PHIL2642 CRITICAL THINKING USYD NOTES PART 1: LECTURE NOTES
|
|
- Rafe Fletcher
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHIL2642 CRITICAL THINKING USYD NOTES PART 1: LECTURE NOTES LECTURE CONTENTS LECTURE 1: CLAIMS, EXPLAINATIONS AND ARGUMENTS LECTURE 2: CONDITIONS AND DEDUCTION LECTURE 3: MORE DEDUCTION LECTURE 4: MEANING AND DEFINITION LECTURE 5: BEGGING THE QUESTION LECTURE 6: GENERALISATIONS, SAMPLES & SURVEYING LECTURE 7: ABDUCTION AND EXPLAINATIONS LECTURE 8: CAUSAL ARGUMENTS WEEK 9: SCIENCE, PSEUDO-SCIENCE AND NON-SCIENCE WEEK 10: PROBLEMS WITH STATISTICS LECTURE 11: ANALOGIES AND FALLACIES LECTURE 12: FALLACIES CONT. PART 2: TUTORIAL NOTES
2 PHIL Critical Thinking Page 2 Lecture 1 - Part 2 Wednesday, 1 August :43 AM Claims, Explanations and Arguments Explanations Consist of the thing or things that need explaining (the explanandum or (plural) explananda) and the thing that does the explaining (the explanans) (Mnemonic ANSWER) The explanans makes sense of the explanandum. Not an argument because the claims are not rationally connected in the way that characterises arguments. Neither claim is supposed to give us a reason to believe that the other claim is true. Connects two things that you make already believe. Example Athens hosted the first Modern Olympics in 1896, because it was the capital of the nation that hosed the Ancient Olympics; Namely Greece. --> Explanation Athens hosted the first Modern Olympics in I read a book about the Olympics which said that Athens was the host city --> Argument What happens when someone doesn't accept the explanandum? - You have to provide an argument to convince them. Could be in the test Give a brief argument for the conclusion that the earth's atmosphere is warming. Give a brief explanation for the fact that earth's atmosphere is warming. Give a brief argument for the conclusion that exposer to radiation causes cancer. - Past nuclear incidents lead to much higher incidents of cancer than in normal populations Chernobyl, Hiroshima Radio isotope poisoning Australia has the highest prevalence of melanoma --> high exposure to solar radiation Gives a brief explanation of the fact that radiation causes cancer. - Radiation damages cells leading to errors in replications which leads to cancer. Give a brief argument that Australia is currently experiencing the 'la nina' weather pattern - Rainfall - Previous record - inductive - Other side of the pacific is experiencing el nino --> we're in la nina Give a brief explanation of the fact that Australia is currently experiencing the 'la nina' weather pattern - Change in pressure - Change in circulation cell in the Pacific Ocean Linked v. Convergent Premises Arguments have one or more premises that support a conclusion Linked premises - Are interdependent, and support the conclusion only if taken together. Convergent premises - Are independent, each on its own provides some support for the conclusion. (If you discard a premise, and other premises still hold the conclusion may still be true)
3 PHIL Critical Thinking Page 4 Lecture 2 - Part 1 Sunday, 12 August :58 AM Conditionals and Deduction Indicative sentences express propositions. The proposition expressed by an indicative sentence is what that sentence says. When someone makes a claim, they assert an indicative sentence. Sometimes there can be some confusion between conditional and causal statements. Eg. Why is Trev drunk. Because if Trev drinks too much beer, then Trev gets drunk. Probably what is meant in this case is that Trev's drinking too much causes him to be drunk. If p then q (conditional) doesn t mean p makes q happen (causal) Sufficient Condition For the standard form of the conditional "If p then q" the sufficient condition is p. The truth of p is sufficient for the truth of q. Necessary Condition For the standard form of the conditional the necessary condition is q. The truth of q is necessary for the truth of p. Equivalent forms of the conditions - p is sufficient for q - q is necessary for p - q if p - p only if q - Only if q, then p "All", "Every" and "Only" generalisations If, all, every, people, nobody - all followed by sufficient Recall objects or events are denoted by lower case letters 'a' 'b' etc. While capitol letters 'F', 'G' etc denote properties This terminology allows us to translate some conditional claims into equivalent generalisations. All Fs are Gs If I am a father than I am a parent means 'All fathers are parents' No Fs are non-g No fathers are non-parents Only Gs are Fs Only parents are fathers The only Fs are Gs The only fathers are parents The only suburbs that are more expensive than Paddington are more expensive than
4 PHIL Critical Thinking Page 6 Lecture 2 - Part 2 Wednesday, 8 August :06 AM Claims, Explanations and Arguments - premise Socrates is human - premise Therefore, Socrates is mortal - conclusion Affirms the necessary condition -- Valid Socrates is mortal Therefore, Socrates is human - invalid Validity - Good form as a deductive argument - Does not say anything about the truth or falsity of its conclusion - An argument is valid when it must be the case it the premises are true the conclusion is also true - If an argument is valid then you either accept the conclusion ro reject at lease one of the premises - Valid arguments can have false premises and false conclusions Socrates is not human -- Denies the sufficient INVALID Socrates is not mortal -- Denies the necessary VALID Condition arduments - Affirm a condition to say it is true - Deny a condition to say it is false - The names we give to these four forms of conditional argument refers to what happens in the NON-CONDITIONAL premise of the argument not the concultion Four forms - Affirm the sufficient condition -- VALID - Deny the sufficient condition -- INVALID - Affirm the necessary condition -- INVALID - Deny the necessary condition -- VALID Aff suff den nec both repeat a letter in the first and second words -- VALID Only is followed b the necessary condition Only those who practice will pass the exam You practice Therefore you will pass the exam -- INVALID Only those who practice will pass the exam You will not pass the exam Therefore you do not practice -- invalid
5 PHIL Critical Thinking Page 8 Lecture 3 Tuesday, 6 November :31 PM More Deduction Invalid Conditional Arguments - Affirm the necessary The non-conditional premise affirms the necessary condition of the conditional statement - Deny the sufficient The non-conditional premise denies the sufficient condition of the conditional statement Asking an argument is valid is not the same as asking if the premises and conclusion are true. Rather it is asking if it could be the case that the premises are true and the conclusion false, or if the truth of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Soundness = Validity + Only true premises Applications If we return to overseas processing the boats will stop We are returning to overseas processing Therefore, the boats will stop Modus ponens is another name for the valid form of argument that --> affirming the sufficient Modus tollens is another name for --> denying the necessary One person's modus ponens is another person's modus tollens If a foetus is a person, then abortion is impermissible Abortion is permissible Therefore, a foetus is not a person VALID -- MODUS TOLLENS If a foetus is a person, then abortion is impermissible A foetus is a person Therefore, abortion is impermissible VALID -- MODUS PONENS Disjunctive Deductive Arguments Another common form of deductive argument is a disjunctive argument. A disjunction is a claim of the form "p or q". Each part of a disjunction is called a "disjunct". In this case, one disjunct is p and he other disjunct is q. Inclusive disjunctions = 'p or q' and 'possibly both p and q' You can be an Australian citizen or the citizen of another country You are an Australian Citizen Therefore you are not the citizen of another country Exclusive Disjunctions = "p or q but not both p and q" You can be born in Australia or born in another country
What is an argument? PHIL 110. Is this an argument? Is this an argument? What about this? And what about this?
What is an argument? PHIL 110 Lecture on Chapter 3 of How to think about weird things An argument is a collection of two or more claims, one of which is the conclusion and the rest of which are the premises.
More informationThere are two common forms of deductively valid conditional argument: modus ponens and modus tollens.
INTRODUCTION TO LOGICAL THINKING Lecture 6: Two types of argument and their role in science: Deduction and induction 1. Deductive arguments Arguments that claim to provide logically conclusive grounds
More informationPhilosophy 1100: Ethics
Philosophy 1100: Ethics Topic 1 - Course Introduction: 1. What is Philosophy? 2. What is Ethics? 3. Logic a. Truth b. Arguments c. Validity d. Soundness What is Philosophy? The Three Fundamental Questions
More informationHOW TO ANALYZE AN ARGUMENT
What does it mean to provide an argument for a statement? To provide an argument for a statement is an activity we carry out both in our everyday lives and within the sciences. We provide arguments for
More informationLecture 3 Arguments Jim Pryor What is an Argument? Jim Pryor Vocabulary Describing Arguments
Lecture 3 Arguments Jim Pryor What is an Argument? Jim Pryor Vocabulary Describing Arguments 1 Agenda 1. What is an Argument? 2. Evaluating Arguments 3. Validity 4. Soundness 5. Persuasive Arguments 6.
More informationLogic Appendix: More detailed instruction in deductive logic
Logic Appendix: More detailed instruction in deductive logic Standardizing and Diagramming In Reason and the Balance we have taken the approach of using a simple outline to standardize short arguments,
More informationCritical Thinking 5.7 Validity in inductive, conductive, and abductive arguments
5.7 Validity in inductive, conductive, and abductive arguments REMEMBER as explained in an earlier section formal language is used for expressing relations in abstract form, based on clear and unambiguous
More informationRelevance. Premises are relevant to the conclusion when the truth of the premises provide some evidence that the conclusion is true
Relevance Premises are relevant to the conclusion when the truth of the premises provide some evidence that the conclusion is true Premises are irrelevant when they do not 1 Non Sequitur Latin for it does
More informationPHILOSOPHY 102 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC PRACTICE EXAM 1. W# Section (10 or 11) 4. T F The statements that compose a disjunction are called conjuncts.
PHILOSOPHY 102 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC PRACTICE EXAM 1 W# Section (10 or 11) 1. True or False (5 points) Directions: Circle the letter next to the best answer. 1. T F All true statements are valid. 2. T
More informationA R G U M E N T S I N A C T I O N
ARGUMENTS IN ACTION Descriptions: creates a textual/verbal account of what something is, was, or could be (shape, size, colour, etc.) Used to give you or your audience a mental picture of the world around
More informationPHI 1500: Major Issues in Philosophy
PHI 1500: Major Issues in Philosophy Session 3 September 9 th, 2015 All About Arguments (Part II) 1 A common theme linking many fallacies is that they make unwarranted assumptions. An assumption is a claim
More informationb) The meaning of "child" would need to be taken in the sense of age, as most people would find the idea of a young child going to jail as wrong.
Explanation for Question 1 in Quiz 8 by Norva Lo - Tuesday, 18 September 2012, 9:39 AM The following is the solution for Question 1 in Quiz 8: (a) Which term in the argument is being equivocated. (b) What
More informationPHIL 115: Philosophical Anthropology. I. Propositional Forms (in Stoic Logic) Lecture #4: Stoic Logic
HIL 115: hilosophical Anthropology Lecture #4: Stoic Logic Arguments from the Euthyphro: Meletus Argument (according to Socrates) [3a-b] Argument: Socrates is a maker of gods; so, Socrates corrupts the
More informationMCQ IN TRADITIONAL LOGIC. 1. Logic is the science of A) Thought. B) Beauty. C) Mind. D) Goodness
MCQ IN TRADITIONAL LOGIC FOR PRIVATE REGISTRATION TO BA PHILOSOPHY PROGRAMME 1. Logic is the science of-----------. A) Thought B) Beauty C) Mind D) Goodness 2. Aesthetics is the science of ------------.
More informationChapter 1. What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life
Chapter 1 What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life Why Study Philosophy? Defining Philosophy Studying philosophy in a serious and reflective way will change you as a person Philosophy Is
More informationCHAPTER THREE Philosophical Argument
CHAPTER THREE Philosophical Argument General Overview: As our students often attest, we all live in a complex world filled with demanding issues and bewildering challenges. In order to determine those
More informationRevisiting the Socrates Example
Section 1.6 Section Summary Valid Arguments Inference Rules for Propositional Logic Using Rules of Inference to Build Arguments Rules of Inference for Quantified Statements Building Arguments for Quantified
More informationCritical Thinking is:
Logic: Day 1 Critical Thinking is: Thinking clearly and following rules of logic and rationality It s not being argumentative just for the sake of arguing Academics disagree about which departments do
More informationStudy Guides. Chapter 1 - Basic Training
Study Guides Chapter 1 - Basic Training Argument: A group of propositions is an argument when one or more of the propositions in the group is/are used to give evidence (or if you like, reasons, or grounds)
More informationOverview of Today s Lecture
Branden Fitelson Philosophy 12A Notes 1 Overview of Today s Lecture Music: Robin Trower, Daydream (King Biscuit Flower Hour concert, 1977) Administrative Stuff (lots of it) Course Website/Syllabus [i.e.,
More informationSession 10 INDUCTIVE REASONONING IN THE SCIENCES & EVERYDAY LIFE( PART 1)
UGRC 150 CRITICAL THINKING & PRACTICAL REASONING Session 10 INDUCTIVE REASONONING IN THE SCIENCES & EVERYDAY LIFE( PART 1) Lecturer: Dr. Mohammed Majeed, Dept. of Philosophy & Classics, UG Contact Information:
More informationSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Exam Name SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Draw a Venn diagram for the given sets. In words, explain why you drew one set as a subset of
More informationAcademic argument does not mean conflict or competition; an argument is a set of reasons which support, or lead to, a conclusion.
ACADEMIC SKILLS THINKING CRITICALLY In the everyday sense of the word, critical has negative connotations. But at University, Critical Thinking is a positive process of understanding different points of
More informationThinking and Reasoning
Syllogistic Reasoning Thinking and Reasoning Syllogistic Reasoning Erol ÖZÇELİK The other key type of deductive reasoning is syllogistic reasoning, which is based on the use of syllogisms. Syllogisms are
More informationLogic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic
Logic for Computer Science - Week 1 Introduction to Informal Logic Ștefan Ciobâcă November 30, 2017 1 Propositions A proposition is a statement that can be true or false. Propositions are sometimes called
More informationIn view of the fact that IN CLASS LOGIC EXERCISES
IN CLASS LOGIC EXERCISES Instructions: Determine whether the following are propositions. If some are not propositions, see if they can be rewritten as propositions. (1) I have a very refined sense of smell.
More informationPastor-teacher Don Hargrove Faith Bible Church September 8, 2011
Pastor-teacher Don Hargrove Faith Bible Church http://www.fbcweb.org/doctrines.html September 8, 2011 Building Mental Muscle & Growing the Mind through Logic Exercises: Lesson 4a The Three Acts of the
More informationL4: Reasoning. Dani Navarro
L4: Reasoning Dani Navarro Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Informal reasoning WE talk of man* being the rational animal; and the traditional intellectualist philosophy has always made a great point
More informationLecture 2.1 INTRO TO LOGIC/ ARGUMENTS. Recognize an argument when you see one (in media, articles, people s claims).
TOPIC: You need to be able to: Lecture 2.1 INTRO TO LOGIC/ ARGUMENTS. Recognize an argument when you see one (in media, articles, people s claims). Organize arguments that we read into a proper argument
More informationUnit 4. Reason as a way of knowing. Tuesday, March 4, 14
Unit 4 Reason as a way of knowing I. Reasoning At its core, reasoning is using what is known as building blocks to create new knowledge I use the words logic and reasoning interchangeably. Technically,
More informationPlato s Allegory of the Cave
Logic Plato s Allegory of the Cave The First Word of the Day is Troglodyte From the Greek word for cave (trōglē). The Troglodytae (Τρωγλοδῦται) or Troglodyti (literally cave goers ) are those who live
More informationPhilosophical Arguments
Philosophical Arguments An introduction to logic and philosophical reasoning. Nathan D. Smith, PhD. Houston Community College Nathan D. Smith. Some rights reserved You are free to copy this book, to distribute
More informationAlso, in Argument #1 (Lecture 11, Slide 11), the inference from steps 2 and 3 to 4 is stated as:
by SALVATORE - 5 September 2009, 10:44 PM I`m having difficulty understanding what steps to take in applying valid argument forms to do a proof. What determines which given premises one should select to
More informationHandout 1: Arguments -- the basics because, since, given that, for because Given that Since for Because
Handout 1: Arguments -- the basics It is useful to think of an argument as a list of sentences.[1] The last sentence is the conclusion, and the other sentences are the premises. Thus: (1) No professors
More informationRecall. Validity: If the premises are true the conclusion must be true. Soundness. Valid; and. Premises are true
Recall Validity: If the premises are true the conclusion must be true Soundness Valid; and Premises are true Validity In order to determine if an argument is valid, we must evaluate all of the sets of
More informationA Note on Straight-Thinking
A Note on Straight-Thinking A supplementary note for the 2nd Annual JTS/CGST Public Ethics Lecture March 5, 2002(b), adj. 2009:03:05 G.E.M. of TKI Arguments & Appeals In arguments, people try to persuade
More informationLogic Book Part 1! by Skylar Ruloff!
Logic Book Part 1 by Skylar Ruloff Contents Introduction 3 I Validity and Soundness 4 II Argument Forms 10 III Counterexamples and Categorical Statements 15 IV Strength and Cogency 21 2 Introduction This
More informationA. Problem set #3 it has been posted and is due Tuesday, 15 November
Lecture 9: Propositional Logic I Philosophy 130 1 & 3 November 2016 O Rourke & Gibson I. Administrative A. Problem set #3 it has been posted and is due Tuesday, 15 November B. I am working on the group
More informationA Brief Introduction to Key Terms
1 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 5 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 1.1 Arguments Arguments crop up in conversations, political debates, lectures, editorials, comic strips, novels, television programs,
More informationNorva Y S Lo Produced by Norva Y S Lo Edited by Andrew Brennan
CRITICAL THINKING Norva Y S Lo Produced by Norva Y S Lo Edited by Andrew Brennan LECTURE 4! Nondeductive Success: Statistical Syllogism, Inductive Generalization, Analogical Argument Summary In this week
More informationIntroduction to Philosophy Crito. Instructor: Jason Sheley
Introduction to Philosophy Crito Instructor: Jason Sheley Recall again our steps for doing philosophy 1) What is the question? 2) What is the basic answer to the question? 3) What reasons are given for
More informationC. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know. D. Discussion of extra credit opportunities
Lecture 8: Refutation Philosophy 130 March 19 & 24, 2015 O Rourke I. Administrative A. Roll B. Schedule C. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know D. Discussion
More informationRichard L. W. Clarke, Notes REASONING
1 REASONING Reasoning is, broadly speaking, the cognitive process of establishing reasons to justify beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings. It also refers, more specifically, to the act or process
More informationA short introduction to formal logic
A short introduction to formal logic Dan Hicks v0.3.2, July 20, 2012 Thanks to Tim Pawl and my Fall 2011 Intro to Philosophy students for feedback on earlier versions. My approach to teaching logic has
More informationUnit. Categorical Syllogism. What is a syllogism? Types of Syllogism
Unit 8 Categorical yllogism What is a syllogism? Inference or reasoning is the process of passing from one or more propositions to another with some justification. This inference when expressed in language
More informationPHILOSOPHER S TOOL KIT 1. ARGUMENTS PROFESSOR JULIE YOO 1.1 DEDUCTIVE VS INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
PHILOSOPHER S TOOL KIT PROFESSOR JULIE YOO 1. Arguments 1.1 Deductive vs Induction Arguments 1.2 Common Deductive Argument Forms 1.3 Common Inductive Argument Forms 1.4 Deduction: Validity and Soundness
More informationEstablishing premises
Establishing premises This is hard, subtle, and crucial to good arguments. Various kinds of considerations are used to establish the truth (high justification) of premises Deduction Done Analogy Induction
More informationPart II: How to Evaluate Deductive Arguments
Part II: How to Evaluate Deductive Arguments Week 4: Propositional Logic and Truth Tables Lecture 4.1: Introduction to deductive logic Deductive arguments = presented as being valid, and successful only
More informationSelections from Aristotle s Prior Analytics 41a21 41b5
Lesson Seventeen The Conditional Syllogism Selections from Aristotle s Prior Analytics 41a21 41b5 It is clear then that the ostensive syllogisms are effected by means of the aforesaid figures; these considerations
More informationSemantic Entailment and Natural Deduction
Semantic Entailment and Natural Deduction Alice Gao Lecture 6, September 26, 2017 Entailment 1/55 Learning goals Semantic entailment Define semantic entailment. Explain subtleties of semantic entailment.
More information1. To arrive at the truth we have to reason correctly. 2. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. B. DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
I. LOGIC AND ARGUMENTATION 1 A. LOGIC 1. To arrive at the truth we have to reason correctly. 2. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. 3. It doesn t attempt to determine how people in fact reason. 4.
More informationELEMENTS OF LOGIC. 1.1 What is Logic? Arguments and Propositions
Handout 1 ELEMENTS OF LOGIC 1.1 What is Logic? Arguments and Propositions In our day to day lives, we find ourselves arguing with other people. Sometimes we want someone to do or accept something as true
More informationIntroduction to Logic
University of Notre Dame Fall, 2015 Arguments Philosophy is difficult. If questions are easy to decide, they usually don t end up in philosophy The easiest way to proceed on difficult questions is to formulate
More informationHANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.)
1 HANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.) I. ARGUMENT RECOGNITION Important Concepts An argument is a unit of reasoning that attempts to prove that a certain idea is true by
More information1 Clarion Logic Notes Chapter 4
1 Clarion Logic Notes Chapter 4 Summary Notes These are summary notes so that you can really listen in class and not spend the entire time copying notes. These notes will not substitute for reading the
More informationPhilosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics. Critical Thinking Lecture 1. Background Material for the Exercise on Validity
Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics Critical Thinking Lecture 1 Background Material for the Exercise on Validity Reasons, Arguments, and the Concept of Validity 1. The Concept of Validity Consider
More informationA Primer on Logic Part 1: Preliminaries and Vocabulary. Jason Zarri. 1. An Easy $10.00? a 3 c 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A Primer on Logic Part 1: Preliminaries and Vocabulary Jason Zarri 1. An Easy $10.00? Suppose someone were to bet you $10.00 that you would fail a seemingly simple test of your reasoning skills. Feeling
More informationIntroduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Russell Marcus Hamilton College, Fall 2013 Class 1 - Introduction to Introduction to Philosophy My name is Russell. My office is 202 College Hill Road, Room 210.
More informationAnswers to Practice Problems 6.5
Answers to Practice Problems 6.5 1. This philosopher coined the term abductive reasoning. a. Karl Popper b. Charles Sanders Peirce c. Aristotle d. G. W. F. Hegel 2. Sherlock Holmes is often said to be
More informationPractice Test Three Spring True or False True = A, False = B
Practice Test Three Spring 2015 True or False True = A, False = B 1. A sound argument is a valid deductive argument with true premisses. 2. A conclusion is a statement of support. 3. An easy way to determine
More informationLogic. A Primer with Addendum
Logic A Primer with Addendum The Currency of Philosophy Philosophy trades in arguments. An argument is a set of propositions some one of which is intended to be warranted or entailed by the others. The
More informationPractice Test Three Fall True or False True = A, False = B
Practice Test Three Fall 2015 True or False True = A, False = B 1. The inclusive "or" means "A or B or both A and B." 2. The conclusion contains both the major term and the middle term. 3. "If, then" statements
More informationLecture 4.2 Aquinas Phil Religion TOPIC: Aquinas Cosmological Arguments for the existence of God. Critiques of Aquinas arguments.
TOPIC: Lecture 4.2 Aquinas Phil Religion Aquinas Cosmological Arguments for the existence of God. Critiques of Aquinas arguments. KEY TERMS/ GOALS: Cosmological argument. The problem of Infinite Regress.
More informationChapter 2 Analyzing Arguments
Logic: A Brief Introduction Ronald L. Hall, Stetson University Chapter 2 Analyzing Arguments 2.1 Introduction Now that we have gotten our "mental muscles" warmed up, let's see how well we can put our newly
More informationTutorial A03: Patterns of Valid Arguments By: Jonathan Chan
A03.1 Introduction Tutorial A03: Patterns of Valid Arguments By: With valid arguments, it is impossible to have a false conclusion if the premises are all true. Obviously valid arguments play a very important
More informationGENERAL NOTES ON THIS CLASS
PRACTICAL LOGIC Bryan Rennie GENERAL NOTES ON THE CLASS EXPLANATION OF GRADES AND POINTS, ETC. SAMPLE QUIZZES SCHEDULE OF CLASSES THE SIX RULES OF SYLLOGISMS (and corresponding fallacies) SYMBOLS USED
More informationDeduction. Of all the modes of reasoning, deductive arguments have the strongest relationship between the premises
Deduction Deductive arguments, deduction, deductive logic all means the same thing. They are different ways of referring to the same style of reasoning Deduction is just one mode of reasoning, but it is
More informationIntroduction to Logic
University of Notre Dame Spring, 2017 Arguments Philosophy has two main methods for trying to answer questions: analysis and arguments Logic is the the study of arguments An argument is a set of sentences,
More informationINDUCTION. All inductive reasoning is based on an assumption called the UNIFORMITY OF NATURE.
INDUCTION John Stuart Mill wrote the first comprehensive study of inductive logic. Deduction had been studied extensively since ancient times, but induction had to wait until the 19 th century! The cartoon
More information! Introduction to the Class! Some Introductory Concepts. Today s Lecture 1/19/10
! Introduction to the Class! Some Introductory Concepts Today s Lecture 1/19/10 Philosophy 230! Introduction to Formal Logic! Ticket # 13823 Adding the Class See me after class to be put on a waiting list.
More informationAnnouncements. CS243: Discrete Structures. First Order Logic, Rules of Inference. Review of Last Lecture. Translating English into First-Order Logic
Announcements CS243: Discrete Structures First Order Logic, Rules of Inference Işıl Dillig Homework 1 is due now Homework 2 is handed out today Homework 2 is due next Tuesday Işıl Dillig, CS243: Discrete
More information2. Refutations can be stronger or weaker.
Lecture 8: Refutation Philosophy 130 October 25 & 27, 2016 O Rourke I. Administrative A. Schedule see syllabus as well! B. Questions? II. Refutation A. Arguments are typically used to establish conclusions.
More informationChapter 8 - Sentential Truth Tables and Argument Forms
Logic: A Brief Introduction Ronald L. Hall Stetson University Chapter 8 - Sentential ruth ables and Argument orms 8.1 Introduction he truth-value of a given truth-functional compound proposition depends
More informationSkim the Article to Find its Conclusion and Get a Sense of its Structure
Pryor, Jim. (2006) Guidelines on Reading Philosophy, What is An Argument?, Vocabulary Describing Arguments. Published at http://www.jimpryor.net/teaching/guidelines/reading.html, and http://www.jimpryor.net/teaching/vocab/index.html
More informationArgument and Persuasion. Stating Opinions and Proposals
Argument and Persuasion Stating Opinions and Proposals The Method It all starts with an opinion - something that people can agree or disagree with. The Method Move to action Speak your mind Convince someone
More informationMPS 17 The Structure of Persuasion Logos: reasoning, reasons, good reasons not necessarily about formal logic
MPS 17 The Structure of Persuasion Logos: reasoning, reasons, good reasons not necessarily about formal logic Making and Refuting Arguments Steps of an Argument You make a claim The conclusion of your
More informationA BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC FOR METAPHYSICIANS
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC FOR METAPHYSICIANS 0. Logic, Probability, and Formal Structure Logic is often divided into two distinct areas, inductive logic and deductive logic. Inductive logic is concerned
More informationAquinas Cosmological argument in everyday language
Aquinas Cosmological argument in everyday language P1. If there is no first cause, there cannot be any effects. P2. But we have observed that there are effects, like observing change in the world. C: So
More informationAppendix: The Logic Behind the Inferential Test
Appendix: The Logic Behind the Inferential Test In the Introduction, I stated that the basic underlying problem with forensic doctors is so easy to understand that even a twelve-year-old could understand
More informationARGUMENTS. Arguments. arguments
ARGUMENTS Arguments arguments 1 Argument Worksheet 1. An argument is a collection of propositions with one proposition, the conclusion, following from the other propositions, the premises. Inference is
More informationLecture 4: Deductive Validity
Lecture 4: Deductive Validity Right, I m told we can start. Hello everyone, and hello everyone on the podcast. This week we re going to do deductive validity. Last week we looked at all these things: have
More informationCriticizing Arguments
Kareem Khalifa Criticizing Arguments 1 Criticizing Arguments Kareem Khalifa Department of Philosophy Middlebury College Written August, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 Step 1: Initial Evaluation
More informationEthics and Science. Obstacles to search for truth. Ethics: Basic Concepts 1
So far (from class and course pack) Moral dilemmas: e.g., euthanasia (class), Churchill decision in World War 2 Ethics ultimately concerned with how to live well. One part of that involves choice of actions
More informationModule 5. Knowledge Representation and Logic (Propositional Logic) Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 5 Knowledge Representation and Logic (Propositional Logic) Lesson 12 Propositional Logic inference rules 5.5 Rules of Inference Here are some examples of sound rules of inference. Each can be shown
More informationLogic: Deductive and Inductive by Carveth Read M.A. CHAPTER IX CHAPTER IX FORMAL CONDITIONS OF MEDIATE INFERENCE
CHAPTER IX CHAPTER IX FORMAL CONDITIONS OF MEDIATE INFERENCE Section 1. A Mediate Inference is a proposition that depends for proof upon two or more other propositions, so connected together by one or
More informationThe Little Logic Book Hardy, Ratzsch, Konyndyk De Young and Mellema The Calvin College Press, 2013
The Little Logic Book Hardy, Ratzsch, Konyndyk De Young and Mellema The Calvin College Press, 2013 Exercises for The Little Logic Book may be downloaded by the instructor as Word documents and then modified
More informationCognitivism about imperatives
Cognitivism about imperatives JOSH PARSONS 1 Introduction Sentences in the imperative mood imperatives, for short are traditionally supposed to not be truth-apt. They are not in the business of describing
More information24.09x Guide to Logic and Argumentation
24.09x Guide to Logic and Argumentation An argument in logic is not a quarrel or dispute; instead, it is a list of sentences. 1 The last sentence is the conclusion, and the other sentences are the premises.
More informationTest Item File. Full file at
Test Item File 107 CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1: Basic Logical Concepts Multiple Choice 1. In which of the following subjects is reasoning outside the concern of logicians? A) science and medicine B) ethics C)
More informationFormal Logic. Mind your Ps and Qs!
Formal Logic Mind your Ps and Qs! Argument vs. Explanation Arguments and explanations often have a similar structure. They both have what we might (vaguely) call a basis and a result. They might both
More informationScientific Method and Research Ethics Questions, Answers, and Evidence. Dr. C. D. McCoy
Scientific Method and Research Ethics 17.09 Questions, Answers, and Evidence Dr. C. D. McCoy Plan for Part 1: Deduction 1. Logic, Arguments, and Inference 1. Questions and Answers 2. Truth, Validity, and
More informationThe antecendent always a expresses a sufficient condition for the consequent
Critical Thinking Lecture Four October 5, 2012 Chapter 3 Deductive Argument Patterns Diagramming Arguments Deductive Argument Patterns - There are some common patterns shared by many deductive arguments
More informationIntroducing Our New Faculty
Dr. Isidoro Talavera Franklin University, Philosophy Ph.D. in Philosophy - Vanderbilt University M.A. in Philosophy - Vanderbilt University M.A. in Philosophy - University of Missouri M.S.E. in Math Education
More informationSection 3.5. Symbolic Arguments. Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.
Section 3.5 Symbolic Arguments What You Will Learn Symbolic arguments Standard forms of arguments 3.5-2 Symbolic Arguments A symbolic argument consists of a set of premises and a conclusion. It is called
More informationWhat is the Nature of Logic? Judy Pelham Philosophy, York University, Canada July 16, 2013 Pan-Hellenic Logic Symposium Athens, Greece
What is the Nature of Logic? Judy Pelham Philosophy, York University, Canada July 16, 2013 Pan-Hellenic Logic Symposium Athens, Greece Outline of this Talk 1. What is the nature of logic? Some history
More informationWhat are Truth-Tables and What Are They For?
PY114: Work Obscenely Hard Week 9 (Meeting 7) 30 November, 2010 What are Truth-Tables and What Are They For? 0. Business Matters: The last marked homework of term will be due on Monday, 6 December, at
More informationNational Quali cations
H SPECIMEN S85/76/ National Qualications ONLY Philosophy Paper Date Not applicable Duration hour 5 minutes Total marks 50 SECTION ARGUMENTS IN ACTION 30 marks Attempt ALL questions. SECTION KNOWLEDGE AND
More informationA romp through the foothills of logic Session 3
A romp through the foothills of logic Session 3 It would be a good idea to watch the short podcast Understanding Truth Tables before attempting this podcast. (Slide 2) In the last session we learnt how
More informationLogical (formal) fallacies
Fallacies in academic writing Chad Nilep There are many possible sources of fallacy an idea that is mistakenly thought to be true, even though it may be untrue in academic writing. The phrase logical fallacy
More informationOur Guide to Better Grades
Paper Feedback Presents: Our Guide to Better Grades Your entire university experience is centred on developing critical thinking skills. It s about utilising logical arguments in defence of a position
More information