Pablo Ruiz Picasso Spain. Whenever I have wanted to express something, I have done so without thinking of the past or the future
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1 Pablo Ruiz Picasso Spain Whenever I have wanted to express something, I have done so without thinking of the past or the future
2 Virtue Ethics Prof Willie Pienaar University of Stellenbosch
3 We all have questions about the essence of human existence - HAPPINESS History of Virtue Ethics What would make us happy? EUDIAMONIA Western Greek Philosophy 400 BC Human conversation A discipline with its own method by questions Even today we dwell in the dark! The final knowledge is unknown to us
4 Fifth an Fourth Century BC - Athens The Greeks had no sense of sin bad shots Could happen to anyone take better aim next time The Greek concept of a good life Greek culture generous celebration of life is to live now, to flourish, achieve, learn, appreciate and enjoy - hedonism The healthy, fit, trained body was the summit of Greek perfection - Gymnasium from gymnos meaning naked ( Judeo-Christian view of nudity a chilling contrast shame ) A splendid era of mighty men Honour or fame or heroism Latin Virtus meaning manliness The philosophers of the time (Socrates) did not agree
5 Virtue What would a good person be like? Three kinds of people by nature attend the Games - Pythagoras 1. Spectators of life Experience, reflect, inquire, knowledge seeking 2. Competitors Most virtuous Honour, fame, heroism 3. Those who buy and sell in the stands Gain the object Still defining Virtue
6 The shift from warrior to civic morality Heroism, fame and honor - open to relatively few Every citizen should be included in the concept of a good life It took philosophers, artists, the theater and writers to introduce theory, rhetoric, questions about the deeper meaning of life - virtue. Socrates moved beyond the irresolvable questions about the nature of the world and focused on human nature, self-knowledge, the important question of how to live!
7 Questions about what really matters There is a goal A purpose A value in life worthwhile as an end in itself not only a means to an end. Socrates A kind of goodness that gives value to wealth and success or pleasure It is a kind of knowledge knowledge about the intrinsic values of things that man do and desire wisdom! A young man asked Socrates if virtue can be taught?
8 Socrates asked the young sophist Do you know what virtue is? No said the young sophist Socrates - Now that you know that you do not know, we can begin to make progress Then, do you not think that the quest for ethical understanding and the living of an examined live is more important than the conclusion we can not come to? Should we not strive towards virtue and therefore inherit the good life?
9 Plato BC We need to ask the fundamental questions about the purpose of life
10 Plato Polis meaning city Police, policy, politics A man without the sense of justice will not be able to limit to his desires always discontent Because we are social beings, only justice or fairness can bring harmony Personal happiness only possible through the happiness of others Connectedness
11 We learn by experience, we taste the world Aristotle BC Practical wisdom the mean Cowardice Rashness An appropriate expression of needs and appetites eg. anger In harmony self and others To treat a friend like another self Search Strive Ongoing
12 Rene Descart Mathematician Old beliefs are dwindling - Pope/king/nobility are put in place by God all people are equal we have to live by social contract - authority of state replaced by authority of reason Now to decide on my social contract Connectedness
13 Virtues Should be cultured Should become trait of character The good person Courage Temperance Liberality Justice Honesty Altruism To do good only because it is good I can always do this Everybody can, always do this
14 Nichomachean Ethics We are rational, intellectual beings. A life of contemplation Our concern for others results in mutual use and pleasure The good life is spent in search of the good life
15 The good life is spent in search of the good life the means and end in itself ARISTOTLE
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