCLUSIONS 141 3

9 4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS DISCUSSION OF ALLIOT S ANALYSIS OF THE RITUAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE SCENES SCENES 1 AND SCENES 3 AND SCENES 5 AND SCENES 7 AND INTERRELATIONS WITH THE DECORATION-PROGRAMME OF WALL I (NORTH) SOUBASSEMENT BANDEAU-INSCRIPTIONS AND FRIEZE Bandeau du soubassement Bandeau de la frise Frieze THIRD REGISTER Western half, scene Western half, scene Eastern half, scene Eastern half, scenes 2a and 2b Eastern half, scene CONCLUSIONS RECONSTRUCTION OF THE RITUAL ESTABLISHMENT OF THE RITUAL SEQUENCE POSITION OF THE SCENES IN THE RITUAL SEQUENCE SCENES 1 AND SCENES 3 AND SCENES 5 AND SCENES 7 AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE RITUAL LOCALITIES THE Pr-Bik / Pr-Bik-NTry THE marw AND THE ssd n xaw / ssd n sia / ssd n sab-swt THE RITUAL LOCATIONS OF SCENES Scenes 1 and Scenes 3 and Scenes 5 and Scenes 7 and SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS 205 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 219 ABBREVIATIONS 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 223 APPENDIX 1. GENERAL PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF EDFU 253 APPENDIX 2. LINE-DRAWINGS 255 APPENDIX 3. TRANSLATIONS 257 APPENDIX 4. SAMENVATTING 297 APPENDIX 5. RÉSUMÉ 303 APPENDIX 6. CURRICULUM VITAE 309 4

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This doctoral dissertation is the result of an international joint PhD-research project carried out at Leiden University and the École Pratique des Hautes Études. The research project was funded by the generous financial support of the Conseil Régional Île-de-France, Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, Dr. Catharine van Tussenbroek Fonds, Leids Universiteits Fonds and Leiden University Institute for Area Studies. I am deeply grateful to my supervisors Olaf Kaper and Christiane Zivie-Coche for the fruitful discussions we had, for their valuable comments on my work and for the encouragement and support they offered. The séminaires organised by Christiane in Paris were not only enjoyable, but also provided a very useful platform for discussing research ideas and gaining insight in the various topics that the other PhD researchers were working on. Olaf Kaper gave me the fantastic opportunity to take part in his fieldwork-project in the Dakhleh Oasis in Egypt for several seasons, as well as to teach various courses at Leiden University ( and 2016). As my research was carried out both in The Netherlands and in France and I would like to thank all the members of the Department of Egyptology at Leiden University for their encouragement and support as well as the members of the Équipe d Accueil «Égypte ancienne : archéologie, langue, religion» (EA 4519) at the École Pratique des Hautes Études for making me feel most welcome in Paris. I would like to thank especially Dieter Kurth and the members of Das Edfu Projekt in Hamburg, Wolfgang Waitkus, Andreas Effland and Jan-Peter Graeff for welcoming me in Hamburg and for kindly making available to me a pre-publication version of their work on the translations of Edfou VI. I am most appreciative of the Netherlands Institute for the Near East (NINO) in Leiden for providing me with a personal workspace and outstanding research facilities. In Paris the library facilities of both the Centre Wladimir Golénischeff and the Collège de France were indispensable. Thanks are also due to the Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo (NVIC) for providing me with the facilities and assistance essential to carry out fieldwork in Egypt. I would like to thank the members of the Doctorate Committee for their time invested: Laurent Coulon (École Pratique des Hautes Études), Jacobus van Dijk (Universiteit Groningen), Ivan Guermeur (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université Paul- Valéry Montpellier 3), Dieter Kurth (Universität Hamburg), Maarten Raven (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden; Universiteit Leiden) and Christophe Thiers (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Centre Franco-Égyptien d Étude des Temples de Karnak). Special thanks are due to archaeological illustrator Martin Hense, who very generously helped me with the illustrations in this volume and the design of the cover. On a personal level I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues in The Netherlands, Egypt and France, and most importantly my father Arie van den Hoven for instilling in me a passion for history and culture and my partner Erik de Heer for his everlasting support and for enabling me to see things in another perspective. Leiden, September

11 6