24.09 Minds and Machines Fall 11 HASS-D CI
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1 24.09 Minds and Machines Fall 11 HSS-D CI Kripke s objection to the identity theory Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 1
2 the necessity of identity consider any object o o is identical to itself further, o couldn t possibly have been identical to something else in other words, necessarily o is identical to itself (in every possible world, o is identical to itself)* do not confuse this thesis with the claim that names or other expressions in natural languages are rigid designators the necessity of identity is not a thesis about language at all *don t worry about worlds in which o does not exist 2
3 rigid designators take a term T and imagine some possible world w consider the questions: who (or what) is T in w?, and who/what is T in the actual world? (or, simply, who/what is T? ) if, for every world w, these questions have the same answer namely, a certain object o then T is rigid (is a rigid designator)* if the questions can be read so that the answer to one is a certain object o, and the answer to the other is a certain object o#, and o o#, then T is not rigid *again, we are ignoring worlds in which o does not exist 3
4 some possible worlds w1 the husband of Trudie Styler w2 C Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. the lead vocalist of The the actual world 4
5 who is Trudie s husband answer: the husband of Trudie Styler w1 w2 C the lead vocalist of The the actual world Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. 5
6 who is Trudie s husband in w1? answer: the husband of Trudie Styler w1 w2 C the lead vocalist of The the actual world Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. 6
7 who is Trudie s husband (the husband of Trudie) in w2? answer: C (a person other than ) w1 the husband of Trudie Styler w2 C the lead vocalist of The the actual world Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. 7
8 so the husband of Trudie Styler is not rigid w1 the husband of Trudie Styler w2 C Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. the lead vocalist of The the actual world 8
9 answer: (ditto w1, w2,...) who is Gordon Sumner (w1, w2,...)? w1 the husband of Trudie Styler w2 C the lead vocalist of The the actual world Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. 9
10 so Gordon Sumner is rigid w1 the husband of Trudie Styler w2 C Images by MIT OpenCourseWare. the lead vocalist of The the actual world 10
11 rigidity and necessity the husband of Trudie Styler = the lead vocalist of The Police is contingent that is, expresses a contingent proposition the husband of Trudie Styler = Sting is contingent Sting = Gordon Sumner is necessary if and are rigid, then = is, if true, necessarily true 11
12 according to Kripke, these expressions are rigid proper names like enjamin Franklin, oston, Lady Gaga nouns for natural kinds, like heat, tiger, water, H2O, c-fibers (and the firing of c- fibers ) nouns for sensations like pain 12
13 an important consequence theoretical identities like: heat=molecular kinetic energy water=h20 and: pain=c-fibers firing are, if true, necessarily true Water Molecule Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 13
14 argument D revisited 1. if I can clearly and distinctly conceive a proposition p to be true, then p is possible. ( [E]verything which I clearly and distinctly understand is capable of being created by God so as to correspond exactly with my understanding of it (p. 16)) 2. I can clearly and distinctly conceive that the proposition that I am not identical to my body is true, therefore: 3. it is possible that I am not my body (there is a possible world in which I am is not my body), therefore: C. I am not my body remember we left left this step unexplained 14
15 see Kripke, if I can clearly and distinctly conceive a proposition p to be true, then p is possible. ( [E]verything which I clearly and distinctly understand is capable of being created by God so as to correspond exactly with my understanding of it (p. 16)) 2. I can clearly and distinctly conceive that the proposition that I am not identical to (where is a rigid designator of my body) is true, therefore: 3. it is possible that I am not (there is a possible world in which I am is not ), therefore: C. I am not goes through because (and I ) are rigid 15
16 heat is not mke? 1. if I can clearly and distinctly conceive a proposition p to be true, then p is possible. 2. I can clearly and distinctly conceive that the proposition that there is heat without mke (or vice versa) is true, therefore: 3. it is possible that heat is not mke (there is a possible world in which heat is not mke) 4. if it is true that heat = mke, it is necessarily true, hence: C. heat mke 16
17 objection (2) is false what you are really imagining clearly and distinctly is a situation in which someone senses a phenomenon in the same way we sense heat, that is, feels it by means of its production of the sensation we call the sensation of heat, even though that phenomenon was not molecular motion and that the person does not get the sensation of heat when in the presence of molecular motion (see Kripke, 331) 17
18 heat without mke absence of mke, felt as heat Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. this situation is possible but: it s not a situation in which there s heat but no mke it s a situation in which there s the sensation of heat but no mke 18
19 mke without heat mke, not felt as heat Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. this situation is possible but: it s not a situation in which there s mke with no heat it s a situation in which there s mke but no sensation of heat
20 argument D+ 1. if I can clearly and distinctly conceive a proposition p to be true, then p is possible. 2. I can clearly and distinctly conceive that the proposition that there is pain without c-fibers firing (or vice versa) is true, therefore: 3. it is possible that pain is not c-fibers firing (there is a possible world in which pain is not c-fibers firing) 4. if it is true that pain = c-fibers firing, it is necessarily true, hence: C. pain c-fibers firing 20
21 a similar reply to the heat argument? I do not see that such a reply is possible in the case of the apparent possibility that molecular motion might have existed in the absence of heat, what seemed really possible is that molecular motion should have existed without being felt as heat but, a situation in which c-fiber firing exists without being felt as pain is a situation in which it exists without there being any pain (see Kripke, 331) 21
22 the disanalogy with heat absence of c-fibers firing, felt as pain c-fibers firing, but not felt as pain i.e. pain! Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. i.e. no pain! situations and are possible (apparently) Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. is a situation in which there s c-fiber firing but no sensation of pain but: this is a situation in which there s c-fiber firing without pain 22
23 MIT OpenCourseWare Minds and Machines Fall 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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