Chp 5. Speakers, Speeches: The British Parliamentary Format
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1 Chp 5 Speakers, Speeches: The British Parliamentary Format
2 Three Ways to Win in B.P. Know things! Talk pretty! Fulfill your role!
3 But first a quick review... Types of Argumentation (Chp 4) Framing Construction Deconstruction
4 Framing The crucial effort to cast and prioritize issues in your favor i.e. Obama Proposes Military Action Against Assad Pro: uphold international norms, low cost, maintain US credibility Con: against public wishes, violates just war criteria, doesn t serve US interests
5 Constructive Argumentation Utilizing what we know about claim/support to make good arguments. Depth - drilling deep into the claim with WHY? THW ban corporal punishment for children. Corporal punishment is the same as child abuse. WHY? Power differentials, violence, administered in intense emotional states... Breadth - scanning across the motion Scan the list on p what topics could be activated? Cultural, Economic, Educational...
6 Constructive Argumentation Organizing Constructive Arguments into concept sets (p 71) Problem/Solution: Genocide/Intervention Principle/Application: Right to life/heath care General/Specific: Power corrupts/against dictatorships Chronological: War on Drugs has failed/is failing/ we must go in a new direction Spatial: War in Iraq: Effect on Iraqis, Region, World Topical: Rights, Environment, Culture, Economy
7 Deconstructive Argumentation Deconstructive Arguments Once you know how to build an argument, you also know how to tear one down. Important DeconstructiveTests, p 83-4 ICE Identify, Critique, Explain, p 89
8 Some Rules... Debates are presided over by a speaker (me!), who keeps time and calls debaters to the floor Each debater has 7 minutes to speak The first and last minutes are protected time, meaning no POIs It s recommended that each debater keep their own time with a phone or stopwatch At the end of the debate, the teams are ranked from first to fourth place. Each ranking has a point value: first = 3 pts; second = 2 pts; third = 1 pt; fourth = 0 pt
9 Points of Interest (POIs) Short interjections that are questions or statements taken at the discretion of the debater holding the floor. The debater may accept or refuse POIs If accepted, the debater asking the POI has 15 seconds to make a statement/ask a question Following the POI, the speaker is expected to integrate their response into their speech. Debaters are judged on their efforts (successful or not) to both offer and respond to POIs
10 Points of Interest (POIs) To give a take POIs is the role of every speaker. Not not do this is to fail fulfilling your role. It is recommended that each speaker takes 2 POIs, ie., 1 from the opening team and 1 from the closing team.
11 Team Overview GOVT. Opening Govt. (OG) Prime Minister (PM) Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) OPP. Opening Opp. (OO) Leader of the Opposition (LO) Deputy Leader of the Opp. (DLO) Closing Govt. (CG) Member of the Govt. (MG) Closing Opp. (CO) Member of the Opp. (MO) Government Whip (GW) Opposition Whip (OW)
12 Opening and the Top Half of the House
13 Opening Government (OG) Goals: Presenting a clear, coherent case that captivatingly interprets the resolution. Present a case that is in the spirit of the resolution Not straying off of topic, but defining a trajectory of debate that is rich to instigate a debate.
14 Opening Opposition (OO) Goals: Refute what the OG team has said AND bring in constructive arguments of your own. This is not a rebuttal only position. How can you tie in your rebuttal with a contrasting constructive argument
15 1: Prime Minister (PM) Prospectively Frame: What is this debate about? Defining the resolution. Major areas of clash? Show that there is a debate to be had! If you frame the case so strongly in your direction that there are not any plausible opposing arguments, then you have failed your task. BE BOLD. Model: Give a concrete policy and parameters to clarify the debate and exclude arguments that will distract from the core of the debate. i.e. THW have the Arab League invade Syria in the interest of protecting innocent civilians. Giving a model here keeps the debate from developing into a discussion of minute and vague issues. Positive Argumentation: 2-3 independent and unique paths of argumentative support for the government side.
16 2: Leader of Opposition (LO) Establish Team Line: What is the basic principle and strategy of the opposition? This clarifies your contribution to the round and helps you avoid internal consistencies. Deconstruction/Rebuttal: Spend 2-3 minutes deconstructing the case of the government. This can be a denial of the problem they claim, a critique of the efficacy of their model, a rejection of their supporting arguments. Construction: spend 3-4 minutes establishing 2-3 unique and independent arguments for supporting the Opposition side of the motion.
17 3: Deputy Prime Minister (DPM) Rebuilding: Show why the attacks on your Prime Minister s characterization of the problem/model/independent arguments failed. Deconstructing: Attack the Opposition s team line (or lack thereof) and their independent positive arguments. Rebut what the LO has said. Comparative Analysis: Show why the government wins in comparison to the opposition. This involves weighing the comparative harms & benefits, their magnitude, etc. Continues the OG s case!
18 4: Deputy Leader of the Opposition (DLO) Rebuilding: Show why the attacks on your LO s characterization of the problem, model, and independent arguments failed. Deconstructing: Attack the Government team line (or lack thereof) and their independent positive arguments. Comparative Analysis: Show why the Opposition wins in comparison to the Government. This involves weighing the comparative harms & benefits, their magnitude, etc. Continues (and closes) the Opening Opposition s case
19 Closing Government & Closing Opposition
20 Role of the Closing Teams Establishing a unique argumentative identity... via extensions. An effective extension is singular in its focus it can... Offer a new line of argument Examine a particular piece of evidence to ground abstract arguments (case study...) Provide greater depth and analysis on a line of argument that already exists (burnt turf as extreme...)
21 Role of the Closing Teams Differentiate yourself from the opening team with extensions. Re-frame the argument, redirect the attention of the adjudicators Your arguments should strive to be better than your opening team. Make sure that your case has an overarching theme that is easily identifiable. Coopertition: Your team is made distinct, while still supporting the opening team! Benefit! The closing team not only is able to introduce their own arguments, but also can summarize the debate in their own words Beware of knifing!
22 5 & 6: Member Speeches Member Government (MG) Member Opposition (MO) Goals Effectively rebutting/deconstructing the opposing speaker who precedes you. Advancing an independent point of positive matter (extensions)
23 5 & 6: Member Speeches Member Government (MG) Member Opposition (MO) Rebutting No more than 3 minutes of your speech. Your goal: summarize and reject the 1 or 2 most important arguments made by your preceding opponent. For the Government Member, this is the DLO (attack two major points generated from the LO s speech as defended by the DLO) For the Opposition Member, this is the MG (simpler, but in the event that the MG is very weak and the Opening Government is strong, you ll want to attack them as well.)
24 5 & 6: Member Speeches Member Government (MG) Member Opposition (MO) Positive Matter... Discussion with your partner: your preparation strategy should be to lay out all the possible avenues of advocacy for your side. Those avenues are covered by your opening team you cross off. Rule of thumb: choose the best new argument(s) as your extension Reframe the debate: So far this debate has been about X, what we re going to bring you in closing is a discussion of Y. Make it memorable, make it distinct!
25 7 & 8: Whip Speeches Govt. Whip (GW) Opp. Whip (OP) General Goals... To effectively summarize the major areas of clash in the round. To highlight the way your partner s extension is a) correct and b)the most valuable argument in the round. Implementation Three questions method For the GW... before summary, do a direct rebuttal to MO s extension (2 minutes) and then go into 3 questions. For OW... go directly into 3 questions.
26 3 Question Method 1. What is required to determine the truth of the motion? 2. How does the other side fail to meet this requirement? 3. How do our efforts meet this requirement. Look for different areas of clash... questions like: Does this benefit/harm a target population? Does this violate/affirm a basic principle? Does this set an acceptable precedent? Sometimes there are multiple target populations, so they may take up two or even all three of the questions. Sometimes they are multiple basic principles, so they may take up all the questions. Always adjust for the debate at hand.
27 Adjudicating Debates Three guiding principles (from Chp 9, p. 232): 1. An adjudicator should be a tabula rasa ( a blank slate ) in his or her orientation towards the proposition. 2. An adjudicator should operate under the principle of non-intervention regarding the debaters efforts 3. An adjudicator is first and foremost an educator entrusted with the responsibility of helping others improve their skills.
28 Adjudicating Models (p. 234) Bad: Truth of Motion Model At the end of the debate, do I believe the motion is true or false? Skill of Debaters Model The teams execution of the arguments and broader strategy. Which team did a better job debating? And the ideal model...
29 Adjudicating Models (p ) Good: The Movement Model By the end of the round, which team moved me farthest from my original beliefs about the motion? Listen to the arguments, assess the quality of arguments presented, evaluate the debaters presentation of those arguments, and react to the effort of the debaters to execute a particular strategy in the debate. After a consideration of these factors, how have you convictions shifted?
30 Standards for Evaluation Role-Fulfillment - Have you met the expectations of your role? Matter - The content of the speech Arguments, reasoning, examples, case studies Positive/substantive arguments for your side Rebuttals POIs Manner - The presentation of the speech Style and structure used to further the case The speakers style (delivery) and structure (organization) Humor, engaging the audience, appropriate language.
31 Reaching a Decision 1. Identify the Proposition 2. Identify the Issues 3. Determine the Winner of each Issue 4. Determine the Importance of each Issue 5. Assess the Team s Efforts Relative to the Issue 6. Report the Decision
32 Scoring Matter Manner Total Range Poor Below Avg Average Above Avg Good!
33 And finally... a little on public speaking
34 Why Structure Matters Listening is more difficult than speaking Structure helps to make your thoughts more logical and understandable to your audience... and for our cases, the adjudicators! Preview - Intro - Body - Review/Conclusion
35 Universal Structure Introduction Greeting Thanks What motivates you to speak at this gathering A grabber (fact, dilemma, joke, quote, anecdote, etc.) that points towards your topic and/or develops presumption for your side.
36 Universal Structure Preview A brief explanation of what you re going to be doing in your speech For debating... giving clear, concise, thesis-driven claims that you will prove throughout your speech Nothing more, nothing less.
37 Universal Structure Body of Speech The meat and potatoes! As you enter into your individual arguments Begin by enumerating Restate the claim Proceed to warrants and impacts Repeat for each argument
38 Universal Structure Review/Conclusion Review Review for your audience what you have accomplished in your speech Run through the claims that you proved using the same technique as in the preview section, enumerating and stating the claims Conclusion Connect the distinct arguments you just reviewed to your general effort to propose or reject the motion before the house
39 Speaking Style Develop your own speaking style! Idiosyncrasies are authentic, while robotic performances usually come off as detached General tips... Eyes: scan the audience Volume: hitting the back wall Cadence: Vary (fast during support, slow during intro, preview, claims, conclusion) Hands: Use em! Body: Stand tall
40 Watch Debate... Look for: 1. OG s model 2. What Opposition Line does the OO establish? 3. Do the deputies split (a new line of argumentation is introduced)? 4. What are the new arguments offered by the closing teams? 5. How do the whips summarize the round? 6. How would you rank this debate?
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