RELS 226/326. Mahāyāna Buddhism. Semester 2. Department of Theology and Religion University of Otago

Transcription

1 RELS 226/326 Mahāyāna Buddhism Semester Department of Theology and Religion University of Otago

2 Course Introduction i Welcome to RELS Mahāyāna Buddhism Welcome to this paper on Mahāyāna Buddhism. This paper is offered on campus in Dunedin, and online for distance students. This course book is written with both groups of students in mind, but some sections will apply to only one of the two groups. As the paper is offered at both 200 and 300 levels, some sections are specific to students taking the paper at 200 or 300 levels, respectively. Introduction This paper examines the origins of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India, its spread to China, Japan and Tibet and its relationship to other forms of Buddhism. The paper begins with the early history of Buddhism and examines how it separated into many sects. We then explore the origins and development of the main Mahāyāna texts, such as the Perfection of Wisdom and Lotus sūtras and their influence on the Mahāyāna doctrines. We will study the main concepts in these sūtras with special reference to doctrines such as Dependent Origination, the Bodhisattva ideal, Buddha nature, the Three Bodies of the Buddha, the three vehicles and Nirvāṇa. The paper will also introduce the philosophies of the Mādhyamika and Yogācāra schools. Learning Aims and Objectives At 200 level Knowledge: a) the origins and early development of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India; b) the distinctive ideas and practices of Mahāyāna Buddhism; and c) the transmission of Mahāyāna to other parts of Asia. Skills: a) the ability to analyse critically the teachings of Mahāyāna Buddhism; b) the ability to research topics using academic texts, journals and other media; and c) the ability to defend an argument using a variety of methods in writing.

3 ii Course Introduction At 300 level Knowledge: a) the origins and early development of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India; b) the distinctive ideas and practices of Mahāyāna Buddhism; and c) the different phases in the development of Mahāyāna Buddhism in Asia and the contribution it has made to the culture of the lands where it has developed. Skills: a) the ability to critically analyse Mahāyāna Buddhist history and thought; b) the ability to research topics using academic texts, journals and other media; and c) the ability to defend an argument using a variety of methods in writing. Course Structure This course is divided into seven study units: 1. Early Indian Buddhism 2. Early Mahāyāna Buddhism in India 3. Early Mahāyāna Scriptures 4. Mahāyāna Schools in India 5. Transmission of Mahāyāna Buddhism to China 6. Later Mahāyāna Scriptures 7. Mahāyāna Devotionalism Both on-campus and distance students will participate in the Online Tutorial Forum on Blackboard. Students on campus will meet for lectures twice a week (Tuesday and Thursday, pm). The dates listed below are the times when students on campus will meet for lectures and tutorials and they provide a guideline for distance students to plan their reading. Please ensure that you have read through the study unit and the appropriate section from the reader before the class meets (campus students) and before participating in the online tutorials. Unit 1: Early Indian Buddhism 7 July Lecture 1: Introduction: the Buddha 9 July Lecture 2: The Buddhist Councils Unit 2 Early Mahāyāna Buddhism in India 14 July Lecture 1: The origins of the Mahāyāna 16 July Lecture 2: The literature and language of Mahāyāna 21 July Lecture 3: The Bodhisattva ideal 23 July Online Tutorial 1 opens 30 July Online Tutorial 1 closes

4 Course Introduction iii Unit 3: Early Mahāyāna Scriptures 28 July Lecture 1: The pāramitās 30 July Lecture 2: The daśabhūmis 4 Aug Lecture 3: The Prajñāpāramitā literature 6 Aug Online Tutorial 2 opens 13 Aug Online Tutorial 2 closes Essay Outline due Friday 7 Aug at 5 pm Unit 4: Mahāyāna Schools in India 11 Aug Lecture 1: Mādhyamika 13 Aug Lecture 2: Yogācāra 18 Aug Lecture 3: The Tathāgatagarbha doctrine 20 Aug Online Tutorial 3 opens 3 Sep Online Tutorial 3 closes Aug Mid-Semester break Unit 5: Transmission of Mahāyāna Buddhism to China 1 Sep Lecture 1: Mahayana Buddhism reaches China 3 Sep Lecture 2: The Huayan school 8 Sep Lecture 3: The Avataṃsaka sūtra 10 Sep Online Tutorial 4 opens 17 Sep Online Tutorial 4 closes Unit 6: Later Mahāyāna Scriptures 15 Sep Lecture 1: The Lotus sūtra 17 Sep Lecture 2: The Lotus sūtra in China and Japan 22 Sep Lecture 3: The bodies of the Buddha 24 Sep Online Tutorial 5 opens 1 Oct Online Tutorial 5 closes Essay due Friday 18 Sep at 5 pm Unit 7 Mahāyāna Devotionalism 29 Sep Lecture 1: Mahāyāna Buddhism reaches Tibet 1 Oct Lecture 2: Cults of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas 6 Oct Lecture 3: Pure Land Buddhism 6 Oct Online Tutorial 6 opens 8 Oct Revision/Exam Preparation 9 Oct Online Tutorial 6 closes Course Coordinator Dr Chaisit Suwanvarangkul, BPharm (Chulalongkorn) MA (Kyoto) PhD (Delhi), is a Lecturer in the Department of Theology and Religion. He teaches papers on Buddhism and Sanskrit. Dr Suwanvarangkul was born in

5 Thailand, and spent more than ten years as an ordained Theravada Buddhist monk, studying the Dhamma and Vinaya. He did his MA research on the Madhyāntavibhāga at Kyoto University in Japan and his PhD research at the University of Delhi in India on the Yogacara school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. He has taught meditation in Japan, and has taught both Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism at Wat Phra Dhammakaya in Pathum Thani near Bangkok, and at the Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya University, Bangkok. He has also taught Japanese in Thailand for more than three years. He studied Sanskrit and Tibetan in Japan and India. His field of research is Buddhist studies, focusing on the original Teaching of Buddha. University: Room 101, 1 st Floor, 97 Albany St, Dunedin Telephone: chaisit.suwanvarangkul@otago.ac.nz Office hours: Monday and Wednesday 1 to 2 pm (or by appointment) Course Book and Essential Textbook Access to a course book is required and students are expected to have read through the relevant study unit and readings. Please see the Department's 'Essential Information' web page for important advice and guidance on Distance Learning. (We will assume that you have read and are familiar with this material): Additionally, students are expected to read the text book: Paul Williams. Mahāyāna Buddhism: the Doctrinal Foundations (London: Routledge, 2009) This book is available through the University library catalogue as an E- Book. A printed copy is also on close reserve in the Central Library, BQ7405.WQ For instructions on accessing E-Books available through the University Library please see the 'Essential Information' web page or the Library's website: It is also available from: University Book Shop, 378 Great King Street, North Dunedin 9054 Telephone: Fax: ubs@unibooks.co.nz Note that books will not be posted to you until payment is made. You can do this by credit card when you order, or by cheque when you receive the pro forma invoice from the Book Shop that is sent following your order.

6 Using Blackboard Course Introduction v This course is taught using the web-based programme Blackboard. This is a widely used online learning environment that provides online resources and additional material for each week s topic in addition to facilities for class discussion and other interaction. If you are taking the course by distance, it is essential that you have reliable access to the Internet and a basic familiarity with computers for word processing, , and Internet browsing. Students on campus are also required to use Blackboard to submit assignments and for online tutorials. To access Blackboard go to and login using your University Username and Password. Your Student Username is printed on your Student ID card and your Password should have been sent to you as part of the enrolment process. If you do not know your password please phone the ITS Service Desk on (8.30am to 9.00pm Monday to Friday, 10:00am to 5:00pm Weekends) or its.servicedesk@otago.ac.nz. If you are correctly enrolled for the course it should be visible under Courses as Mahayana Buddhism. If you are unfamiliar with Blackboard please see the more detailed instructions on using Blackboard under Blackboard in the 'Essential Information' web page. Please note: Blackboard uses your university address. If you use another address, you can arrange through PIMS to have your university redirected to this address. Online Tutorials Using Blackboard Once you have logged into Blackboard and displayed the Home Page for this paper, click on Online Tutorial Forum in the menu. To contribute to the tutorial discussion: Locate the thread you are contributing to. Click on Reply. Write your comments. Click on Submit. Your contribution will then be on the website along with the contributions of your fellow class members. Again, if you are unfamiliar with Blackboard please see the more detailed instructions on using Blackboard under Blackboard on the 'Essential Information' web page. You may also wish to draft your contribution off-line and then cut and paste into Blackboard. This saves being online while you do research or think about an issue. It also ensures you have a copy of your contributions.

7 vi! Course Introduction Assessment Overview Examination Please read carefully the information on 'Assessment' on the 'Essential Information' web page, which includes important advice on plagiarism and deadlines: Distance students should also read the section on assessment in the handbook: Distance Learning Information and Support A link to a PDF of the Handbook is provided below: The assessment at 200 level comprises: A 500-word outline of the essay (5%) A 2500-word essay (35%) 5 online tutorials (10%) A three-hour exam (50%) The assessment at 300 level comprises: A 750-word outline of the essay (10%) A 3500-word essay (40%) 5 online tutorials (10%) A two-hour exam (40%) For Grading and Benchmark Criteria please see the information under Grading in the 'Essential Information' web page. For RELS 230 students - 3 hour examination, worth 50% of final mark. For RELS 330 students - 2 hour examination, worth 40% of final mark The date and time of the examination will be available on E-vision toward the end of the course. If you have any questions about the exam venue, dates or time, please contact the Examination Officer (not the lecturer). Examination Office: Tel Fax: examinations@otago.ac.nz Submitting Assignments All assignments for this paper are to be submitted electronically via the Assignment feature on Blackboard by 5.00pm on the due dates notified. They are not to be given or ed directly to your course coordinator. Campus students must also submit a hard copy of their assignment, by placing it in the box outside the office at 4C10, Fourth Floor, Arts Building. (This should include a signed copy of the plagiarism declaration).

8 Course Introduction vii The assignments for this paper will be checked using Safe Assign. For instructions on how to submit assignments via Blackboard please see the information under Submitting Your Assignment" in the Essential Information web page. Before you submit your essay, make a backup copy, either in electronic form or on paper, and keep it in a safe place. We try very hard to ensure that essays do not go missing, but catastrophes do occur. In the unlikely event that an essay is lost, we will assume you have another copy. Extensions and Late Submission Plagiarism Students have full responsibility for the prompt submission of assignments. For the Department s policy on Assignment Extensions and Late Submission, please see the information under Deadlines in the 'Essential Information' web page. The University of Otago takes the issue of plagiarism presenting someone else s work as your own very seriously. The University s official policy on plagiarism can be founder under Plagiarism in the Essential Information web page. Referencing System For essay writing, the Department requires that you use the 14th edition of the Chicago Style Guide, which is the norm for many academic journals in the Humanities and often recommended for theses in the Humanities. The Department has prepared a Study and Style Guide, which outlines the Chicago Style and offers other advice on essay presentation. You may find it via the Department s web site and also on Blackboard. Hard copies are available from the office at 4C10, Arts Building. More about the Online Tutorial Forum Value: 10% The Online Tutorial Forum is a virtual tutorial in which you discuss the issues at hand with others in the class on Blackboard. There are five marked tutorials, and one unmarked tutorial. To receive full marks you need to: 1. consider two or more of the questions set for the tutorial 2. demonstrate that you have done the required readings 3. engage in the ongoing thread of discussion 4. respond to other students posts, or ask questions

9 viii! Course Introduction Please note that contributions will be assessed for their quality of analysis, relevance to the discussion, reference to the required readings, and interaction with other students posts, but not for presentation style, formatting or citation. Your tutorial contribution should be informal and conversational, but should also engage seriously with the topics and make references to the readings if possible. (There is no need to footnote comments about the readings from the course book, but if you cite some other source, let us know what it is.) I will not respond to every post, but will occasionally weigh in with a comment or another question. You are strongly advised to draft your posts off-line in a word processing software, so you can keep track of your word count; and then cut and paste into Blackboard. This saves being online while you do research or think about an issue. It also ensures you have your own copy of your contributions in case of technology failure. Our tutorial discussions will be enhanced if we try to observe these rules of netiquette: 1. Keep your contribution relevant, focused and to the point; you don t have to write everything you know about a topic, but you need to engage in a discussion with other participants. 2. Keep an open mind, and respect all contributions from your fellow students. Where you agree or disagree with a posting made by another participant, offer specific reasons for doing so, citing an academic reference in support of your view if possible. 3. Keep your ideas focused on the topics being discussed. If you want to write about a related, but different, subject start a new thread. Give your postings a specific title to help others to find your posts later on. 4. Try not to dominate the discussion, but give others space. 5. Electronic discussion is prone to misunderstanding, and it is reasonably easy to cause offence without intending to. So choose your words carefully and precisely, giving thought to how they might be received. Feel free to use emoticons they are an important way of conveying tone. And don t take offence too quickly perceived slights may not be real or intended. If you don t understand what someone has said online, ask them to clarify it. 6. If that doesn t resolve the matter, contact your lecturer directly. Please note: your tutorial contributions should be between words in length. Online Tutorial Schedule and Questions Tutorial 1 (Unit 1-2: this tutorial is marked and is open July) a) What are some differences between Mahāyāna and Theravāda attitudes towards the Buddhist Canon? b) What is meant by the Bodhisattva ideal? c) What is a stūpa cult and why is it important for the history of Mahāyāna Buddhism?

10 d) What does Williams say about the origins of Mahāyāna? Tutorial 2 (Unit 3: this tutorial is marked and is open 6-13 Aug) a) What are the activities and aspirations of a Bodhisattva? Course Introduction ix b) What stages, or steps does the Bodhisattva attain on the way to the final goal of nirvāṇa? c) According to Williams (textbook) what are some of the claims made in the Prajñāpāramitā, or Perfection of Wisdom literature? (d) What is the relationship between Bodhisattva and Wisdom? Tutorial 3 (Unit 4: this tutorial is marked ans is open 20 Aug-3 Sep) (a) Who was Nāgārjuna, and why is he important for the development of Mahāyāna Buddhist thought? (b) What are some of the differences between the Mādhyamika and the Yogācāra conceptions of śūnyatā? (c) Why have some scholars argued that the doctrine of Tathāgatagarbha is not Buddhist? (d) What does Williams say about the dispute between gzhan stong and rang stong in Tibet? Tutorial 4 (Unit 5: this tutorial is marked and is open Sep) (a) What does dharma-dhātu mean? (b) How did the Avataṃsaka sūtra get from India to China? (c) What are the origins of the Huayan School and why did the Huayan School become so popular in China? (d) What does Williams say about Huayan practice and tradition in China? Tutorial 5 (Unit 6: this tutorial is marked and is open 24 Sep-1 Oct) (a) The Lotus Sūtra uses the concept of ekayāna, one vehicle. What does this term mean, and why is it important? (b) What does the term the two bodies of the Buddha mean? (c) Find synonyms and meaning of dharmakāya (d) What does Williams say about the system of bodies developed by Yogācāra?

11 x Course Introduction Tutorial 6 (Unit 7: this tutorial is not marked, and is open 6-9 Oct) (a) According to Williams, what does bodhicitta mean, and what is it equal to? (b) Is Maitreya a mortal Bodhisattva or a celestial Bodhisattva? (c) In which direction is the Pure Land of Akṣobhya, who is allowed to dwell there, and for how long? (d) What does Williams say about Compassion and the Bodhicitta? Assignments for RELS 226 Students 1. Essay Outline (5%) Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 7 August 2015 The first component of assessment for this course is a one-page (max. 500 word) outline and bibliography of your essay for the course. The outline should include: a) A brief presentation of your selected topic. b) Headings and subheadings, to show what you will cover. c) A list of at least three secondary sources you intend to consult. The outline is intended to assist you in the process of writing a good essay. Your final essay need not be identical with what you present on your outline if you choose (or if I suggest) another approach to the topic. 2. Essay (35%) Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 18 September 2015 The second component of assessment for this course is one 2,500 word essay. Please choose one of the following five options as the title for your essay: a) Discuss the Bodhisattva ideal and the unique characteristics of Mahāyāna Buddhism. b) Discuss the difference between the absence of Self in persons (pudgalanairātmya) and the absence of Self in dharmas (dharmanairātmya). c) Discuss the role of Ālayavijñāna in Yogācāra thought. d) Outline the origins of the Huayan School and explain why the Huayan School became so popular in China. e) What is a Pure Land? Why has Pure Land Buddhism become so popular in Japan?

12 Course Introduction xi Assignments for RELS 326 Students 1. Essay Outline (10%) Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 7 August 2015 The first component of assessment for this course is a one- to two-page (max. 750 word) outline and bibliography of your essay for the course. The outline should include: a) A brief presentation of your selected topic. b) Headings and subheadings, to show what you will cover. c) A list of at least five secondary sources you intend to consult. The outline is intended to assist you in the process of writing a good essay. Your final essay need not be identical with what you present on your outline if you choose (or if I suggest) another approach to the topic. 2. Essay (40%) Deadline: 5pm on Friday, 18 September 2015 The second component of assessment for this course is one 3,500 word essay. Please choose one of the following five options as the title for your essay: a) Discuss the role of laypeople in the rise of Mahāyāna and the development of the Mahāyāna sūtras. b) Discuss the three natures (trisvabhāva) and identify some of the main points of disagreement between Mādhyamika and Yogācāra. c) Discuss the principal doctrine of the Tathāgatagarbha, and explain its place in Mahāyāna Scriptures. d) Outline the origins and development of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra and its relationship to the wider Buddhist tradition. e) Outline the doctrine of the three bodies (trikāya), and explain its place in Mahāyāna thought regarding the Buddha. A Study and Style Guide for writing essays is available from the Theology and Religion office, or as a pdf file on Blackboard, where you can also find further advice on study skills, including the University s policies on plagiarism and advice on how to avoid it.

13 xii Course Introduction Bibliography This bibliography is intended to supplement the course book and to guide your further private study for the essay and preparation for the examination. It is not an exhaustive list, even of works available in the library here. You are not expected to read everything on this list, nor are you expected to limit your reading to these works. Specific suggestions for further reading will be found in the notes for each unit. The codes following each article or book indicate the call number in the library. Note that you do not need to provide these codes on your assignment bibliography (but otherwise you may wish to take the references here as a guide to how your bibliography should appear). Amstutz, Galen. Interpreting Amida: History and Orientalism in the study of Pure Land Buddhism. Albany: State University of New York Press, BQ AH19 Anacker, Stefan. Seven Works of Vasubandhu, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, BQ7529.V363 E Bapat, P.V., 2500 Years of Buddhism, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India, BQ266.B635 Blofeld, John, Bodhisattva of Compassion: The Mystical Tradition of Kuan Yin, Boulder, CO: Shambhala, BQ4700.BM58 Bocking, Brian, Nāgārjuna in China, Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, BQ2813.E Cheng, Hsueh-li, Nagarjuna s Twelve Gate Treatise, Dordrecht, Holland; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., BQ2782.E5 CG74 Cleary, Thomas, The Flower Ornament Scripture, A Translation of The Avataṃsaka Sutra, Boston: Shambala Press, BQ1622.E Cleary, Thomas, Entry into the Inconceivable:an introduction to Hua-Yen Buddhism, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, BQ CL Conze, Edward, Buddhism its essence and development. Oxford : Cassirer, BQ4012.CR Conze, Edward, Buddhist Texts Through the Age, New York : Harper & Row, BQ1138.BX Conze, Edward, Buddhist thought in India. London : George Allen & Unwin, BQ282.CR74 Conze, Edward, Thirty Years of Buddhist Studies, Oxford: Cassirer, BQ4055.CR74 Conze, Edward, The Large Sutra on the Perfect Wisdom, Berkeley: University of California Press, BQ1882.E5 CR735 Conze, Edward, The perfection of wisdom in eight thousand lines & its verse summary. Bolinas, Four Seasons Foundation; distributed by Book People, Berkeley, BQ1912.E5 CR74 Conze, Edward, The Prajñāpāramitā Literature, The Hague: Mouton, BQ1882.E5 CR737.

14 xiii Course Introduction Conze, Edward, The Short Prajñāpāramitā Texts, London: Luzac, BQ1882.E5 CR74 Cowell, E.B., et al., Buddhist Mahāyāna Texts, New York: Dover Publication, Inc., BQ1612.E5 BX Davids, Rhys, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society s Pali English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at Davidson, Ronald M, Tibetan Renaissance, New York: Columbia University Press, BQ7610.D755 Dayal, Har, The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, BQ4293.D843 Dreyfus, Georges B.J., The Sound of Two Hands Clapping: The Education of a Tibetan Buddhist Monk, Berkeley: University of California Press, BQ7756.DS19 Douglas, Nik & White, Meryl, compilers. Karmapa the Black Hat Lama of Tibet, London: Luzac & Company, BQ7682.K55 Dutt, Nalinaksha, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, BQ7374.DZ Thomas, E.J. The History of Buddhist Thought, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, BQ266.TE Eliot, Charles, Sir, Japanese Buddhism, London : Routledge, BQ674.ED English, Elizabeth, Vajrayoginī, Boston: Wisdom Publications, BQ4890.V342 EK5 Garfield, Jay; Edelglass, William, et al. Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings. New York: Oxford University Press, B162.BX24 Geshey Ngawang Dhargyey, Tibetan tradition of mental development : oral teachings of Tibetan Lama, Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, BQ7780.NJ97 Getty, Alice, The Gods of Northern Buddhism, Tokyo: Tuttle, BQ4630.GC66 Griffiths, Paul J., On Being Mindless, La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing, BQ4327.GU74 Gomez, Luis O., Land of Bliss, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, BQ2012.E5 L Guenther, Herbert V, The Tantric View of Life, Berkeley, CA: Shambala, BQ GX24 Hakeda, Yoshito S., the Awakening of Faith, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, BQ2992.E5 H416 Hirakawa, Akira, A History of Indian Buddhism From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, BQ336.HN Hisao, Inagaki, The Three Pure Land Sutras, Berkeley, Numata Center, BQ2012.E5 IB3 1995

15 Course Introduction xiv Kalupahana, David J., The Philosophy of the Middle Way, New York: State University of New York Press, BQ2792.E5 K39 Katō, Bunnō et al., The Threefold Lotus Sutra, New York: Weatherhill, BQ2052.E5 K61 Keown, Damien and Charles Prebish, eds. Nikāya Buddhism, Encylopedia of Buddhism, New York: Routledge, 2007, pp Inada, Kenneth, Nāgārjuna, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, BQ2792.E5 IB Kim, Inchang, The Future Buddha Maitreya, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, BQ4690.M33 KG4 King, Sallie B., Buddha Nature, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, Kosambi D.D, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline, London, DS425.KV2 Kumar, Pushpendra, Tārā: The Supreme Goddess, Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, BQ4710.T3 PZ55 Lamotte, Étienne, History of Indian Buddhism, Paris: Peeters Press, BQ286.L Lopez, Donald S., A Study of Svātantrika, Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, BQ7478.LV16 Lopez, Donald S., Religions of Tibet in practice, Princeton: Princeton University Press, BQ7620.RC Makransky, John J., Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, Mitchell, Donald W., Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience, New York: Oxford University Press, BQ266.MN71 Murdoch, James. A history of Japan. Revised and edited by Joseph H. Longford. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 3 volumes, DS835.MY97 Murti, T.R.V. The Central Philosophy of Buddhism: a Study of the Madhyamika system. 2nd ed. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1968 (1960) B123.MZ Nagao, G.M., Mādhyamika and Yogācāra: A Study of Mahāyāna Philosophies, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, BQ7462.N378 Nakamura, Hajime. Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes, Hirakata: KUFS Publication, BQ336.N443 Nakamura. Hajime, Buddhism in Comparative Light, New Delhi: Islam and the Modern Age Society ; Bombay: Current Book House, BQ4610.C5 N443 Niwano, Nikkyō, The Lotus Sutra, life and soul of Buddhism. A modern introduction to the Lotus Sutra giving a better understanding of the Buddha s teachings. Tokyo: Risshō Kōsei-kai, BQ2057.NQ47 Prebish, Charles S. ed. Buddhism: A Modern Perspective. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975, BQ4012.BX24

16 xv Course Introduction Prebish, Charles S. and Keown, Damien, Introducing Buddhism, New York and London: Routledge, BQ266.PW94 Ramanan, K. Venkata. Nāgārjuna's Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [1966] BQ1947.N Samuel, Geoffrey. Tantric Revisionings : new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, BQ C52 T557 Schopen, G. The inscription on the Kuṣān image of Amitābha and the character of the early Mahāyāna in India, Figments and Fragments of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India: More Collected Papers. Hawai i: University of Hawai i Press, 2005, pp BQ6160.I4 SB83a Sprung, Mervyn, Lucid Exposition of The Middle Way, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, BQ2862.E5 SR82 F.Th. Stcherbatsky. The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana, The Hague: Mouton, BQ4263.SS91 Suzuki, D.T., Outlines of Mahāyāna Buddhism, New York: Schocken Books, BQ7401.SY782 Suzuki, D.T., The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra: A Mahāyāna Text, London: G. Routledge, BQ1722.E5 SY78 Takakusu, Junjirō, The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, BQ7405.T Tanabe, George J. and Tanabe, Willa J. ed., The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, BQ2057.LV86 The Cowherds. Moonshadows. New York: Oxford University Press, BQ4255.CV51 Thomas, Edward J, The History of Buddhist Thought, Routledge, Thurman, Robert, Essential Tibetan Buddhism, San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco, BQ7604.TH58 Tuck, Andrew P., Comparative Philosophy and the Philosophy of Scholarship on the Western Interpretation of Nāgārjuna, Oxford: Oxford University Press, BQ7604.TH58 Waddell, Austine, The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism, London: W.H. Allen & Co, 1895 Warder, A.K., Indian Buddhism, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, BQ270.W797. Watson, Burton, The Lotus Sutra, New York: Columbia University, BQ2052.E5 WA47 Wayman, Alex, The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism, New York, S. Weiser, BQ WB32 Wayman, Alex, Yoga of the Guhyasamājatantra: the Arcane Lore of Forty Verses, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, Wayman, Alex, The Lion s Roar of Queen Śrimālā, New York: Columbia University Press, BQ1792.E5 WB32 Williams, Paul, Mahāyāna Buddhism: the Doctrinal Foundations, New York: Routledge, BQ7405.WQ